English - Tibetan Dictionary of Spiritual Terms

!ABEL@ 

     #{ha bel/}$  [Heb. hebel] ^Bib: son of Adam and Eve: {de'i
spun ha bel bya ba skyes so/} his brother Abel was born (Gen. 4:2).

!ABOMINATION@  see also CLEAN

     1) #{mi gtsang ba/}$ [lit. not + clean] ^Bib: unclean or
impure, e.g: 1) sacrificial flesh which has been left too long:
{rdzas de ni mi gtsang bas/} because [the meat] is an unclean thing
[KJV: abomination] (Lev. 7:18); 2) idols: {am mon pa'i rdzas mi
gtsang ba'i lha mo mil kom/} Milcom, the abomination [KJV] of the
Ammonites (1 Ki. 11:5); 3) ceremonially unclean food: {khyed kyi
phyir mi gtsang ba yin/} they shall be an abomination [KJV] to you
(Lev. 11:10); 4) the "abomination of desolation": {stong byed kyi
mi gtsang ba/} the abomination that makes desolate (Mt. 24:15 and
Mk. 13:14). 
     ^Bst. dirty, filthy, vile, polluted: {zos pas ci bya zos tshad
mi gtsang rgyu/} what's the good of all you've eaten - it just
becomes excrement (HTE p. 203), {mi gtsang ba'i dri ma ngan pa/} a
bad smell of uncleanliness (TCR 270), {mi gtsang ba la gtsang bar
'dzin pa/} apprehending the unclean as clean (TCR 284), {khor yug
mi gtsang ba/} polluted (dirty) environment (SLR 20).

     2) #{zhen log}$ [lit. attachment or desire + reversed] ^Bib: 
loathing, disgust, aversion, revulsion: {srang log la ya ho was
zhen pa log gis/} a false balance is an abomination to the Lord
(Prov. 11:1 NRSV), {sa gzhi'i zhen log rnams kyi a ma/} mother of
the abominations of the earth (Rev. 17:5), {phyi pa'i zhen log gi
khrims bzhin du/} according to the detestable ways of the nations
(2 Kings 16:3).

     3) #{dri ma/}$  ^Bib: filth, impurities, defilement: {sa gzhi
na yod pa'i dri ma rnams kyi ma/} mother of the abominations of the
earth (Rev. 17:5 SV). 
     ^Bst. stain, defilement; traditionally, the six defilements
{dri ma drug} are: {dri chen/} excrement, {dri chu/} urine, {mig
skyag} (infected) matter from the eyes, {rna spabs/} ear wax,
{mchil ma/} saliva, {snabs rnams/} mucus from the nose (CNG 74).

!ABRAHAM@ 

     1) #{ab ra ham/}$  ^Bib: the patriarch Abraham (ca. 2,000 BC):
{khyod kyi ming ab ra ham zhes zer bar 'gyur/} your name will be
Abraham (Gen. 17:5).

     2) #{ya be la han/}$ [Ch.] Abraham (JFS).

!ACCUSE@  see also BLASPHEMY, CURSE, FAULT, SLANDER

     1) #{skyon 'gel ba/}$ p. {bkal/} f. {dgal/} imp. {khol/} [lit.
fault + to load, burden with] ^Bib: to accuse someone (KTM): {bla
chen dag gis khong la nyes skyon mang po bkal ba/} the chief
priests accused him of many things (Mk. 15:3), {nyes skyon 'gel
rgyu med/} no reason for an accusation (Acts 23:29), {skyon 'gel mi
tsho/} accusers (Acts 23:30), {ya hu da pas nga la skyon 'gel lo/}
the Jews are accusing me (Acts 26:7), {ngar ngar shugs shugs kyis
khong la skyon bkal/} vehemently accusing (Lk. 23:10), {rgan mi la
skyon bkal na ma rtsi zhig} do not consider an accusation against
an elder (1 Tim. 5:19).

     2) #{skyon 'dogs/}$ p. {btags/} f. {gdags/} imp. {thogs/}
[lit. fault + bind] (same as {snyad 'dogs/}) ^Bib: a false
accusation: {skyon btags pa'i rgyu mtshan/} the reason for an
accusation (Acts 22:30), {rang gi bsam pa rnams gcig la gcig gis
skyon 'dogs pa'am/,,skyon mi 'dogs pa'i sgo nas de la dpang po byed
de/} their thoughts now accusing, now even defending them (Rom.
2:15 SV).

     3) #{skyon brjod byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}
^Bib: to accuse verbally: {khyod kyis nga la bud med zhig gi skor
la skyon brjod byed byung /} you accuse me of an offense involving
this woman (2 Sam. 3:8 NTV). 
     ^Bst. {skyon brjod kyi tshig ngan lab pa/} to criticize
another with harsh speech (TRC 244).

     Cognates: 1) {skyon 'grus ba/} gossip, slander; 2) {skyon
gtags pa/} name calling; 3) {skyon rgyab pa/} to damage; 4) {nyes
skyon phog pa/} to pay for the results of an error (KTM).%

     4) #{snyad 'dogs/}$ p. {btags/} f. {gdags/} imp. {thogs/}
[same as {snyad 'dzug} and {skyon 'dogs/}] ^Bib: a malicious or
false accusation (KTM): {khong la snyad 'dogs pa'i phyir/} in order
to accuse him (Mt. 12:10), {de rnams kyis snyad btags pa'i rgyu
mtshan/} the reason they were accusing him (Acts 23:28), {snyad
'dogs mkhan/} the accuser (Rev. 12:10).

     5) #{snyad 'dzug}$ or {snyad 'dzugs/} p. {btsugs/} imp.
{tshugs/} ^Bib: to blame, accuse; prosecute, accuse in a legal
sense: {mi rnams kyis snyad 'dzug pa'i phyir/} [looking for] a
reason to accuse (Mk. 3:2), {nged kyi spun rnams kyi snyad 'dzug pa
po/} the accuser of our brothers (Rev. 12:10 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {snyan phra/} [see also {phra ma/} (slander)
and {phra dog} or {phrag dog} (jealousy)] to slander, libel, or
create discord (KTM): {gnyer pas nor chud zos la gtong ba'i snyan
phra/} a steward was accused of stealing his possessions (Lk.
16:1); 2) {smad/} to criticize, blame, or dishonor: {khyed tshos
nga la smad do/} you dishonor me (Jn. 8:49), {ma shi ka pa'i spyod
lam bzang por smad mkhan rnams/} those who slander Christians' good
behavior (1 Pet. 3:16), {smad pa'i tshig} a slanderous accusation
(2 Pet. 2:11 SV); 3) {kha ngan/} [lit. mouth + evil] an unjust
accusation or slander: {khyed mi rigs pa byas mkhan ltar yin pa'i
kha ngan/} an accusation of doing wrong (1 Pet. 2:12 SV); 4) {nag
nyes 'dzugs pa/} p. {btsugs/} to accuse someone of a serious crime;
{nyes 'dzugs byas/} to find fault (ETD 6); 5) {kha 'phangs lag
'phyis/} to blame: {nor 'khrul rang gis byas te kha 'phangs lag
'phyis gzhan la byas na ma rabs red/} it is impolite to blame
others for one's own mistakes (TQP 42); 6) {khag dkris bsnyon
'dzugs/} to blame and accuse: {ma'o tse thung gi chab srid nor
'khrul rnams mi bzhi shog khag la khag dkri bsnyon 'dzugs byas pa
red/} Mao Tse Tung blamed his political mistakes on the Gang of
Four (TQP 46).%

!ADAM@  see also EVE, GARDEN OF EDEN, CREATE

     #{a dam/}$ ^Bib: the first man: {a dam gyis bud med kyi ming
la ha wa zhes btags pa yin/} Adam named the woman Eve (Gen. 3:20).
     ^Bst. The story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3)
may be contrasted with the Tibetan account of man's origins: {nga
tsho nang pa'i chos kyi bshad pa ltar na/,,'dzam gling tshang ma
rang bzhin gyi 'byung pa yin pa bshad do/,,nang pa'i chos ltar na
spyan ras gzigs kyi sprul pa pre'u gcig mi rnams kyi pha yin pa
dang /,,rje btsun sgrol ma'i sprul pa brag srin mo mi rnams kyi ma
yin pa bshad do/} according to our Buddhist religion, the world
arose by itself.  A monkey, the emanation of the god Chenresi, was
the father of all men, and a rock-demoness, the emanation of the
goddess Dolma, was the mother (DPD).  The supposed site of this
event, near Tsethang in the Yarlung Valley, is a popular pilgrimage
destination.

!ADOPTION@ 

     1) #{bu dod/}$ ^Bib: adopted son; a term used exclusively by
Paul to describe the relationship between God and the Christian:
{bu dod du 'gyur phyir/} to be adopted as sons (Rom. 8:23), {de
tsho ni bu dod du 'gyur 'os/} theirs is the adoption as sons (Rom.
9:4).
     ^Bst. Anyone who takes up Mahayana Bst. practice is known as
a son (or daughter) of a Buddha (JPG 391) or {rgyal sras/} (GSL). 
Those who gain the thought of enlightenment or {byang chub sems/}
may pray: "today I have been born into Buddha's family and have
become Buddha's child" (MTB 98).

     2) #{bu tshab/}$ adopted son.

     Related Terms: 1) {bu tshab blangs/} to adopt a child; 2)
{rang phrug tu byas pa/} [own + child + as + do] to adopt a child
(Est. 2:15); 3) {gso nyar byed pa/} to rear or raise (DBG 15).%

!ADULTERY@ 

     1) #{log g.yem/}$ ^Bib: adultery or sexual misconduct: {log
g.yem dang /,,'dod log} adultery and sexual immorality (Mt. 15:19). 
     ^Bst. Geshe Lhundup Sopa defines {log g.yem/} as: {log g.yem
ni/,,rang gi chung ma ma yin pa gzhan gyis bdag tu bzung ba'i chung
ma la sogs pa dang /,,rang gi chung ma yin yang /,,dus ma yin pa
sbrum ma dang /,,bsnyen gnas la sogs pa'i skabs dang /,,lam ma yin
pa dbad po'i sgo gzhan dang /,,gnas ma yin pa mchod rten la sogs
pa'i drung du 'khrig pa spyod pa lta bu la zer/}  . . sexual
misconduct signifies the performance of the sexual act not with
one's own wife but a wife held by another as his, etc. or even with
one's own wife at an inappropriate time like during the pregnancy,
the one day vow, etc. or through an inappropriate avenue (i.e.
another aperture than customary) or at an inappropriate place like
in front of a stupa, etc. (TRC 244), {lus kyi mi dge ba gsum
ni/,,srog gcod pa/,,ma byin par len pa/,,log g.yem bcas red/} the
three non-virtues of body are killing, stealing, and adultery (TRC
242), {sangs rgyas kyis gzhan la gnod pa spong ba dang /,,gzhan gyi
nor mi rku ba/,,rdzun mi shod pa dang /,,log g.yem spong ba bcas ni
chos kyi srung sdom yin/} the Buddha [teaches that] not harming
others, not stealing, not lying, and not committing adultery (or
sexual misconduct) sums up the keeping of the doctrine (SGN 21).

     2) #{log g.yem byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
^Bib: commit adultery: 1) physical adultery: {log g.yem ma byed/}
do not commit adultery (Mt. 5:27), {log g.yem byed mur bzung ba'i
bud med cig} a woman caught in adultery (Jn. 8:3); 2) spiritual
adultery: {'dod chags skyes te bud med cig la lta ba des kyang
snying nang de mnyam du log g.yem byas zin/} one who looks at a
woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his
heart (Mt. 5:28); 3) national unfaithfulness to God: {rdo dang
shing mnyam du'ang log g.yem byas/} committed adultery with stone
and wood (Jer. 3:9).

     Cognates: 1) {'dod log} [lit. desire + wrong] sexual
immorality; 2) {g.yem sbyor/} or {sgab mthun/} adultery (DBG 16).%

!ADVOCATE@ 

     1) #{rogs mdzad mkhan/}$ [help + do + person] ^Bib: a helper:
{gal te sdig pa byed na/,,yab kyi drung du rogs mdzad mkhan ye shu
ma shi ka thugs drang po lags pa de bzhugs yod/} if anybody does
sin, we have one who speaks to the Father in our defense--Jesus
Christ, the Righteous One (1 Jn. 2:1). 

     2) #{ngo chen mdzad mkhan/}$ [lit. face + big + make + person]
^Bib: an advocate, one who represents the interests of another:
{yab kyi drung du ngo chen mdzad mkhan zhig yod/} we have an
advocate in the presence of the Father (1 Jn. 2:1 SV).

     3) #{cha dpang /}$ ^Bib: a witness in a legal dispute: {mtho
ris nang na nga yi cha dpang bzhugs/} even now my witness is in
heaven; my advocate is on high (Job 16:19).

     4) #{zhu sna/}$  ^Bib: interceding before a higher authority
on behalf of someone else: {zhu sna mdzad cing rgyun du bzhugs pa/}
He always lives to intercede for them (Heb. 7:25), [same as {zhu
brgyud/}].

     Related Terms: 1) {sems gso mkhan/} comforter {khyod kun don
med sems gso pa rnams/} miserable comforters are you all (Job
16:2); 2) {dar spel gtang mkhan/} one who popularizes, supports or
advocates (DBG 18).%

!ALMIGHTY@

     #{kun dbang /}$ [lit. all power; Heb. shaddai] ^Bib: a name of
God whose root meaning is uncertain, but usually translated
"almighty"; one who has all power: {nga ni dkon mchog kun dbang
yin/} I am God Almighty (Gen. 17:1), {kun dbang ldan pa'i gtso bo
dkon mchog} the Lord God Almighty (2 Sam. 5:10 NTV), {nga ni khyod
kyi yab tu gyur/,,zhes kun dbang gi gtso bos bka' stsal lo/} I will
be a Father to you, says the Lord Almighty (2 Cor. 6:18).

     Related Terms: 1) {bla na med pa'i dkon mchog} God Most High;
2) {dpung tshogs kyi gtso bo/} Lord of Hosts (Rom. 9:29 SV); 3)
{dkon mchog yab thams cad nus pa/} God the Father Almighty (ATM;
1762).%

!ALTAR@ 

     1) #{mchod khri/}$ [lit. "offering throne"] ^Bib: place where
sacrifices are offered: 1) stone altar used in OT times: {no as yo
ho wa la mchod khri zhig brtsigs/} Noah built an altar to the Lord
(Gen. 8:20); 2) altar of the Temple in Jerusalem: {mchod khri lta
mkhan rnams mchod khri dang mnyam du skal ba thob pa/} those who
serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar (1 Cor.
9:13 SV); 3) the altar before God's throne: {pho nya gzhan zhig
'ongs nas/,,mchod khri'i rtsar 'greng ba/} another angel came and
stood at the altar (Rev. 8:3); 4) altar seen by Paul in Athens:
{rgyus med pa'i dkon mchog gi phyir zhes bris yod pa'i mchod khri
zhig} an altar to an unknown God (Acts 17:23). 
     ^Bst. The table in front of an idol or god where precious
things like tsampa, butter, or other offerings are placed (AMD),
{mchod pa 'bul sa'i khri'am stegs/} a shelf or place for offerings
(TDC 854).

     2) #{spos 'bul sa'i mchod khri/}$ ^Bib: the altar of incense:
{gtso bo'i pho nya spos 'bul sa'i mchod khri'i g.yas su krong nger
byung ba/} an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing at the
right side of the altar of incense (Lk. 1:11).

     Related Terms: 1) {gser gyi spos phor/} the golden altar of
incense (Heb. 9:4 SV); 2) {mchod stegs} altar on which offerings
are placed (ETD 19).%

!AMBASSADOR@  see also ANGEL, APOSTLE

     1) #{sku tshab/}$ [lit. hon. + substitute] ^Bib: an honorific
term for any representative (AMD); used by the Apostle Paul as a
metaphor for his apostolic office: {lcags sgrog gis bcings pa'i sku
tshab/} an ambassador in chains (Eph. 6:20). 
     ^Bst. {dga' ldan khri pa zhu ba ni/,,rje tshong kha pa'i sku
tshab mdzad/} the occupier of the Ganden throne represents ({sku
tshab mdzad/}) the lord Tsong Khapa (TRC 53).
     ^Sec. {krung dbyang mi dmangs srid gzhung gi sku tshab bod du
phebs/} representatives of the Central Peoples' Government came to
Tibet.

     Cognates: 1) {rgyal tshab/} regent, crown prince; 2) {sbyin
bdag gi tshab byas so/} [I] acted in place of the owner (DPD); 3)
{pha tshab ma tshab/} houseparents, foster parents (DPD); {gzhung
tshab/} (ETD 19) or {gzhung tshab gi mi sna/} (DBG 31) diplomatic
representative.%

     2) #{pho nya/}$ ^Bib: a messenger: {nga tsho ni ma shi ka'i
tshab tu pho nya yin/} we are therefore Christ's ambassadors (2
Cor. 5:20 SV). See ANGEL.

     3) #{sgrog po/}$ ^Bib: one who preaches or proclaims: {sgrog
po lcags sgrog gis bkyigs pa zhig yin/} I am an ambassador in
chains (Eph. 6:20 SV).  
     ^Sec. {sgrog pa/} to tell, proclaim: {stong gsum khyab par
sgrog par byed na yang /} even if [news of] it has been told to
three thousand others (GSL 14).

!AMEN@ 

     #{a men/}$ [Heb. amen] ^Bib: an expression used to confirm or
attest to the truth of a statement, or {ye shu chos lugs nang de
ltar 'grub par shog ces pa'i mjug smon/} in Christianity, a closing
prayer meaning "may it be so" (DBG 32); {zhi bde'i dkon mchog khyed
thams cad dang mnyam du bzhugs par shog cig,,/a men/} the God of
peace be with you all. Amen. (Rom. 15:33 SV).

!ANGEL@  see also AMBASSADOR, APOSTLE, EVIL SPIRIT

     1) #{pho nya/}$  [lit. messenger]  ^Bib: 1) supernatural
beings who serve as God's messengers: {gtso bo dkon mchog gi pho
nya rmi lam du byung /} an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a
dream (Mt. 1:20), {nam mkha'i pho nya/} angels of heaven (Mt.
22:30); 2) supernatural beings who serve the devil: {bdud dang de'i
pho nya/} the devil and his angels (Mt. 25:41); 3) angels of
churches: {skar ma bdun po ni chos tshogs bdun gyi pho nya yin/}
the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches (Rev. 1:20);
4) human messengers: {khyed kyi sngon du nga yi pho nya gtong /} I
will send my messenger ahead of you (Mt. 11:10), {spun gzhan gnyis
po chos tshogs kyi pho nya/} as for our brothers, they [are]
representatives of the churches (2 Cor. 8:23); 5) delegation:
{gzhan de thag ring na yod ring pho nya btang /} while the other is
far away, [he] will send a delegation (Lk. 14:32).  
     ^Bst. 1) {pho nya/} or {lha'i pho nya/} a supernatural
messenger who seeks to help those who practice the dharma; like an
evil spirit, however, a {pho nya/} is a mind consciousness which is
afflicted by defilements (KTM); 2) a human messenger, a bearer of
news (KTM); in the past one who rode a horse to carry or deliver a
letter.  Now used mainly in artistic writing, e.g. the bird who
begins singing at the beginning of spring is called the {pho nya/}
of spring (AMD); 3) a messenger of the lord of death, {gshin rje/}
(KTM), or of the devil: {bdud kyi pho nya dga' rab dbang phyug} the
devil's messenger, Garab Wangchuk (SGN 22).

     2) #{pho nya mchog}$  [lit. messenger + best]  ^Bib: an
archangel {pho nya mchog gi skad/} voice of the archangel (1 Thes.
4:16).

     3) #{gshed ma/}$ [lit. executioner, angel of death]  ^Bib:
angel of destruction {la las ma rangs pa'i tshig smras nas gshed
mas bsad pa ltar/} as the destroying angel killed some of them
after they complained (1 Cor. 10:10). 
     ^Bst. {gshed ma/} a class of killer demons which takes away
life by seizing its victims' deteriorated life force ({srog}).  The
exorcism of a {gshed ma/} from the home of the deceased is known as
{za 'dre kha sgyur/}, (turning away the mouth of the eating demon),
even though the {gshed ma/} is what caused the death (KTM).
     ^Sec. {gshed ma/} a term of contempt used of one completely
selfish and without reason; in former Tibetan society the common
people used this term of oppressive rulers (AMD). See also EVIL
SPIRIT.

     Related Terms: 1) {bang chen/} messenger: {bdud kyi bang
chen/} a messenger of Satan (2 Cor. 12:7); 2) {gtam skyel ba/}
bearer of news (KTM); 3) {sems nyid/} spirit: {de tshos kho'i sems
nyid yin smras so/} they said, "It must be his angel" (Ac. 12:15).%

!ANGER@ 

     1) #{khro ba/}$ [hon. {thugs khro/}] ^Bib: wrath, passion,
outwardly expressed indignation: 1) human anger: {mi'i khro ba/}
man's anger (Jas. 1:20), {rgyal po'i khro ba/} the king's anger
(Heb. 11:27); 2) used of Jesus' anger: {thams cad la khro bas gzigs
te/} looking at all of them in anger (Mk. 3:5); 3) God's wrath:
{dkon mchog gi thugs khro'i 'chag gzhong /} the winepress of God's
wrath (Rev. 14:19), {gtso bo dkon mchog u dza dang thugs dgongs
khros te/} the Lord's anger burned against Uzzah (2 Sam. 6:7 NTV).
     ^Bst. {khro ba/} anger, is the mental state of wanting to harm
an object (JPG 317). It is one of the 20 secondary afflictions (KBT
23) and one of the greatest of all sins (MTB 167).  Bst. protector
deities are often depicted as having wrathful expressions, e.g.
{khro ba chen po gshin rje/} the wrathful Shinje, god of the dead.

     Cognates: 1) {khong khro/} anger as one of the six root
afflictions; described as the will to harm sentient beings, whether
present or not (KBT 18). Some gods have {khro ba/} expressions in
thankas, and good characters can have {khro ba/} (AMD). {zhe sdang
gis gsod pa ni/,,gsod yag de la khong khro langs nas gsod pa lta
bu/} to kill on account of hatred is, say, to kill the victim on
account of the arising of anger (TRC 243), {gal srid nga tsho khong
khro'i gzhan dbang du song na/} if our minds are dominated by anger
(DLP 23); 2) {khro gnyer ma/} "scowling old woman"; commonly
applied to female deities of fierce aspect (TRC 271); 3) {khro bo
bcu gcig} the eleven wrathful deities (CNG 151); 4) {khro blo/} the
angry mind (HTE 194).%

     Proverbs: 1) {'dzom re khong khro slong dus ma dran na/,,rjes
su dran na rang gi kha la rgyob/} If you don't remember your anger
at times, but recall it later, slap your own mouth (KPU 14); 2)
{khong khro dbang du 'dus na mkhas pa'i rtags/,,khong khro'i rjes
la 'gro mi glen pa red/} if you've subdued your anger, it's a sign
of your education; one who follows his anger is a fool (KPU 14).

     2) #{tshig pa/}$ ^Bib: anger [used chiefly in spoken language]
{tshig pa mi za/} [love is] not easily angered (1 Cor. 13:5 SV).

     Related Terms: {dgongs pa tshoms/} [hon.] to get angry (ETD
21).%

!ANOINT@ 

     1) #{byug pa/}$ p. {'byug} or {byugs/} ^Bib: to apply or put
on: 1) to apply oil or ointment for physical or ritual purposes:
{khong gis nga la snum gyis byugs mdzad do/} he has anointed me
with oil (Lk. 4:18); 2) to be selected for a special position:
{gtso bo'i byugs pa/} the Lord's anointed One (Ac. 4:26); 3) to
receive spiritual gift(s) from God: {dkon mchog gis dam pa'i thugs
nyid dang mthu yis byugs te/} God anointed [Jesus] with the Holy
Spirit and with power (Ac. 10:38); 4) to put oil or spices on a
body in preparation for burial: {spur la 'byug pa'i phyir/} in
order to anoint the body (Mk. 16:1). 
     ^Sec. {byug pa/} 1) used of applying paint to a wall (AMD); 2)
used of washing down an animal: {rta las babs te de la byams brtse
chen pos byug byug mdzad pa/} getting off his [sweating] horse, he
wiped it down with great compassion (SGN 3).

     2) #{sko/}$ p. {bskos/}, f. {bsko/} imp. {skos/} ^Bib: to
select or appoint: 1) to appoint someone to or select someone for
an honored position: {thugs nyid dam pas khyed tsho bskos pas/} you
have an anointing from the Holy One (1 Jn. 2:20), {gtso bo dkon
mchog gis 'dems bskos mdzad pa'i rgyal po/} the king that the Lord
anointed (2 Sam. 1:14 NTV); 2) to receive spiritual gift(s) from
God: {khyed bskos pa'i gnang sbyin de khyed nang gnas pas/} the
anointing you received from him remains in you (1 Jn. 2:27).
     ^Bst. to appoint: {mi gsar du bla ma zhig bskos pa/} to
appoint a new person as a lama (KTM), {lo gcig nang tik ka skyor
dpon zer ba'i dge bshes gnyis ched mangs kyis gsang 'dus tik ka'i
skyor dpon dub skos/} within a single year two Geshes called the
lead tika reciters are especially selected as reciters of the
Guhyasamaja tika (TRC 49).

!ANTICHRIST@ 

     1) #{ma shi ka'i bstan dgra/}$ [lit. Christ's-teaching-enemy;
Gr. antichristos] ^Bib: the supernatural enemy of Christ: {ma shi
ka'i bstan dgra 'ong bar 'gyur/} the antichrist is coming (1 Jn.
2:18), {ma shi ka'i bstan dgra'i sems nyid yin/} this is the spirit
of the antichrist (1 Jn. 4:3).
     ^Bst. 1) {bstan dgra/} an enemy of Buddhist teaching: {bstan
dgra bod mi'i rigs dang mthun 'thabs med/} there is no way for
enemies of the doctrine to be in harmony with the Tibetan people
(RRT 232 n. 30); 2) {dgra bcom pa/} foe destroyer [Skt. arhat] one
who has attained enlightenment through the Hinayana path (TRI 50).

     Cognates: {dgra/} an enemy who actively seeks to destroy one's
views, plans, etc (AMD).%

     2) #{go log gi ma shi ka/}$ [lit. perverse Christ] ^Bib:
antichrist: {go log gi ma shi ka mang po byung yod pas/} even now
many antichrists have come (1 Jn. 2:18 SV).

     Related Terms: {ma shi ka rdzus ma/} [lit. deceptive Christ;
Gr. pseudochristos] false Christ: {ma shi ka rdzus ma dang lung
ston pa rdzus ma/} false Christs and false prophets (Mt. 24:24).%

!APOSTLE@  see also AMBASSADOR, ANGEL

     1) #{sku tshab/}$ [lit. hon. + representative] ^Bib: an
honorific term for any representative (AMD): 1) an apostle, a
representative of Jesus Christ: {sku tshab bcu gnyis kyi mtshan/}
the names of the twelve apostles (Mt. 10:2), {sku tshab dang lung
ston pa rnams/} apostles and prophets (Eph. 2:20); 2) used in a
special sense of Jesus: {sku tshab dang bla chen ye shu/} the
Apostle and high priest Jesus (Heb. 3:1); 3) {sku tshab/} a term
used by the Apostle Paul as a metaphor for his apostolic office
{lcags sgrog gis bcings pa'i sku tshab/} an ambassador in chains
(Eph. 6:20). 
     ^Bst. see AMBASSADOR.

     Cognates: 1) {rgyal tshab/} regent, crown prince; 2) {tshab/}
in place of: {sbyin bdag gi tshab byas so/} [I] acted in place of
the owner (DPD); 3) a substitute: {pha tshab ma tshab/}
houseparents, foster parents (DPD).%

     2) #{mi sna/}$ [lit. messenger, see {pho nya/}]  ^Bib: 1) an 
apostle: {mi sna'i las tshan du bos/} called to be an apostle (Rom.
1:1 SV); 2) title used in 1903 NT for the Book of Acts.
     ^Sec. personnel, class of people {sman bcos mi sna rnams/}
medical workers (BFT 20), {bod kyi gso rig ched gnyer mi sna,800/}
eight hundred specialists in Tibetan medicine (TMB 25), {mi sna
gsar pa/} new personnel (SLR 10), {gtsang sbra'i mi sna/}
sanitation workers (SLR 15), {gtso 'dzin mi sna/} a leading figure
(SBC-1, 61).

     Related Terms: 1) {bang chen/} messenger {bdud kyi bang chen/}
a messenger of Satan (2 Cor. 12:7); 2) {gtam skyel ba/} bearer of
news (KTM).%

!APPEAR@  see also REVELATION

     1) #{'byung /}$ p. {byung /} ^Bib: to come into being, appear,
arise, come into view: {dkon mchog gi pho nya rmi lam du byung /}
an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream (Mt. 1:20), {la las e li
ya byung /} some [said] Elijah had appeared (Lk. 9:8), {nged thams
cad ma shi ka'i bzhugs khri'i drung du byung /} we must all appear
before the judgment seat of Christ (2 Cor. 5:10 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) appear, arise: {chos lug sa mi 'dra ba gang 'dras
byung yod dam/} how did the different schools of Tibetan Buddhism
arise? (TRC 135); 2) {pad ma 'byung gnas/} [lit. "appeared from a
lotus"] Padmasambhava: {slob dpon chen po pad ma 'byung gnas/} the
tantric teacher Padmasambhava (TRC 113).

     2) #{mngon pa/}$ ^Bib: open, public, revealed, plain: 1) to
appear, become visible; manifest: {sku gzugs gzhan du gyur te mngon
par mdzad pas/} [Jesus] appeared in a different form (Mk. 16:12),
{dpal dang ldan par mngon te/} appeared in splendor (Lk. 9:31),
{nga tsho'i mi tshe lags pa'i ma shi ka mngon pa'i dus su/} when
Christ who is our life appears (Col. 3:4); 2) {yo ha nan la mngon
par mdzad pa/} the Revelation to John (Revised NT).  
     ^Bst. see REVELATION.

     3) #{sprul ba/}$ ^Bib: to alter one's appearance; transform
oneself miraculously, to appear in another form: {bka' de sku lus
ldan par sprul/} the Word became [lit. appeared in] the flesh (Jn.
1:14), {ma shi ka mi ru sprul pa yin/} Christ appeared as man (1
Tim. 3:16) [cf. SV: {khong ni sha'i nang na mngon par gyur/} he
appeared in the flesh (1 Tim. 3:16)]. See DESCEND.
     ^Bst. The Buddhas are believed capable of manifesting in any
form necessary to help living beings e.g. as human beings, clothes,
medicine, food, or any other inanimate object (JPG 198).  Hence: 1)
{sprul sku/} a person who, like the Dalai Lama, is recognized as a
rebirth of previously deceased lama: {rdo brag rig 'dzin chen po ni
gu ru pad ma 'byung gnas kyi sprul sku yin pa bshad do/} it is said
that Rigdzin Chenpo, founder of the line of monks at Dorje Trak, is
the manifestation of Guru Padmasambhava (DPD).  The {sprul sku/} is
believed to be reborn with the death of each of his predecessors,
to be above conventional standards of behaviour, and to be a
manifestation or emanation of a deity. 2) {sprul pa'i sku/} a
manifestation body: one of the three bodies of the Buddha (KBT 69);
3) a vision, apparition, or phantom: {sprul pa'i bud med gar mkhan
ma/} a vision of dancing girls (SGN 10), {sprul pa'i grong khyer/}
a phantom city (BLI 315); 4) a manifestation of a deity: {spyan ras
gzigs kyi sprul pa pre'u gcig} a monkey, the emanation of the god
Chenresi (DPD), {rje btsun sgrol ma'i sprul pa brag srin mo/} the
rock-demoness, the manifestation of the goddess Dolma (DPD).

     4) #{'thon pa/}$ [var. {thon/}] p. {thon/} f. {'thon/} imp.
{thon/} ^Bib: to become evident, appear: {phi lib ni grong khyer a
zod du thon/} Philip appeared at Azotus (Acts 8:40), {mal ki tshe
deg dang 'dra ba'i bla ma gzhan zhig 'thon na/} if another priest
like Melchizedek appears (Heb. 7:15,16). 
     ^Sec. 1) appear: {dbyang rlung mang tsam thon pa byed rgyu/}
to make more oxygen appear (SLR 13); 2) to be produced: {bzo grwa
de nas thon pa'i sman/} the medicine produced by the factory (TMB
25).

     5) #{snang ba/}$ ^Bib: appearance in the sense of giving an
impression of being like something else: {khong ni glog 'drar snang
ste/} his appearance was like lightning (Mt. 28:3), {shes rab ltar
snang /} the appearance of wisdom (Col. 2:23).
     ^Bst. 1) ordinary impressions or appearances, especially as
contrasted with a mystical Bst. point of view: {snang tshad 'khrul
pa lags te/} whatever appears is delusion (HTE 188), {'khor ba rang
snang tsam ste logs na med/} the world is nothing other than how
things appear to you (HTE 184); 2) visions: {snang gsum ni/,,ma dag
pa'i snang ba/,,rnal 'byor nyams kyi snang ba/,,dag pa'i snang ba/}
the three types of visions are impure visions, pure visions of
yogic experience, and the pure vision (TRI 163); 3) {sangs rgyas
rnam par snang mdzad/} the Buddha Vairocana (TRC 198); 4) {gya nom
snang ba/} excellent appearance: (one of the types of beings in the
form realm).

     Cognates: 1) {mi snang ba/} disappear: {khong mi snang bar
gyur to/} he disappeared (Lk. 24:31); 2) {'jigs snang /} fear; 3)
{do snang /} interest.%
          
     6) #{lang ba/}$ p. {langs/} [hon. {bzheng /}] ^Bib: to get up,
arise: {lung ston pa rdzus ma mang po lang zhing /} and many false
prophets will arise (Mt. 24:11), {ma shi ka'i zhal che'i khri'i
drung du lang bar dgos so/} we must all appear before the judgement
seat of Christ (2 Cor. 5:10), {lung ston pa chen po zhig nga tsho'i
dbus su bzhengs/} a great prophet has appeared among us (Luke
7:16). 
     ^Bst. 1) to arise, stand up: {ting nge 'dzin de las bzhengs
te/} arising from deep meditation (HSU 168), {yar lang dus/} on
standing up (TRC 271); 2) to build or put together a sacred object:
{tshon gyi dkyil 'khor bzhengs te/} constructing the mandala of
colored stone dust (TRC 49), {gtor ma bzhengs pa/} setting up torma
offerings (DPD), {mchod rten bzhengs pa/} to build a chorten (MHP
9).
 
     7) #{mthong ba/}$ ^Bib: to perceive, see, or behold; either
directly or by inference; to appear: {khyod tsho'ang phyi nas mi la
drang po mthong /} on the outside you appear to people as righteous
(Mt. 23:28), {mthong bzor min par drang por thag chod cig} stop
judging by mere appearances (Jn. 7:24), {spun lnga brgya las mang
pos gcig car du mthong ste/} [He] appeared to more than five
hundred of the brothers at the same time (1 Cor. 15:6 SV).  
     ^Bst. {mthong ba'i lam/} the path of seeing; one of the five
paths to enlightenment (KBT 63), {shin tu mthong ba/} great
perception - one of 17 types of beings in the form realm (KBT 118).

     Related Terms: {mjal kha/} to meet, appear before others: {nye
gnas rnams la slar yang mjal kha gnang ngo /} [Jesus] appeared
again to the disciples (Jn. 21:1), {mi gzhan la sku mdun mjal kha
rag ya khag po yod/} for other people it was difficult to see or
meet the Dalai Lama (DPD).%

!ARK (OF NOAH)@

     1) #{sgam/}$ [lit. box] ^Bib: Noah's ark: {sgam gyi nang du
zhugs shig} Go into the ark (Gen. 7:1), {no a yis sgam chen po bzo
ba'i tshe/} while Noah was building the ark (1 Pet. 3:20 SV). 
     ^Sec. {gtam gyi nor bu snying gi sgam du chugs/} keep this
precious advice in the inner recesses [lit. heart box] of your
heart (KPU 32).

     2) #{gru/}$ [lit. boat] ^Bib: Noah's ark: {no a gru'i nang
zhugs pa'i nyin mo/} the day Noah entered the ark (Mt. 24:38).
     ^Bst. a container for the soul: {dal 'byor gru chen rnyed dka'
thob dus 'di/} this human vessel difficult to find (GSL 6).

     Cognates: 1) {gru zing /} boat: {gru zing chen po gcig gzos
dgos/} had to build a large boat (DPD), 2) {gnam gru/} [sky + boat]
airplane.%

!ARK (OF THE COVENANT)@

     1) #{zhal chad kyi sgrom/}$ [lit. covenant + box] ^Bib: ark of
the covenant: {gser gyis yongs su bkab pa'i zhal chad kyi sgrom/}
the gold-covered ark of the covenant (Heb. 9:4).

     2) #{dam bca'i sgrom/}$ [lit. promise + box] ^Bib: ark of the
covenant: {dkon mchog gi dam bca'i sgrom de ni gur gyi nang du
bzhag yod/} the ark of God remains in a tent (2 Sam. 7:2 NTV).

!ATONEMENT@  see also CONFESS, FORGIVE, REPENT

     #{sdig bshags/}$ [lit. sin + confess] ^Bib: to confess sin: 
{mi sde'i sdig bshags kyi phyir du/} in order to make atonement for
the sins of the people (Heb. 2:17), {khong ni nga tsho'i sdig pa'i
sdig bshags yin/} he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins (1 Jn.
2:2), {nyid kyi sras nga tsho'i sdig bshags la gnang ba de yin/}
gave his son as the atoning sacrifice for our sins (1 Jn. 4:10). 
     ^Bst. {sdig bshags/} is admission and repentance of non-virtues by confession to one's spiritual teacher, who points out
the fault and encourages better behaviour in the future: {sdig pa
bshags pa'i stobs bzhi/} the four powers of confession [reliance,
renouncing faults, turning away from faults, overcoming
adversaries]. Ultimately one must "carry the burden of one's own
sin" {sdig bsags rang khur/} (TDC 1463).  The Tibetan Dhammapada
says: {gang du sdig pa'i las kyis mi tshugs pa'i/,,/sa phyogs de ni
yod pa ma yin/} where can we go where our sins will not touch us? 
There is no such place (DMP 67) [cf. Ps. 103:12].

     Related Terms: 1) {thugs rje'i bzhugs khri/} atonement cover
(Heb. 9:5); 2) {sdig sel ba/} to forgive or clear sins: {sdig sel
du gnang ngo /} given in order to forgive sins (Rom. 3:25); 3)
{ltung ba byir bcos byed pa/} curing moral faults (KTM); 4) {ltung
ba bshags pa/} to confess sin; 5) {mthol gshags/} to ask for
forgiveness.%

!BAPTISM@ 

     #{khrus/}$ [hon. {khrus gsol/}] ^Bib: a bath or washing: 1)
baptism (Gr. baptisma) {yo ha nan gyi khrus/} John's baptism (Mt.
21:25), {'gyod tshangs kyi khrus/} a baptism of repentance (Mk.
1:4), {khrus gsol de'i sgo nas nga tsho khong dang mnyam du shi nas
dur du bcug pa yin/} through baptism we were buried with him (Rom.
6:4), {gtso bo gcig,,/dad pa gcig,,/khrus gsol gcig} one lord, one
faith, one baptism (Eph. 4:5); 2) washing: {chu gtsang mas lus
khrus nas/} having our bodies washed with pure water (Heb. 10:22). 
     ^Sec. {rma khrus ya/} washing of wounds (DPD). The honorific
form {khrus gsol/} is not in common spoken use today, but could be
appropriately used e.g. of washing by a high lama (AMD).  See
BAPTIZE, below.

     Cognates: {'khru 'khor/} washing machine.%

!BAPTIST@ 

     #{khrus gsol mkhan/}$ ^Bib: one who baptizes {khrus gsol mkhan
yo ha nan/} John the Baptist (Mk. 6:14). 

!BAPTIZE@ 

     1) #{khrus/}$ [hon. {khrus gsol/} var. {'khrud gsol/}]  ^Bib:
wash; used in various verbal compounds to mean wash, bathe, or
baptize: 1) ordinary washing: {lag pa khrus nas/} after washing
hands (Mk. 7:2-4); 2) water baptism: {yor dan nang khrus blangs/}
they were baptized in the Jordan River (Mt. 3:6); 3) baptism with
the Holy Spirit: {khyed la dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi khrus gsol bar
'gyur/} you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit (Ac. 1:4), {khong
gis khyed tshor dam pa'i thugs nyid dang me'i khrus gsol bar 'gyur
ro/} He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire (Lk.
3:16). 
     ^Bst. 1) {khrus bya ba/} a symbolic washing during a Bst.
initiation (TRI 26); 2) {khrus gsol byed pa/} to wash or bathe
images or their surroundings in a shrine, temple, or area holding
ritual objects (TDC 287); 3) {khrus gsum byed pa/} "taking a
threefold bath" - a tantric ritual (TRI 27); 4) {chu bo gang ga la
khrus byed pa/} ritual washing in the waters of the Ganges (TRC
96).

     Cognates: 1) {khrus len/} or {khrus gsol len/} to take or
receive baptism: {khrus len du 'ong ba'i mi tshogs/} the crowds who
were coming to be baptized (Lk. 3:7), {nga tsho ye shu ma shi ka
dang gcig tu gyur ba'i khrus gsol len tshad/} as many of us as were
baptized into Christ Jesus (Rom. 6:3); 2) {khrus bzhes/} [hon. of
{khrus len/}] to receive or take baptism: {sku khrus bzhes pa tsam
gyis/} as soon as [Jesus] was baptized (Mt. 3:16); 3) {khrus gtong
/} to baptize: {ngas chu'i khrus gtong gis/} I baptize you with
water (Mt. 3:11), {yo ha nan gyis chu'i khrus btang /} John
baptized with water (Ac. 11:16); 4) {khrus gnang /} [hon.] to give
baptism: {ye shu nyid kyis khrus ma gnang bar/} Jesus himself was
not baptizing (Jn. 4:1-2); 5) {khrus thob/} or {khrus gsol thob/}
to receive or get baptism: {dad cing khrus thob pa rnams/} whoever
believes and is baptized (Mk. 16:16), {pho mo thams cad la khrus
gsol thob bo/} they were baptized, both men and women (Ac. 8:12);
N.B. {khrus/} = bathing, washing, ablution; {'khrud/} p. {bkrus/}
or {'khrus/} f. {bkru/}; imp. {khrus/} is the transitive verb "to
wash".  Alternate forms (according to older references) are
{'khru/} and {khru/} .%

     2) #{bsil/}$ [hon.] to wash: {phyag mi bsil ba mthong nas/}
seeing that [Jesus] did not wash his hands. 
     ^Bst. {phyag bsil gyi chu gtor bar mdzad/} [The Buddha]
scattered handfuls of water (SGN 16).

!BELIEF@  see also BELIEVE, FAITH

     1) #{dad pa/}$ ^Bib: the state of believing or trusting in,
faith: {bden pa nyid la dad/} belief in the truth (2 Thes. 2:13). 

     Cognates: 1) {mi dad pa'i sems/} unbelief: {nga'i mi dad pa'i
sems la skyabs mdzod cig} help my unbelief (Mk. 9:24), {ngas dad pa
med par mi shes bzhin du/} acted in unbelief and ignorance (1 Tim.
1:13 SV); 2) {dad pa log pa/} perverse faith or unbelief: {tshod
lta'i dus su dad pa log pa rnams yin no/} in the time of testing
they are faithless (Lk. 8:13), {dad pa log 'jug pa/} to enter into
unbelief or sin (Mt. 18:6).%

     2) #{mos pa/}$ ^Bib: faith, belief, trust: {dkon mchog la mos
pa'i sems/} a mind that trusts in God; godly (1 Tim. 6:3 SV). 
     ^Bst. 1) {mos pa/} or belief is one of the fifty one factors
making up mental consciousness (KBT 14); 2) a wish or mental
inclination: {mos pa sna tshogs mkhyen pa'i stobs/} power of
knowing various mental inclinations (KBT 76), {rang gi mos pa mang
ba'i rgyu/} because of my many wishes (UCO 150); 3) esteem or
trust: {'dul ba la mos pa/} esteem for the Vinaya scriptures (TRC
152), {dad mos/} devotion; 4) generated or believed in by the mind:
{rang gi yid ngor mos pa'i dmigs rten/} a meditative object that is
mentally imagined (TRC 199); 5) religion, faith: {mos pa 'dra min
sna tshogs/} various faiths or religions (DLP 20).

!BELIEVE@ 

     1) #{dad pa byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} ^Bib:
to believe, trust, or be devoted to superiors and supernatural
beings; to trust in, commit oneself to: {sems sgyur la phrin bzang
la dad pa byos shig} repent and believe the good news (Mk. 1:15),
{thob zin pa la dad pa byos shig} believe that you have [already]
received it (Mk. 11:24), {gsung rab dang ye shu'i bka' la dad par
gyur/} [they] believed the Scriptures and Jesus' word (Jn. 2:22),
{gtso bo ye shu la dad pa byos shig} believe in the Lord Jesus
(Acts 16:31), {dad pa mi byed pa rnams/} those who do not believe
(1 Pet. 2:7), {khyod ye shu la dad pa byed dam/} do you believe in
Jesus? (DPD). 

     2) #{dad pa skye ba/}$ p. {skyes/} f. {skye/} [faith + born,
arise] ^Bib: to have faith arise, e.g. as a result of a witnessed
miracle, an experience, or of one's own thought: {dad pa skyed pa'i
phrin gyi sgo nas/} by believing the message you heard (Gal. 3:2),
{dad pa skyed pa thams cad kyi phar gyur/} he became the father of
all who believe (Rom. 4:11 SV).  
     ^Bst. to believe, also to create or induce belief: {dad pa
skye ba'i phyir/} in order to produce [the quality of belief] in
his disciples (SGN 16), {dad pa skyes nas sangs rgyas kyi zhabs la
phyag 'tshal/} he believed, and did homage at the Buddha's feet
(SGN 17-18), {sangs rgyas la dad pa skyes nas skyabs su bzung /} he
believed in the Buddha and took refuge (SGN 18), {mo yang sangs
rgyas dang /,,chos dang /,,dge 'dun la dad pa skyes/} she too
believed in the Buddha, the doctrine and the monks (SGN 20).

     3) #{yid ches byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} to
believe or trust in humans or visible objects; usually of a less
religious character than {dad pa/} but with some overlap in
meaning: [e.g. compare  {nga tsho yid ches 'ong /} (Mt. 27:42 RV)
vs. {nga cag gis kho la dad pa byed par 'gyur/} (Mt. 27:42 SV) we
will believe Jesus].  {'grub pa la the tshom med par yid ches na/}
if, without doubting, [he] believes that it will be done (Mk.
11:23), {khyed kyis khong la ci'i phyir yid ma ches/} why didn't
you believe him? (Mt. 21:25), {ngas zer na khyed kyis yid mi ches/}
if I tell you, you will not believe me (Lk. 22:67). 
     ^Bst. {sems kyi bde sdug myong tshor shugs che bar yid ches
byed kyi yod/} I believe that mental suffering and happiness are
the more acute (DLP 8), {yid ches 'os pa/} that which can be
believed (AMD).

!BELIEVER@  see also DISCIPLE

     1) #{dad pa/}$  Many compounds of {dad pa/} are used in the NT
to indicate those who believe or disbelieve in Christ: 1) {dad par
gyur pa/} one who has come to faith: {dad par gyur pa'i ya hu da
pa/} the Jews who had become believers (Ac. 10:45); 2) {gtso bo la
dad pa/} one who believes in the Lord; 3) {dad ldan/} [faith +
having] {dad ldan dang dad med la mtshungs pa ci yod/} what does a
believer have in common with an unbeliever? (2 Cor 6:15); 4) {dad
pa'i khyim tshang /} the household of the faith (Gal 6:10); 5) {dad
pa byed pa/} [faith + do + person] believer: {dad pa byed pa rnams
lhan du gnas shing /} all the believers were together (Ac. 2:44);
6) {dad pa'i grogs rnams/} the fellowship of believers (Gal. 6:10
SV); 7) {dad pa can/} believer: {dad pa can gyi phyir/} for
believers (1 Cor. 14:22); 8) {dad med/} [lit. no faith] unbeliever:
{ya hu da'i dad med rnams/} Jewish unbelievers (Rom 15:30-31), {dad
pa med pa'i mi rnams/} unbelievers: (1 Cor. 6:6 SV); 9) {dad pa mi
byed/} not believing: {dad pa mi byed mkhan zhig} an unbeliever (1
Cor. 7:12 SV).%

     2) #{spun/}$ ^Bib: brother/sister: used metaphorically of
Christian believers: {spun brgya dang nyi shu tsam/} about 120
believers (Ac. 1:15), {ya hu da pa yin pa'i spun tsho/} the Jewish
believers (Ac. 11:2), {lha chos pa nas yin pa'i spun rnams/}
Gentile believers (Ac. 15:23), {spun mo zhig gi khyo phyi pa yin
te/} a sister who has an unbelieving husband (1 Cor. 7:13).  
     ^Sec. siblings, brothers and sisters: {pha ma gnyis dang spun
tshang ma/} my parents and all my siblings (DPD).

     3) #{ma shi ka pa/}$  ^Bib: a Christian; occasionally used to
express the idea "believer": {ma shi ka pa rnams dang mo reng ma
rnams bos nas/} having called the believers and widows (Ac. 9:41),
{dpon po ma shi ka pa yin/} [slave] masters who are believers (1
Tim. 6:2). 

     4) #{yid ches byed mkhan/}$  ^Bib: believer: {chos la yid ches
byed mkhan/} those who believe in religion (DLP 16).

     Related Terms: 1) {nang pa/} [lit. inside person] a Buddhist:
{nang pa'i grub mtha' smra ba tshang ma nang pa yin/} all who hold
Buddhist tenets are Buddhists (TRC 94), {nang pa sangs rgyas pa/}
a Buddhist (DLP 3), {nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos/} Buddhism (TRC
112), {bod kyi nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos lugs/} a Tibetan
Buddhist (DLP 15); 2) {phyi pa/} [lit. outsider] a) an unbeliever,
a Gentile: {spun zhig gi chung ma phyi pa yin te/} a brother who
has a wife who is not a believer (1 Cor. 7:12), {phyi pa rnams kyi
de dag las sems kyi nor rdzas kyi skal ba thob pa yin na/} if the
Gentiles have shared in the Jews' spiritual blessings (Rom. 15:27
SV); b) believers in non-Bst. religions (AMD); 3) {log chos/} what
one calls another who believes in a different religion (AMD); 4)
{log pa/} one who used to believe but changes and now doesn't
believe anymore (AMD).%

!BIBLE@  see SCRIPTURE

!BLASPHEMY@  see also ACCUSE, CURSE, FAULT, SLANDER

     1) #{skur pa/}$ ^Bib: defamation, slander, accusation,
blasphemy: {skur pa de khyed cag gis da lta thos yod/} now you have
heard the blasphemy (Mt. 26:65). 

     2) #{skur pa 'debs/}$ p. {btab/} f. {gdab/} imp. {thob/} ^Bib:
to speak falsely against, to defame, to accuse, blaspheme or
slander: {'dis skur pa 'debs so/} this fellow is blaspheming (Mt.
9:3), {skur ba 'debs pa 'di khyed tshos thos/} you have heard this
blasphemy (Mk. 14:64), {mo she dang dkon mchog la skur pa btab pa/}
blasphemy against Moses and against God (Acts 6:11), {dkon mchog la
skur pa 'debs so/} God's [name] is blasphemed (Rom. 2:24). 
     ^Bst. {skur 'debs/} to defame someone or to assert that a Bst.
doctrine is untrue (TRI 16).

     3) #{smod/}$ p. {smad/} f. {smad/} imp. {smod/} ^Bib: to
blaspheme, dishonor, or slander: {nga tsho'i lha mo la'ang ma smad
do/} [they have] not blasphemed our goddess (Acts 19:37), {mi shes
pa de la smad pas/} blaspheme in matters they do not understand (2
Pet. 2:12), {ngas yab la bstod pas khyed tshos nga la smad do/} I
honor my Father and you dishonor me (Jn. 8:49), {ma shi ka pa'i
spyod lam bzang por smad mkhan rnams/} those who slander
Christians' good behavior (1 Pet. 3:16).

!BLESS@ 

     1) #{byin gyis rlob pa/}$ p. {brlabs/} f. {brlab/} imp.
{rlobs/}  ^Bib: to bless: {phyag bzhag cing byin gyis brlabs/} put
his hands on them and blessed them (Mk. 10:16), {yab kyis byin gyis
brlabs pa khyed/} you who are blessed by [my] Father (Mt. 25:34),
{sa gzhi'i khyim tshang thams cad byin gyis rlob par 'gyur/} all
families of the earth will be blessed (Acts 3:25), {i sag gis ya
kob dang e sab gnyis la byin gyis rlabs so/} Isaac . . blessed both
Jacob and Esau (Heb. 11:20). 
     ^Bst. see BLESSING.

     2) #{byin rlabs gnang /}$ p. {gnang /} f. {gnang /} imp.
{gnongs/} [hon.] ^Bib: to give a blessing: {shim on gyis khong
tshor byin rlabs gnang nas/} then Simon blessed [gave blessing to]
them (Lk. 2:34), {gtso bo dkon mchog gis khyod tshor byin rlabs
gnang bar shog} the Lord bless you (2 Sam. 2:5 NTV). 

     3) #{byin rlabs gtong /}$ p. {btang /} f. {gtang /} imp.
{thong /} or {thongs/} ^Bib: to bless: {gzhan gyis smad na nga
tshos byin rlabs gtong /} when we are cursed, we bless (1 Cor.
4:12), {chen pos chung ngu la byin rlabs gtong ba/} the lesser
person is blessed by the greater (Heb. 7:7), {byin rlabs thongs/}
imperative form with alt. spelling {khyed rang la 'tshe ba rnams la
smon log ma 'debs par byin brlabs thongs shig} bless those who
persecute you; bless and do not curse (Rom. 12:14).

     4) #{byin rlabs mdzad/}$ p. {mdzad/} f. {mdzad/} imp. {mdzod/}
^Bib: to make blessed, bless: {byin rlabs mdzad pa'i ring la/}
while [Jesus] was blessing them (Lk. 24:51). 

     Related Terms: {phyag dbang gnang ba/} to bless by laying on
hands (ETD 49).%

!BLESSED@ 

     1) #{bde ba/}$ ^Bib: peace, contentment, safety, security,
blessedness (AMD), state of beatitude or happiness: {da khyed kyi
mig bde'o/,,/des mthong ngo /} blessed are your eyes because they
see (Mt. 13:16), {nga la bde legs brjod par 'gyur/} from now on
[all generations] will call me blessed (Lk. 1:48), {byed na khyed
tsho bde'o/} you will be blessed if you do them (Jn. 13:17), {len
pa bas spyin pa bde'o/} it is more blessed to give than to receive
(Ac. 20:35), {mdo 'di'i lung bstan rnams srung ba de bde legs so/}
Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy in this book.
(Rev. 22:7). 
     ^Bst.  {bde ba/} bliss (KBT 104), {yid mi bde ba/} unhappiness
(KBT 36), {zhi ba'i bde ba/} the blessing of peace (TRC 166), {tshe
phyi ma bde ba/} happiness in future lives (TRC 245), {bde 'gro/}
"those gone to the fortunate destinies", i.e. those who are reborn
as gods, demigods, or men (TRI 141). 

     Cognates: 1) {bde skyid/} happiness; 2) {zhi bde/} peace; 3)
{bde sdug} happiness and suffering; 4) {bde ba can/} one of the
Bst. heavens; see HEAVEN; 5) {bde chen/} great bliss; 6) {stabs bde
ba/} convenient (TRC 199).%

     2) #{bkra shis/}$ ^Bib: blessedness: {dkon mchog gis thar bar
brtsis pa'i mi la bkra shis/} the blessedness of the man whom God
reckons as saved (Rom. 4:6), {sdug sran byed pa rnams la nga tshos
bkra shis brjod/} we call blessed those who have endured (Jas.
5:11), {bkra shis pa yin pa khyod bde bar gyur cig} Greetings,
blessed one (Lk. 1:28 SV).
     ^Bst. lucky, auspicious: {bkra shis rdzas brgyad/} the eight
auspicious articles (CNG 105), {bkra shis lhun po/} Tashilhunpo
monastery in Shigatse, {bkra shis bde legs/} Tashi Delek (common
greeting).

!BLESSING@

     1) #{byin rlabs/}$ ^Bib: blessing: {ma shi ka'i byin rlabs/}
the blessing of Christ (Rom. 15:29 SV), {ab ra ham la gnang ba'i
byin rlabs/} the blessing given to Abraham (Gal. 3:14 SV). 
     ^Bst. a term for religious power, as opposed to ordinary power
{nus pa/} (AMD): 1) empowerment through speech, tantric teaching,
or meritorious acts e.g. counting prayer beads (KTM): {byin rlabs
'pho ba'i dbang bskur/} the initiation that transfers spiritual
power (BLI 351), {sngags phyag rgya ting nge 'dzin gsum gyis byin
gyis brlabs/} the blessing of mantras, mudras, and samadhi, or one-pointedness (BLI 344).  Such power may also be resident in blessed
objects, e.g. if a high lama gives one a pen, that object has {byin
rlabs/} (AMD); 2) the Buddha is believed to convey blessings: {byin
gyis brlabs pa'i bka'/} the blessed words of the Buddha (TRI 185),
{byin rlabs bzhi/} the four blessings: {bden pa/} truth, {gtong
ba/} giving, {nye bar zhi ba/} ultimate peace, {shes rab/} wisdom
(TRI 185). Even animals may be blessed by the Buddha, as in the
story of a wandering pig that died near a stupa {mchod rten/} and
through the Buddha' blessing was reborn as a desire realm god (JPG
209).

     Cognates: 1) {byin can/} holy, sacred; 2) {byin nus/}
blessing.%

     2) #{shis rjod/}$ [lit. spoken blessing, benediction] ^Bib:
{shis rjod 'di ya hu da pa'i rtags ldan pa la yin nam/} is this
blessedness only for the circumcised? (Rom. 4:9). 
     ^Bst. 1) to recite auspicious verses at the conclusion of a
ceremony (TRI 273); 2) in spoken language {shis rjod/} implies
blessing with the connotation of prayer for the one blessed, e.g.
a lama may bless a soldier for success in battle, or a newborn
child for a good life (AMD).

!BODDHICITTA@  see ENLIGHTENMENT

!BODDHISATTVA@  see ENLIGHTENMENT

!BODY@  see also FLESH

     1) #{lus/}$ ^Bib: a living body: 1) physical body: {'chi bar
'dren pa'i lus 'di las nga sus sgrol/} who will rescue me from this
body of death? (Rom. 7:24), {lus nang yod dus su byas pa'i las/}
the works done while in the body (2 Cor. 5:10), {mig ni lus kyi mar
me yin/} the eye is the lamp of the body (Mt. 6:22), 2)
resurrection body: {'byung bzhi'i lus shig 'debs nas sems nyid kyi
lus shig lang ngo /} it is sown a natural body, it is raised a
spiritual body (1 Cor. 15:44), {lus hril po dmyal bar dbyug pa/}
for the whole body to be thrown into hell (Mt. 5:29); 3) Christ's
body: {'di ni nga'i lus yin/} this is my body (Mt. 26:26), {nga
tsho mang po yin kyang ma shi ka'i nang na lus gcig yin pas/}
though we are many, in Christ we are one body (Rom. 12:5). 
     ^Bst. In Bsm. the body is a separate entity from the mind or
spirit, and ultimate happiness requires transcending its
limitations [compare NT concept of resurrection body]. The term
{lus/} refers to the bodies of: 1) humans: {lus kyi yan lag lnga/}
the five members of the body (CNG 60), {rang gi sku lus yongs
rdzogs keng rus lta bur gyur kyang /} though [the Buddha's] whole
body ({sku lus/}) became like a skeleton (SGN 9), {lus ngag yid
gsum/} body, speech, and mind (DLP 18), {sems dang lus po rang rang
so so red/} mind and body are separate (KPU 5), {lus dang sems
gnyis/} body and mind (TRC 202); 2) gods: {lha dang mi'i lus rten
phun sum tshogs pa zhig 'thob pa la/} to obtain the desirable body
of a man or a god (TRC 165); 3) hell beings: {yi dwags kyi lus
blangs nas/} taking the body of a preta i.e. born as a tantalized
ghost in the hell realm (TRC 260); 4) animals: {rma bya'i lus/} the
body of a peacock (KPU 35); 5) bodies of dream or meditational
states: {sgyu lus rmi lam gyi dbang /} a mahayana doctrine called
the "dream state of the illusory body" (TRC 137).

     Proverbs: {zhim tshad ma za 'jam tshad ma gyon cig,,,kha lus
gnyis kyis sdug la sbyar yong ngo /} don't eat all the good food or
wear all the good clothes; you might become a slave to the mouth
and body (KPU 24).

     Cognates: 1) {lus dkyil/} body mandala - a tantric
visualization practice (TRI 269); 2) {lus sa la phab ste/}
prostrating himself (SGN 15); 3) {lus zha bo/} a cripple (TRC 5);
4) {lus kyi dka' thub/} bodily austerities (practiced by ascetics)
(TRC 96); 4) {lus khams bde srung gi bya ba/} health care (BFT
21).%
     
     2) #{ro/}$ [hon. {spur/}] ^Bib: a corpse, dead body: 1) a dead
body: {lus ro dang 'dra ba/} his body was like a corpse [as good as
dead] (Rom. 4:19), {sems dang bral ba'i lus ro yin pa ltar/} as the
body without the spirit is dead (Jas. 2:26), {ro yod sar bya rgod
'khor ro/} at the place where there is a dead body, the vultures
will gather (Lk. 17:37), {spur khyer te dur du bcug} [John's
disciples] took his body and buried it (Mt. 14:12), {ye shu'i
spur/} Jesus' body (Mt. 27:58); 2) figuratively dead: {bka' khrims
med pa yin na sdig pa ro ltar yin/} without the law, sin is dead
[lit. like a dead body] (Rom. 7:8). 
     ^Bst. modern spoken term for a corpse (AMD): {bden zhen ro
rgan zhen med me la sregs/} cremate that old corpse of clinging to
things as real in the fire of nonattachment (HTE 186), {mi shi ba'i
ro zhig} the body of a dead man (SGN 7). Tantric adepts claim to be
able to transfer their consciousness into the body of a dead
person, a process called {grong 'jug} (TRI 40).

     Proverbs: {tshwa kha'i khyi ro mtha' ma tshwa la 'gro/} even
the corpse of a dead dog turns to salt in a salt lake (KPU 12) i.e.
if a student remains in school long enough, he will become educated
no matter how dull he is.

     Cognates: 1) {me ro/} [fire + corpse] embers; 2) {ro sgam/}
coffin; 3) {ro lang /} the spirit of a dead person returned to
earth = a ghost; also a spirit which occupies a dead body (TRI
263); 4) {ro langs rgyag pa/} to restore: {ro langs rgyag pa'i
rgyal rabs/} the restored monarchy (SBC-1, p. 61).%

     3) #{sha/}$ [hon. {sku sha/}] ^Bib: meat, flesh: {lam de ni
gsar pa dang gson po yol ba yang na khong rang gi sku sha'i sgo nas
nged kyi don du bkod pa yin/} by a new and living way opened for us
through the curtain, that is, his body (Heb. 10:20 SV). 
     ^Bst. flesh: {sems can bsad pa'i sha khrag gis mchod sbyin
byed pa/} to offer the flesh of slaughtered animals (TRC 96), {de
bsad nas nya sha bzas/} after killing it, ate the fish flesh (TRC
259), {sha za/} flesh-eater, a type of hell-being (TRI 272), {sha
rigs/} meat (SLR 11).

     4) #{sku/}$ [hon.] ^Bib: body: {nged rnams khong gi sku'i yan
lag yin/} we are members of his body (Eph. 5:30 SV).  
     ^Bst.  The Buddha is believed to have three mystical bodies:
1) {chos kyi sku/} the body of the dharma or truth, which can only
be perceived by other Buddhas; 2) {longs spyod rdzogs pa'i sku/}
the enjoyment body, which can only be seen by boddhisattvas; and 3)
{sprul pa'i sku/} emanation bodies, which can be seen by humans
(DMP 244; JPG 557). {sku'i yon tan/} the virtues of [the Buddha's]
body (TRC 74), {sku gsung thugs gsum/} the body, speech and mind of
the Buddha (TRC 75) cf. {lus ngag yid gsum/} under {lus/} above,
{sprul sku/} emanation body of a Buddha (see APPEAR).

     5) #{phung po/}$ [lit. heap] ^Bib: corpse, body: {gcan gzan
rnams las phung po'i rus pa de tshor srung skyob byas pa red/}
guarded the bodies from wild animals (2 Sam. 21:10 NTV). 
     ^Bst. {phung po lnga/} the five elements [Skt. skandhas] which
make up human consciousness (form, feeling, perception,
compositional factors, and consciousness). 
     ^Sec. dead body {dur khung la phung po bcug pa/} to put a body
into a grave (DPD).

     6) #{gzugs/}$  ^Bib: {dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs nang bzhin sa
bon re re la rang gi gshis bzhin gzugs re gnang ngo /} according to
God's will, to each seed is given its own kind of body (1 Cor.
15:38). 
     ^Bst. 1) body in the sense of shape or outward form; e.g. used
of a woman's figure (AMD); {so so'i gzugs po'i babs/} circumstances
of individual body structure (TRC 198); 2) form: {gzugs kyi phung
po/} form aggregates - the set of conditions that create human life
(KBT 11), see also FLESH, {gzugs khams/} the form realm (one of
several in Bst. cosmology) see WORLD.

!BUDDHA@

     #{sangs rgyas/}$  title given to the founder of Buddhism,
whose personal name was {don drub/} [Skt. Siddhartha] or "one who
accomplishes his purpose"; later known as {rgyal sras don drub/} 
Prince Siddhartha; and after his enlightenment, {sangs rgyas/} . 
The Buddha lived at roughly the same time as Jesus' ancestor
Zerubbabel and Cyrus the Persian; his life probably began before
and ended after the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. 
Honorific titles attached to him and to his non-historical
counterparts include: {kun mkhyen/} all-knowing, {kun tu bzang po/}
good to all, {rkang gnyis gtso bo/} lord of men, {sku gsum pa/}
three-bodied, {khyab bdag} all-pervading, {rgyal ba/} conqueror,
{mngon shes drug ldan/} possessor of the six foreknowledges, {bcom
ldan 'das/} transcendent victor, {chags 'joms/} desire-subduer,
{'jig rten 'dul/} world-tamer, {ston pa/} teacher, {stobs bcu ba/}
having ten powers, {thams cad mkhyen/} all-perceiving, {thams cad
sgrol/} all-saving, {thams cad rtogs/} all-knowing, {thams cad
gzigs/} all-seeing, {dus gsum mkhyen/} knowing the three times,
{bdud 'dul/} devil-subduer, {bde gshegs/} gone to nirvana, {sangs
rgyas dkon mchog} Buddha jewel; portion of the triple refuge.  Non-historical Buddhas include {'jam dpal/} Manjushri, {spyan ras
gzigs/} Chenresi, {phyag na rdo rje/} Vajrapani.  

!BUDDHISM@ 

     1) #{chos/}$ [lit. religion] 1) Buddhism in general; believed
to have begun in the 6th century BC.  By 100 AD it separated into
the so-called Hinayana ({theg dman/}) and Mahayana ({theg chen/})
schools, the latter marked by belief in Buddhist saints called
boddhisattvas ({byang chub sems dpa'/}), a dual standard of truth
({bden pa gnyis/}), and multiple Buddhas.  The seventh century saw
developments in tantra ({rgyud/}), yoga ({rnal 'byor/}), as well as
interaction with the native Tibetan religion ({bon/}), produce a
uniquely Tibetan Buddhism ({bod brgyud sangs rgyas chos lugs/} (MHP
7). {nang pa'i chos/} [lit. inside + person + religion] or {nang
pa'i chos lugs/} Buddhism (DLP 19), {nang pa'i chos lugs su 'jig
rten bkod pa po med pa/} in Buddhism there is no Creator (DLP 20);
2) used in a more general sense to mean religion: {ye shu'i chos/}
or {ye shu'i chos lugs/} Christianity, {ya hu da pa'i chos/}
Judaism.

     2) #{nang bstan/}$ Buddhism {nang bstan mthun tshogs/} Tibetan
Buddhist Association (SLR 16).

     Related Terms: 1) {nang pa/} Buddhist {nang pa sangs rgyas pa
zer ba 'di gang 'dras shig la zer gyi yod pa red/} what sort of
person is called "a Buddhist"? (TRC 73), {nang pa'i grub mtha'/} a
holder of Buddhist tenets (TRC 94); 2) {phyi pa/} [lit. outsider]
non-Buddhist.%

!CAIN@  see also ABEL

     #{ka yin/}$  ^Bib: brother of Abel: {ka yin zhing pa byas so/}
Cain worked the soil (Gen. 4:2).

!CHRIST@  see also ANOINT, ANTICHRIST, LORD, JESUS CHRIST, SON OF
MAN, TEACHER

     1) #{ma shi ka/}$ [Heb. mashiach, Gr. christos] ^Bib: Jesus
Christ was born about 500 years after Siddartha Gautama; and about
700 years before the appearance of Tibetan Bsm.  1) a title for the
Messiah: {ma shi ka dang mjal byung /} we have found the messiah
(Jn. 1:41), {gtso bo dang khong gi ma shi ka'i rgyal srid/} the
kingdom of the lord and of his Christ (Rev. 11:15); 2) Jesus
Christ: {ye shu ma shi ka/} Jesus Christ (Mt. 1:1), sometimes
reversed in form: {ma shi ka ye shu'i bstan pa'i skor la nyan to/}
[Felix] listened to the teaching about Christ Jesus (Acts 24:24),
{dkon mchog sku'i rnam par ma shi ka'i nang bzhugs so/} for in
Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form (Col.
2:9), {ma shi ka sku gson por bzheng ba/} the resurrection of the
Christ (Acts 2:31).

     Scriptural names of Christ include: {thog ma dang mtha' ma/}
[lit. beginning and end] Alpha and Omega (Rev. 1:8), {tshe'i bag
leb/} Bread of Life (Jn. 6:35), {lug rdzi bzang po/} Good Shepherd
(Jn. 10:11), {skye bu dam pa/} Holy One (Ac. 3:14), {im ma nu el/}
Immanuel (Is. 7:14), {ya hu da pa'i rgyal po/} King of the Jews
(Mt. 2:2), {rgyal po rnams kyi rgyal po/} King of kings (1 Tim.
6:15), {dkon mchog gi lug gu/} Lamb of God (Jn. 1:29), {'jig rten
gyi 'od/} Light of the World (Jn. 8:12), {yu da'i sde'i seng ge/}
Lion of the Tribe of Judah (Rev. 5:5), {gzi brjid kyi gtso bo/}
Lord of Glory (1 Cor. 2:8), {gtso bo rnams kyi gtso bo/} Lord of
Lords (1 Tim. 6:15), {zhi bde'i rgyal po/} Prince of Peace (Is.
9:6), {thugs nyid kyi brag} [spiritual] Rock (1 Cor. 10:4), {skyabs
mgon/} Savior (Luke 2:11), {da bid kyi sras/} Son of David (Mt.
1:1), {mi'i bu/} Son of Man (Mt. 16:27), {bka'/} The Word (Jn.
1:1), {dkon mchog gi bka'/} Word of God (Rev. 19:3).

     2) #{mi seb ya/}$  Ch. Messiah (JFS).
     
!CHRISTIAN@

     #{ma shi ka pa/}$ [lit. messiah + person; written form] ^Bib:
a Christian, a follower of Jesus Christ: {nye gnas rnams la ma shi
ka pa zhes pa'i ming thog mar an ti yog tu thogs so/} the disciples
were called Christians first at Antioch (Acts 11:26), {khyod kyis
nga ma shi ka pa bzo bar bsam mam/} do you think that you will make
me a Christian? (Acts 26:28), {ma shi ka pa yin pa'i don du sdug
bsngal 'byung na/} if you suffer as a Christian (1 Pet. 4:16).
     ^Sec. modern spoken and written forms include {ye shu pa/}
(DPD) and {ye shu'i chos lugs pa/}.

     Related Terms: 1) Christian (adj.) {ye shu'i sman khang /} a
Christian hospital (DPD), 2) {ye shu'i chos/} Christianity (DLP
20), 3) {ye shu chos lugs/} Christianity.%

!CHURCH@ 

     #{chos tshogs/}$ [lit. religion + assembly] ^Bib: religious
gathering: 1) local bodies of Christian believers (the church):
{chos tshogs bsdus te/} they gathered the church together (Acts
15:30),  {de dag gi khim la mdzom pa'i chos tshogs/} the church
that meets at their house (Rom. 16:5), {ye ru sha lem na yod pa'i
chos tshogs la 'tshe ba drag po byung bas/} a great persecution
broke out against the church at Jerusalem (Acts 8:1);  2) all who
believe in Christ (the Church): {chos tshogs ni ma shi ka'i 'bangs
yin pa ltar/} as the church submits to Christ (Eph. 5:24).
     Various workers in the church are described as follows: {lung
ston pa dang /,,mkhas pa dang /,,mkhan po/} prophets and wise men
and teachers (Mt. 23:34), {lung ston pa dang slob dpon rnams/}
prophets and teachers (Acts 13:1), {dang por sku tshab/,,gnyis par
lung ston pa/,,gsum par slob dpon/,,de nas ltas ston pa/,,nad gso
ba'i gnang sbyin/,,rogs ram/,,mgo skyong /,,skad rigs so so 'byung
ngo /} first of all apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then
workers of miracles, also those having gifts of healing, those able
to help others, those with gifts of administration, and those
speaking in different kinds of tongues (1 Cor. 12:28), {la lar sku
tshab/,,la lar lung ston pa/,,la lar phrin bzang 'chad pa/,,la lar
rdzi bo'am slob dpon/} some to be apostles, some to be prophets,
some to be evangelists, and some to be pastors and teachers (Eph.
4:11), {dam pa dang lung ston pa rnams/} saints and prophets (Rev.
16:6).
     ^Bst. 1) {chos tshogs/} refers to an assembly of monks
chanting the Bst. scriptures (AMD); 2) {dge 'dun dkon mchog} the
monk body is one element of the Bst. triple refuge: the sangha (KBT
47), {dge 'dun pa rnams/} the monks, the sangha (TRC 50).  Geshe
Lhundup Sopa describes the Sangha as: {dge 'dun dkon mchog mchog
la'ang /,,don dam pa dang kun rdzob pa'i dge 'dun dkon mchog gnyis
su dbye ba yod/,,don dam pa'i dge 'dun dkon mchog zer ba ni/,,lam
gyi bden pa dang /,,'gog pa'i bden pa ci rigs dang ldan pa'i theg
pa gsum gyi 'phags pa'i gang zag ngo ma de tsho red/,,kun rdzob
pa'i dge 'dun ni/,,bsnyen rdzogs kyi sdom pa dang ldan pa'i so so
skye bo'i dge slong bzhi yan chad tshogs pa'i tshogs pa rnams la
kun rdzob ba'i dge 'dun zhu gi yod pa red/,,dkon mchog gsum so so'i
ngo bo rags rim tsam ngos bzung ba de tsam red/} the Sangha is also
divided into ultimate and conventional.  The ultimate Sangha Jewel
are individuals of the three vehicles endowed with the Truth of the
Path and the Truth of Cessation.  The conventional Sangha is an
assembly of from four monks on up, ordinary individuals who possess
the vow of a bhiksu; this is called the Sangha which is
conventional.  To identify only roughly the nature of each of the
Three Jewels is just the above (TRC 75).
     ^Sec. {chos tshogs/} the Christian Church {smyo ham che ba'i
log spyod chos tshogs/} the ferociously reactionary church (SBC-1,
p. 62).

!CIRCUMCISE@ (CIRCUMCISION) 

     #{mdun lpags gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/} imp. {chod/} [lit.
fore + skin + cut]  ^Bib: to give the covenant sign of the Jews:
{zhag brgyad pa la byis pa'i mdun lpags gcod du 'ongs nas/} on the
eighth day they came to circumcise the child (Lk. 1:59), {mdun
lpags gcod pa'i srung bya/} the custom of circumcising (Acts 7:8),
{kho'i mdun lpags bcad do/} he circumcised him (Acts 16:3).
     Euphemisms for circumcis(ed)(ion) include: 1) {gcod pa/} cut
{gcod pa'i phan ci 'dug} what value is there in circumcision? (Rom.
3:1 SV), {gcod pa dang ldan pa rnams kyi pha/} the father of the
circumcised (Rom. 4:12 SV); 2) {ya hu da pa/} for those who are
circumcised: {dad par gyur pa'i ya hu da pa rnams/} the circumcised
believers (Acts 10:45); 3) {rtags/} [lit. sign or mark] {ya hu da
pa'i rtags phan no/} circumcision has value (Rom. 2:25), {lus khar
rtags med kyang bka' khrims srung ba/} the one who does not have
physical circumcision but keeps the Law (Rom. 2:27), {rtags len pa
thams cad/} all who take circumcision (Gal. 5:3).

     Related Terms: 1) {phyi pa/} [lit. "outsider"] for
uncircumcised {khyed ci la phyi pa rnams kyi rtsar song /} why did
you go to the place of uncircumcised men? (Acts 11:3). see
BELIEVER; 2) {'doms pags gcod pa/} circumcise (ETD 69).%

!CLEAN@  see also ABOMINATION, HOLY, RIGHTEOUS(NESS)

     1) #{gtsang ba/}$ ^Bib: to be clean or pure: 1) physically
clean: {ras gtsang ma/} clean cloth (Mt. 27:59), {lag pa mi gtsang
ba/} unwashed hands (Mk. 7:2-4); 2) ceremonially clean: {kha zas
thams cad gtsang ma yin par bstan to/} he taught that all foods
were clean (Mk. 7:19), {ngas kha zas phal pa dang mi gtsang ba nam
yang ma zos/} I have never eaten anything common or unclean (Acts
10:14).
     ^Bst. 1) physically clean: something which is {gtsang ma/} is
free of dirt or bad smells. It includes clean people {mi gtsang
ma/} a person of good appearance (KTM) [or one who is honest
(AMD)], {sa cha gtsang ma/} clean or beautiful places (e.g. Tibet),
or things, (e.g. a wind that is clean and crisp (KTM).  {sman khang
de'i nang la nyal khri dang nyal chas gtsang ma 'dug} the beds and
facilities in that hospital were clean (DPD), {mi gtsang ba'i dri
ma ngan pa/} a bad smell of uncleanness (TRC 270), {khor yug mi
gtsang ba/} a polluted environment (SLR 14); 2) pure, free from
moral faults: {spyod pa gtsang ma/} pure habits or practices (KTM),
{dam tshig gtsang ma'i mi/} one who follows his commitments (KPU
11), {mi gtsang ba la gtsang bar 'dzin pa/} apprehending the
unclean as clean (TRC 284).
     ^Sec. {gtsang sbra/} public sanitation (SLR 14).

     Proverbs: {dam tshig gtsang chu bzhin du gtsang gcig dgos/}
your commitment should be as pure as the River Tsangpo (KPU 3).

     Cognates: 1) {rgyal po zas gtsang /} King Setsang [lit. "clean
food"] father of the Buddha (SGN 1); 2) {dri ma/} blemish; 3) {nyes
pa/} moral fault or offense; 4) {skyon/} fault (KTM).%

     2) #{gtsang bar byed/}$ [hon. {mdzad/}] [lit. clean + do]
^Bib: to clean or make clean: {ma shi ka'i bka' dang chu'i khrus
kyis chos tshogs gtsang bar mdzad do/} making the church clean by
means of washing with water and Christ's word (Eph. 5:26-27).

     3) #{dag}$ [var. {'dag}] ^Bib: to be pure or clean, be washed
clean: {ngas smras pa'i bka' yis khyed dag pa yin/} you are already
clean because of the word I have spoken to you (Jn. 15:3), {rang gi
sngar kyi sdig pa 'dag pa de brjed do/} [he] has forgotten that he
was cleansed from his past sins (2 Pet. 1:9). 
     ^Bst. pure, without adulteration: {btang snyoms yongs su dag
pa/} pure equanimity (KBT 105), {dran pa yongs su dag pa/} pure
mindfulness (KBT 105), {dag pa bzhi/} the four total purities: {lus
dag pa/} pure body, {dmigs pa dag pa/} pure objectives, {sems dag
pa/} pure mind, {ye shes dag pa/} pure wisdom (TRI 130). See also
JUSTIFICATION, RIGHTEOUS(NESS), PERFECTION.

     Cognates: {dag par byed/} to clean {mdze can dag par byos/}
cleanse those who have leprosy (Mt. 10:8), {sngar phor pa dang sder
ma'i nang dag par byos/} first clean inside the bowl and the dish
(Mt. 23:26).%

     4) #{sbyong /}$ p. {sbyangs/} f. {sbyang /} imp. {sbyongs/} to
wash, to clean {chu'i khrus kyis de sbyangs nas/} made clean by
washing with water (Eph. 5:26 SV).

     5) #{dri ma med pa/}$ [lit. spotless] ^Bib: completely pure or
clean, holy: {na bza' dri ma med pa/} clean clothing (Rev. 15:6
SV), {ka shi ka dkar po dri ma med pa gon pa rnams/} dressed in
fine linen, white and clean (Rev. 19:14 SV), {dkon mchog gi sras
dri ma med par/} children of God without fault (Phil. 2:15).
     ^Bst. 1) {dri ma med pa/} is one of the names given to the
Buddha. It suggests that the mind of Buddha is completely and
utterly pure and without any defilement (KTM); 2) unadulterated:
{sangs rgyas kyi bstan pa dri ma med pa/} the pure teaching of the
Buddha (TCR 153), {bka' gdams pa'i bzhed srol dri ma med pa/} the
pure system of the Kadampas (TRC 139), {rgya gar gyi nang bstan dri
ma med pa/} pure Indian Buddhist teachings (MLP 320); 3) spotless
or stainless: {dri ma med pa/} one of the ten boddhisattva grounds:
the "stainless ground" (TRI 137); 4) free from defilement: {dri ma
med pa/,,dri ma dang bral ba med pa/} no defilement and no
separation from defilement (HSU 167).

     Related Terms: {grib/} contamination, defilement, pollution;
usually in moral or religious sense {mi'i khog pa'i nang nas 'thon
pa des grib can byed/} what comes out of a man is what makes him
'unclean.' (Mk. 7:20).%

!COMMANDMENT@  see also SCRIPTURE

     1) #{bka'/}$ [lit. word, law] ^Bib: order, command of someone
in authority, commandment: {dkon mchog gi bka' dang tshul khrims/}
God's commandments and regulations (Lk. 1:6), {bka' rnams khyod
kyis shes so/} you know the commandments (Lk. 18:20), {bka' khrims
ni dam pa yin te/,,bka' ni dam pa/} the law is holy, and the
commandment is holy (Rom. 7:12), {bka' khrims kyi bka' re re/}
every commandment of the law (Heb. 9:19), {dkon mchog gi bka' srung
/} those who obey God's commandments (Rev. 12:17), {bka' bcu/} Ten
Commandments.
     ^Bst.  {bka'/} is the speech or authoritative teaching of the
Buddha or his successors, especially as recorded in the Bst.
scriptures: {sangs rgyas kyi bka'/} the scriptures of the Buddha
(TRC 75). see SCRIPTURE. 

     Cognates: 1) {bka' brgyud pa/} Kagyupa: one of the four major
schools of Tibetan Bsm. (TRC 135); 2) {bka' gdams pa/} Kadampa:
precursor of the Gelugpa school (TRC 135); 3) {bka' shog} a letter
of request (KPU 4); 4) {bka' lung /} oral transmission, prophecy,
prediction (TRI 13) also the Tibetan title of the Book of
Deuteronomy; 5) {bka' bsdu gsum/} the three Bst. councils
recognized by Tibetan Bsts (TRI 13).%

     2) #{bka' rgya/}$ ^Bib: commandment: {bka' rgya rnams srungs
shig} obey the commandments (Mt. 19:17), {bka' khrims kyi nang na
bka' rgya che shos/} the greatest commandment in the law (Mt.
22:36), {bka' rgya 'di gnyis la bka' khrims thams cad dang lung
ston pa rnams rag lus pa yin/} on these two commandments depend all
the Law and the Prophets (Mt. 22:40).  
     ^Bst. {bka' rgya ma/} secret (i.e. tantric) instruction (TRC
51).

     3) #{bka' khrims/}$ [lit. word + law] ^Bib: commandment, law: 
{bka' khrims chung shos/} the least of the commandments (Mt. 5:19), 
{bka' khrims bzhin/} according to the commandment (Lk. 23:56).

     4) #{tshul khrims/}$ ^Bib: regulations, moral law: {dkon mchog
gi bka' dang tshul khrims/} God's commandments and regulations (Lk.
1:6), {tshul khrims pa/} a righteous man (i.e. one who keeps the
moral law) (Mt. 10:41), {dad pa'i sgo nas ma btsal bar/,,tshul
khrims kyi sgo nas btsal bas/} because they pursued it not by faith
but as if it were by works (Rom. 9:32).  
     ^Bst. ethics, lawful conduct, moral discipline: {tshul khrims
kyi pha rol tu phyin pa/} the perfection of ethical discipline (KBT
65), {mi dge bcu spong ba'i tshul khrims/} lawful conduct which
avoids the ten non-virtues (TRC 246), {bslab gsum zer yag de tshul
khrims/,,ting nge 'dzin/,,shes rab kyi bslab pa/} the three
disciplines are the disciplines of lawful conduct, meditation, and
understanding (TRC 257), {tshul khrims bsrung ba/} to observe moral
behavior (GSL 22).

     5) #{gdams ngag}$ ^Bib: advice, counsel: {mi'i gdams ngag dang
bstan pa/} human commands and teachings (Col. 2:22 SV). 
     ^Bst. the spiritual practice instructions which a Bst. teacher
gives to his disciple: {gdams ngag dang slob dpon gyi sgo nas ming
btags pa/} [named] by way of their practice instructions or a
teacher (TRC 135), {theg chen 'pho ba'i gdams ngag ni/}
instructions on mahayana transference (UCO 149), {bdag 'dzin 'dul
ba'i gdams ngag} instructions for controlling self-grasping (UCO
150).

     Related Terms: {chos khrims/} rules of conduct in a
monastery.%

!COMMUNISM@ 

     #{gung bran ring lugs/}$ [Ch; var. {dmar po'i ring ring
lugs/}] communism.  After Buddhism, the ideological and spiritual
system having the greatest impact upon the life and culture of
modern Tibetans.  The term {gung bran/} (communist) is a Chinese
loan word; {spyi tshogs ring lugs/} [lit. general + together +
"ism" = socialism] is perhaps more commonly used.

!COMPASSION@  see also GRACE, KINDNESS, LOVE, MERCY

     1) #{snying rje/}$ [hon. {thugs rje/}]  ^Bib: 1) compassion: 
{za rgyu med pas nga snying rje'o/} because they have [had] nothing
to eat, I have compassion [for them] (Mk. 8:2), {ngas thugs brtse
dgongs pa de la thugs brtse bya/,,snying rje dgongs pa de la snying
rje bya'o/} I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have
compassion on whom I have compassion (Rom. 9:15), {snying rje dang
sha tsha/} compassion and affection (Phil. 2:1), {snying rje dang
bka' drin/} compassion and kindness (Col. 3:12), {gtso bo ni byams
mgon thugs rje can yin/} the Lord is compassionate (Jas. 5:11 SV);
2) mercy: {snying rje can yin na/} if [one's gift is] showing mercy
(Rom. 12:8); 3) kindness {khong gi thugs rje dang /,,thugs bzod
dang /,,thugs sna ring ba/} [God's] kindness, tolerance and
patience (Rom. 2:4). 
     ^Bst. a mental attitude of sympathy towards the suffering of
people or animals: {skyes bu chen po zer ba 'dis sems can thams cad
la byams pa dang /,,snying rje'i bsam pa sbyangs/} the great
individual practices the thought of love and compassion to all
living creatures (TRC 218).  It may be divided into: 1) compassion
felt in the actual presence of suffering: {sems can la dmigs pa'i
snying rje/} compassion aroused by the sight of suffering beings;
and 2) general compassion for all suffering beings: {dmigs med la
dmigs pa'i snying rje/} (CNG 17).  Boundless compassion {snying rje
tshad med/} (SGN 7) is an attribute of the Buddha and great
boddhisattvas: {snying rje'i dbang gis de yi sdig pa rnams/,,bdag
la len pa rgyal sras lag len yin/} with the power of compassion,
take [his] faults on yourself - this is the practice of the sons of
the Buddha (GSL 14).  In modern Bst. writing, compassion is exalted
as the basis of world peace: {snying rje ni 'dzam gling zhi bde'i
ka ba yin/} compassion is the pillar of world peace (DLP 4) and its
absence is the cause of {snying rje bral ba'i gtor/} inhuman
destruction (DLP 7). {byams brtse dang snying rje byung bar dga'
tshor mi byed mkhan su yang med/} there is no one who does not
appreciate love and compassion (DLP 15).
     The present Dalai Lama distinguishes love, kindness,
compassion, and altruism as follows: {ngos kyis snying rje zhes
pa'i go don gsal tsam zhig brjod rgyur/,,skye bo gang zhig gis shin
tu dbul zhing phongs pa'i mi zhig la ya nga ba dang /,,snying rje
skye ba'i skabs su/,,gang gis dbul phongs de la gdung sems mnyam
skyed kyi rnam 'gyur 'don gyi yod cing /,,de ni snying rje skye yul
pho mo gang rung ba de dbul phongs yin pa'i rgyu mtshan la brten
nas byung ba yin/,,de bas na skye bo de'i snying rje de ni gzhan
phan sems khur gyi gzhi rtsar brten pa zhig yin/,,phyogs gzhan zhig
gi cha nas/,,rang gi chung ma'am/,,khyo bo/,,bu phrug,,yang na nye
ba'i mdza' grogs bcas la brtse sems skye ba ni chags zhen gyi gzhi
las byung ba yin/,,gang gi chags zhen de la 'gyur ba 'gro skabs su
de'i byams sems la'ang 'gyur ba 'gro ba ma zad/,,byams sems de
nyams brlag tu 'gro ba'ang yong srid/,,'di ni brtse sems ngo ma ma
yin/,,brtse sems ngo ma ni chags zhen gyi gzhi las byung ba ma yin
par/,,gzhan phan gyi sems skyed 'ba' zhig la brten nas byung ba
yin/,,skabs don 'di'i thad la/,,'gro ba sems can mtha' dag ji tsam
sdug bsngal gyis mnar bzhin yod pa de tsam du rang gis gzhan la
phan pa sgrub pa'i sems 'khur bskyed pa yin na/,,rang nyid kyi
snying rje nyams skyon med par rgyun gnas thub ba yin/}  Let me
define what I mean by compassion ({snying rje/}).  When you have
pity {ya nga ba/} or compassion {snying rje/} for a very poor
person, you are showing sympathy because he or she is poor; your
compassion is based on altruistic {gzhan phan sems/}
considerations.  On the other hand, love {brtse sems/} towards your
wife, your husband, your children, or a close friend is usually
based on attachment {chags zhen/}.  When your attachment changes,
your kindness {byams sems/} also changes; it may disappear.  This
is not true love {brtse sems ngo ma/}.  Real love {brtse sems ngo
ma/} is not based on attachment {chags zhen/}, but on altruism
{gzhan phan gyi sems/}.  In this case your compassion will remain
as a humane response to suffering as long as beings continue to
suffer (DLP 13-14).

     Proverbs: {mi ngan rtsa med bzos kyang rung /,,de 'dra'i mi la
snying rje lta dgos med/} evil criminals can be done away with; you
cannot have compassion on such men (KPU 11).
 
     2) #{snying rje skye ba/}$  p. {skyes/} f. {skye ba/} [hon.
{'khrungs/}] [lit. compassion + arise, be born] ^Bib: to feel
compassion for someone: {phas kho mthong ste/,,snying rje skyes
nas/} [his] father saw him and was filled with compassion for him
(Lk. 15:20), {snying rje 'khrungs nas de rnams kyi nad pa gso bar
mdzad do/} [Jesus] had compassion on them and healed their sick
(Mt. 14:14). 

     3) #{brtse ba/}$  [hon. {thugs brtse/}] p. {brtses/} ^Bib:
love, affection, or compassion: {sha tsha dang /,,spun la brtse ba
dang /} affection and brotherly love (1 Pet. 3:8), {ye shus thugs
brtses nas de gnyis kyi mig la phyag reg pas/} Jesus had compassion
on them and touched their eyes (Mt. 20:34), {ngas thugs brtse
dgongs pa de la thugs brtse bya/,,snying rje dgongs pa de la snying
rje bya'o gsungs so/} I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and
I will have compassion on whom I have compassion (Rom. 9:15).  
     ^Bst. Compassion inspired by the suffering of people or
animals is exalted as one of the highest Bst. virtues: {nad par
rjes su brtse ba/} compassion for the sick (KTM), {mkhyen brtse nus
gsum gyi yon tan bla na med pa dang ldan pa 'di la sangs rgyas zhu
ba red/} one possessing unsurpassable qualities of wisdom,
compassion, and power is called Buddha (TRC 75), {gcan gzan sogs
phar 'gro tshur 'ong byed pa gzigs kyang gnod 'tshe mi mdzad pa
dang /,,byams pa dang /,,brtse ba chen pos rang 'dod ltar 'gror
bcug pa/} though [the Buddha] saw the deer and wild animals coming
and going, he did not harm them, but in great love and compassion
let them come and go as they pleased (SGN 3), {sems can tshang mar
byams brtse chen pos skyong bar mdzad pa/} [the Buddha] treated all
animals with love and compassion (SGN 3). See also LOVE.

     4) #{phan sems/}$  ^Bib:  benevolence, readiness to help; good
intentions or thoughts: {gcig gis gcig la phan sems gyis shig} be
kind and compassionate to one another (Eph. 4:32). 
     ^Bst. {phan sems/} is the wish for good to come to others;
{gzhan phan gyi sems/} altruism (DLP 14), {rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas
gzhan phan sems las 'khrungs/} complete Buddhahood is born of the
wish to benefit others (GSL 12). 

     Cognates: {phan pa/} to benefit.%
 
!CONDEMN@  see also CURSE, JUDGE, JUDGMENT

     1) #{zhal che gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/} imp. {chod/} ^Bib:
to judge; God's judging of sinners: {dkon mchog gis nyid kyi sras
'jig rten gyi zhal che gcad du ma mngags/} God did not send his Son
into the world to condemn the world (Jn. 3:17), {khong la dad pa de
la zhal che mi gcad/,,mi dad pa la dkon mchog gi sras gcig po'i
mtshan la ma dad pas/,,zhal che bcad zin to/} whoever believes in
him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned
already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and
only Son (Jn. 3:18), {log g.yem gyis sa gzhi bslus pa'i smad tshong
ma chen mor zhal che bcad de/} He has condemned the great
prostitute who corrupted the earth by her adulteries (Rev. 19:2).
     ^Bs.  In Buddhism there is no ultimate judgement, although the
god of the dead {gshin rje/} does exercise limited judgement over
those who enter his realm.  This judgement is not eternal, and only
facilitates the retributive karma of those who are condemned.
     ^Sec. {zhal che gcod/} is to sentence a criminal; meaning the
same as {khrims gcod/} (AMD).

     2) #{krims gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/} imp. {chod/} ^Bib: to
judge, to condemn judicially: {de rnams kyis khong gsad pa'i khrims
bcad/} they will condemn him to death (Mk. 10:33), {mi chos drang
po de khyed kyis khrims bcad nas bsad do/} you have condemned and
murdered innocent men (Jas. 5:6 SV).

     3) #{khrims gtong /}$ p. {btang /} f. {gtang /} imp. {thong /}
^Bib: to condemn judicially: {des ci byed par ma brtags par khrims
gtong chog gam/} does [our law] condemn anyone without first
hearing him to find out what he is doing (Jn. 7:51).

     4) #{'pham pa/}$ p. {pham/} f. {'pham/} [lit. to be defeated,
e.g. in a lawsuit] ^Bib: to be condemned: {khyod kyi ngag gis khyod
rgyal bar 'gyur/,,khyod kyi ngag gis khyod pham par 'gyur/} by your
words you will be acquitted, and by your words you will be
condemned (Mt. 12:37).  
     ^Bst. {pham pa bzhi/} the four moral defeats: {mi bsad pa/}
murder, {ma byin par len pa/} theft, {mi tshangs par spyod pa/}
sexual misconduct, {mi chos bla ma'i brdzun smra ba/} lying about
one's spiritual attainments (TRI 171).

     Cognates: {blo pham/} [mind + loss] to be sorry {blo pham gyi
gnas tshul/} sad news (DLP 1).%

     Related Terms: 1) {chad pa gcod/} p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/} imp.
{chod/} to punish: {nyes pa gcig gi rkyen gyis mi thams cad la chad
pa bcad pa/} the result of one trespass was condemnation for all
men (Rom. 5:18 SV), {da nas ye shu ma shi ka'i ngang na yod pa
rnams la chad pa gcod pa ni med do/} there is now no condemnation
for those who are in Christ Jesus (Rom. 8:1 SV); 2) {chad pa 'phog
pa/} p. {phog} [lit. punish + strike] to condemn to punishment: {de
lta bu dag la chad pa 'phog par 'os so/} their condemnation is
deserved (Rom. 3:8 SV); 3) {smad pa gtong /} p. {btang /} f. {gtang
/} imp. {thong /} to abuse, revile, speak evil of, verbally
condemn: {ngas khyed cag la smad pa gtong ba'i phyir de mi smra'o/}
I do not say this to condemn you (2 Cor. 7:3 SV); 4) {mi glud/}
cursed: {mi glud yin/} let him be eternally condemned (Gal. 1:8,9
SV), See CURSE; 5) {spyo/} p. {spyos/} f. {spyo/} imp. {spyos/} to
scold, blame, or verbally condemn: {gtam lhad med cing spyo bar mi
rung ba/} soundness of speech that cannot be condemned (Tit. 2:8
SV); 6) {gshags 'debs/} to condemn: {gshags ma 'debs/,,khyed la'ang
gshags mi 'debs/} do not condemn, and you will not be condemned
(Lk. 6:37).%

!CONFESS@  see also ATONEMENT, REPENT

     1) #{sdig pa mthol ba/}$ p. {mthol/} f. {mthol/} [var. {'thol
ba/}] [lit. sin + confess]  ^Bib: the term confession has two
Biblical meanings: 1) to confess sin, and 2) to admit or declare
that something is true (see {dpang po byed pa} and {khas len}
below): {sdig pa mthol nas yor dan nang khrus blangs so/}
confessing their sins, they were baptized in the Jordan River (Mt.
3:6), {gcig gis gcig la sdig pa mthol zhig} confess your sins to
one another (Jas. 5:16), {sdig pa mthol na/} if we confess our sins
(1 Jn. 1:9).
     ^Bst. In Bsm. confession is not a path to forgiveness but to
correction: {sdig pa mthol ba/} is the ordinary religious term for
confessing wrongdoing (AMD).  It is not just an admission of
faults, but includes: 1) developing a feeling of regret (see
REPENT); 2) relying on the triple refuge and generating a feeling
of compassion for those one has injured; 3) performing virtuous
actions such as doing prostrations, reciting mantras, or reading
the scriptures in order to cancel the demerits of the wrongdoing;
and 4) promising to avoid negative actions in the future (JPG 77).
The Pratimoksha sutra {thar gyi mdo/} contains the disciplinary
rules for monks and nuns, who are required twice a month to
assemble and make public confession of any transgression of their
vows in a ceremony called {gso sbyong /} [Skt. poshadha]. {sdig
ltung snying nas mthol zhing bshags sems kyis/,,/stobs bzhi tshang
ba'i ngang nas yig drug sgrongs/} from your heart acknowledge all
wrongdoing and downfalls, and, confessing them, with the four
powers complete, recite the six-syllable mantra (HTE 182).  

     Related Terms: {sdig pa mthol ba/} see {sdig pa gshog pa/}
below.%

     2) #{dpang po byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}
^Bib:  to act as a witness or give testimony: to confess, testify,
or admit: {gal te ye shu gtso bo lags so zhes kha nas dpang po
byed/} if you confess with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," (Rom.
10:9), {kha nas dpang po byed pa la thar pa thob bo/} with your
mouth you confess and are saved (Rom. 10:10). 

     Cognates: 1) {dpang po/} the testimony given by a witness:
{dpang po bzang po/} the good confession (1 Tim. 6:13); 2) {dpang
yig} a contract (SLR 10).%

     3) #{khas len/}$ p. {blangs/} f. {blang /} imp. {longs/} [lit.
mouth + take] ^Bib: to admit, acknowledge, or confess: {khyod kyis
khas len pa bzang po/} the good confession you made (1 Tim. 6:12),
{khas ma blangs so/} they did not confess their faith (Jn. 12:42),
{ye shu ma shi ka 'ba' zhig,,/gtso bo lags zhes khas blang /} to
confess that Jesus Christ alone is Lord (Phil. 2:11).  
     ^Bst. 1) {khas len/} is to accept or believe in: {nang ba'i
chos la khas len yod pas/} do you accept the Buddhist religion
(KTM), {nang pa'i lta ba khas len pa/} one who accepts a Buddhist
viewpoint (TRC 94); 2) to give intellectual assent to a
proposition: {dge 'dun pa rnams dbyar snga ma khas len dgos pa
red/} the members of the Sangha ought generally to accept the
precepts of the earlier summer retreat (TRC 50), {mdo sde pa gnyis
kyis khas mi len/} the Sautrantika do not admit [accept] it (TRC
95); 3) a commitment or promise: {phyir log rgyu'i khas len zhus pa
ltar/} in keeping with their commitment to return (TRC 154); 4)
used negatively to deny that something is true: {'phrul bzo rig
gnas kyis sngon chad med pa'i dngos po'i khe phan gang 'dra bsgrubs
yod pa khas mi len pa sus kyang byed mi thub/} no one can deny the
unprecedented material benefit of science and technology (DLP 3).

     Cognates: 1) {khas len zhu/} to answer; 2) {ngos len byas/} to
admit to having done something wrong; e.g. committed a crime (ETD
82), {nag nyes ngos len byed na/,,khrims thog nas nyes pa yang ba
yod red/} if someone confesses his crime, his punishment would be
more lenient (TQP 125).%

     4) #{kha bsangs/}$ ^Bib: to speak truthfully what is on the
mind (KTM): {khong gis kha bsangs te nga ni ma shi ka min zhes
drang por gsungs so/} He did not fail to confess, but confessed
freely, "I am not the Christ" (Jn. 1:20).

     5) #{gshog}$ p. {bshags/} f. {gshag} imp. {gshogs/} ^Bib: to
admit or confess; often in compounds with {mthol/}, e.g. {nyes pa
mthol bshags/} [lit. fault + confess + explain] to confess a moral
fault: {gal te nged rnams kyis byas pa'i nyes pa mthol bshags 'bul
na/} if we confess our sins (1 Jn. 1:9 SV).  
     ^Bst. {bshags pa/} is the confession of non-virtuous actions
or breaking of vows; {sdig pa bshags pa/} is cancellation of sin by
confession and acknowledgement (KTM), also by doing good, reading
scriptures, going on pilgrimage, doing worship, etc. (AMD). {sdig
ltung snying nas mthol zhing bshags sems kyis/,,/stobs bzhi tshang
ba'i ngang nas yig drug sgrongs/} from your heart acknowledge all
wrongdoing and downfalls, and, confessing them, with the four
powers complete, recite the six-syllable mantra (HTE 182), {sdig pa
bshags pa'i stobs bzhi/} the four powers necessary for forgiveness
of sin by confession and repentance are: {rten gyi stobs/} the
power of persistence, {sun 'byin pa'i stobs/} renunciation, {nyes
pa las slar ldog pa'i stobs/} turning away from sin {gnyen po kun
tu spyod pa'i stobs/} using all remedies (CNG 41).

     Related Terms: {drang por bshad pa/} to speak truthfully
(KTM).%

!CONQUER@

     1) #{rgyal ba/}$ ^Bib: to conquer, overcome, be victorious:
{'di thams cad nang nga tshor byams par mdzad po'i mthus rab tu
rgyal lo/} in all these things, in the power of the one who loves
us, we conquer (Rom. 8:37). 
     ^Bst. {sems mchog rgyal ba/} the Buddhas (HTE 182), {tshang ma
las rgyal ba/} [the Buddha] was victorious over them all (SGN 5).

     Cognates: {rgyal ba rin po che/} "precious conqueror"; title
of the Dalai Lama.%

     2) #{'joms pa/}$ p. {bcom/} or {bcoms/} imp. {chom/} ^Bib: to
conquer, overcome, or destroy: {'joms par byed cing 'joms su thon
no/} [he] went out conquering, and to conquer (Rev. 6:2). 
     ^Bst.  1) to destroy or overcome: {nad rgyu dang bcas pa rtsa
ba nas 'joms par byed pa'i sman/} a powerful medicine which
destroys the root of the illness and its causes (TRC 76), {'byung
bzhis 'joms pa/} overcome by the four elements [i.e. corruptible]
(TRC 167), {me chen de 'joms pa'i thabs/} a way to extinguish the
great fire (SGN 14), {bum pa tho bas bcom pa/} destruction of a pot
by a hammer (TRC 94); 2) in a figurative sense, overcoming the
enemies of illusion, etc. which obstruct the Bst. on the path to
nirvana: {dgra 'joms pa'i mtshon cha/} a foe-destroying weapon (TRC
167), {dgra bcom pa/} a foe-destroyer, [Skt. arhat] one who has
attained nirvana according to the Hinayana {theg dman/} school (CNG
77); 3) the Buddha {sangs rgyas bcom ldan 'das/} is a common term
for the Buddha [lit. Buddha + victorious + passed].

     Cognates: {bsdus 'joms/} one of the eight hot hells (TRC
229).%

     3) #{'dul ba/}$ p. {btul/} or {thul/} f. {gdul/} imp. {thul/}
^Bib: subdue, conquer: {dad pa'i sgo nas de rnams kyis rgyal khams
btul/} by faith they conquered kingdoms (Heb. 11:33). 
     ^Bst. 1) to subdue or to tame: {dgra mgo 'dul bar dgos rgyu'i
dgos cha gnyis/} there are two reasons why you must be able to
subdue your enemies (KPU 12), {dgra 'dul gnyen skyong /} guarding
friends and subduing enemies - of a person who lives for this
present life alone (TRC 216); 2) mental training or discipline by
which obstacles to spiritual progress are removed (KTM): {rang sems
'dul thabs/} mental training (DLP 8); 3) the {'dul ba/} or vinaya
is the set of vows that must be observed by Bst. monks and nuns,
and forms one of the three principal divisions {'dul ba'i sde
snod/} of the Bst. scriptures.  It is a major course of study in
the monasteries.  The actual rules of monastic conduct are known as
the {'dul krims/} .

     4) #{'bangs su 'jug}$ p. {bcug} f. {gzhug} imp. {chug} or
{chugs/} ^Bib: to put in subjection, put under one's power, subdue:
{de dag gis dad pa'i sgo nas rgyal khams rnams 'bangs su bcug}
through faith they conquered kingdoms (Heb. 11:33 SV).

     Cognates: {dpon 'bangs/} aristocracy and subjects (KPU 10).%

!CONSCIENCE@

     1) #{shes bzang /}$ [lit. knowledge + good] ^Bib: used in the
Revised NT for "conscience", but not a widely understood term. 
Conscience is a Biblical concept implying an inner moral judgement: 
{kha cig gis shes bzang spangs te dad pa nub bo/} some have lost
their faith by abandoning their conscience (1 Tim. 1:19), {de
tsho'i blo gros dang /,,bshes bzang gnyis ka grib can yin/} both
their minds and consciences are corrupted (Tit. 1:15), {bsnyen bkur
byed pa de'i shes bzang phun sum tshogs pa byed mi thub/} the
conscience of the worshiper could not be made clear (Heb. 9:9).
     ^Bst.  The inner moral awareness of right and wrong can be
expressed by: {legs nyes 'byed pa'i blo yi nus pa/} the ability to
decide between right and wrong (DLP 23). See SHAME. 

     2) #{bzang ngan shes pa/}$ [lit. good + bad + know] ^Bib:
conscience; used in various compounds: {rang gi bzang ngan rtogs
pa'i shes/} their consciences bearing witness (Rom. 2:15 SV), {mi
thams cad kyi bzang ngan shes pa/} every man's conscience (2 Cor.
4:2 SV), {bzang ngan shes pa bzang po/} a good conscience (1 Tim.
1:5 SV), {shes pa bzang po zhig} a clear conscience (Heb. 13:18
SV).

     3) #{snying /}$ [lit. heart] ^Bib: physical heart; also used
figuratively to mean emotions or moral nature; conscience: {snying
drang po'i ngang nas/} on account of conscience (Rom. 13:5 SV), {de
dag gi snying brtan po med/} their conscience is weak (1 Cor. 8:7
SV), {snying dag pa'i ngang la/} with a clear conscience (2 Tim.
1:3 SV), {de dag gi blo dang snying la grib phog pa yin/} both
their minds and consciences are corrupted (Tit. 1:15 SV), {khyed
kyi snying shi ba yin pa'i las rnams las 'dag par mdzad par 'gyur/}
cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death (Heb. 9:14
SV).

     4) #{'gal mthun shes pa/}$ [lit. oppose + agree + know] ^Bib:
conscience: {'gal mthun shes pa'i phyir ma za zhig} do not eat for
conscience' sake (1 Cor. 10:28 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {shes pa/} [lit. knowledge] conscience:
{shes pa bzang po/} a good conscience (1 Tim. 1:5);  2) {bsam pa
zhan/} [lit. thought + bad, poor] weak conscience: {de dag gi bsam
pa zhan pas/} because their conscience is defiled;  3) {rtogs pa
zhan/} [lit. understanding + bad, poor] weak conscience: {rtogs pa
zhan pa zhig} a person with a weak conscience (1 Cor. 8:10).%


!CONTEMPT@

     1) #{brnyas/}$ ^Bib: to despise or hold in contempt: {chung
ngu 'di rnams kyi nang nas gcig la'ang ma brnyas shig} see that you
do not look down on one of these little ones (Mt. 18:10), {khyed
tshos zhen ma log cing ma brnyas par/} you did not treat me with
contempt or scorn (Gal. 4:14), {lung bstan pa la brnyas par ma
byed/} do not treat prophecies with contempt (1 Thes. 5:20 SV). 
     ^Bst. contempt or deprecation: {sngags la brnyas btags nas/}
deprecating the tantras (TRC 152), {bdag nyid la brnyas pa'i le
lo/} the laziness of self-depreciation (TRC 361), {nga rgyal dbang
gis brnyas thabs byed na yang /} even if the force of their pride
treats us with contempt (GSL 16).

     2) #{mthong chung /}$ [lit. sight + small] ^Bib: contempt:
{khyod tshos nga tsho mthong chung byed mi dgos/} do not treat us
with contempt (2 Sam. 19:43 NTV).

!COUNSELOR@  see also ADVOCATE

     1) #{stongs grogs/}$ [lit. accompany + friend; not in current
spoken use (AMD)]  ^Bib: a helper or companion, used of the Holy
Spirit: {khyod dang mnyam rgyun du bzhugs pa'i stongs grogs gzhan
zhig} another Counselor to be with you forever (Jn. 14:16), {stongs
grogs thugs nyid dam pa/} the Counselor, the Holy Spirit (Jn.
14:26), {yab nas 'byung ba'i stongs grogs/} the Counselor who will
come from the Father (Jn. 15:26). 

     2) #{gros mi/}$ [lit. advice + person] ^Bib: counselor: {su
khong gi gros mi yod pa yin/} who has been his counselor? (Rom.
11:34 SV).

     Cognates: 1) {gros dpon/} [advice + minister] official
counselor or government advisor: {a hi to phel ni rgyal po da bid
kyi gros dpon zhig yin/} Ahithophel was King David's counselor (2
Sam. 15:12 NTV); 2) {gros rogs byed mkhan/} counselor (ETD 91).%

     3) #{sems gso pa/}$ [lit. spirit + heal + person] ^Bib: a
counselor or helper: {khyod rnams la sems gso pa gzhan zhig gnang
bar 'gyur/} he will give you another Counselor (Jn. 14:16 SV),
{sems gso pa bden pa nyid kyi thugs nyid/} the Counselor, the
Spirit of truth (Jn. 15:26 SV).

!COVENANT@  see also ARK OF THE COVENANT, PROMISE

     1) #{kha chad/}$ [hon. {zhal chad/}]  ^Bib: 1) testament:
{zhal chad rnying pa/} Old Testament, {zhal chad gsar pa/} New
Testament; 2) agreement or covenant {'di ni zhal chad kyi nga'i
khrag yin/} this is my blood of the covenant (Mk. 14:24), {zhal
chad gsar pa zhig gi zhabs tog} ministers of a new covenant (2 Cor.
3:6), {khong ni zhal chad gsar pa zhig gi bar mi lags so/} [Christ]
is the mediator of a new covenant (Heb. 9:15). 

     Cognates: {zhal chad kyi sgrom/} [lit. covenant's box] ark of
the covenant: {mchod khang gi nang na khong gi zhal chad kyi
sgrom/} within the temple was the ark of his covenant (Rev.
11:19).%
     
     2) #{kha chems/}$ ^Bib: a (spoken) last will and testament:
{mi zhig gi kha chems/} a human covenant (Gal. 3:15). 

     Related Terms: 1) {srung bya/} [lit. what is to be kept or
observed] rules, regulations, or customs: {mdun lpags gcod pa'i
srung bya gnang ngo /} he gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision
(Acts 7:8); 2) {'grig lam/} is the equivalent in spoken language of
{srung bya/} (AMD); 3) {mos mthun thag gcod/} an agreement: {rgya
gar la slob phrug gtong rgyur mos mthun thag gcod byung song /} an
agreement was made to send students to India (TQP 185).%

!COVET@  see also DESIRE, GREED

     1) #{chags sred/}$ [lit. attachment + desire] ^Bib:
covetousness, evil desire, especially when fallen into voluntarily:
{ngas chags sred gang yin pa ma shes pa yin/} I would not have
known what coveting was (Rom. 7:7), {bka'i thabs kyis sdig pas
nga'i nang du chags sred sna tshogs bskyed do/} sin, seizing the
opportunity afforded by the commandment, produced in me every kind
of covetous desire (Rom. 7:8).  Covetousness is a major moral fault
in both Christianity and Bsm.
     ^Bst. One of the ten virtues is: {gzhan gyi nor la chags sred
mi byed pa/} not to covet other people's possessions (KTM).

      Cognates: {sred/} craving or attachment, coveting: {ma sred/}
do not covet (Rom. 13:9).%

     2) #{ham pa byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} ^Bib: to
covet (also spoken form): {ngas su'i dngul lam gser ram gos la ham
pa ma byas/} I have not coveted anyone's silver or gold or clothing
(Acts 20:33), {ham pa ma byed/} do not covet (Rom. 13:9 SV).  
     ^Bst. to expect or demand more than one's share (TRI 300).

     3) #{brnab sems byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}
[lit. covet + do] ^Bib: to covet (written form): {brnab sems byed
cing ma thob/} you want something but don't get it (Jas. 4:2). 
     ^Bst. Covetousness is explained as: {brnab sems zer ba
ni/,,gzhan gyi ca lag mthong dus de nga la byung na snyam pa lta
bu'i sems gzhan gyi yo byad la chags pa'i cha gcig la zer/}
covetousness signifies the portion of the mind which longs for
another's possessions with the thought "would it were mine" at the
time of seeing another's possessions (TRC 245), {yid kyi mi dge ba
gsum ni/,,brnab sems/,,gnod sems/,,log lta bcas red/} the three
non-virtues of mind are covetousness, the wish to injure, and wrong
view (TRC 242).  {brnab sems/} may also imply jealousy that someone
else has obtained a coveted object (AMD).

     4) #{'dod pa/}$ ^Bib: want or desire, occasionally in the
sense of covetous desire: {bka' khrims kyis 'dod pa ma skyed ces ma
gsungs na/} if the law had not said, "Do not covet" (Rom. 7:7 SV),
{nga'i nang na 'dod pa kun bskyed/} produced in me every kind of
covetous desire (Rom. 7:8 SV).  ^Bst. see DESIRE.

     Cognates: {'dod zhen/} desire (KTM).%


!CREATE@

     1) #{'god pa/}$ p. {bkod/} imp. {khod/} ^Bib: to create,
found, or establish: 1) name of the Book of Genesis: {'god pa/}
Genesis; 2) to create: {dkon mchog gis nam mkha' dang sa bkod do/}
God created the heavens and the earth (Gen. 1:1), {'god pa po las
bkod pa la lhag par bsnyen bkur byas te/} worshiped created things
rather than the Creator (Rom. 1:25), {ci yod tshad bkod pa'i dkon
mchog} God, who created all things (Eph. 3:9). 
     ^Bst. The creation of the universe is a doctrine not found in
Bsm, which assumes the universe is eternal, and subject to periodic
destructions and rebirths.  Bst. writings mention creation only to
deny it: {nang pa'i chos lugs su 'jig rten bkod pa po med/} in
Tibetan Bsm. there is no Creator (DLP 20), {nga tsho nang pa'i chos
kyi bshad pa ltar na/,,'dzam gling tshang ma rang bzhin gyi 'byung
pa yin pa bshad do/,,nang pa'i chos ltar na spyan ras gzigs kyi
sprul pa pre'u gcig mi rnams kyi pha yin pa dang /,,rje btsun sgrol
ma'i sprul pa brag srin mo mi rnams kyi ma yin pa bshad do/} 
according to our Buddhist religion, the world arose by itself.  A
monkey, the emanation of the god Chenresi, was the father of all
men, and a rock-demoness, the emanation of the goddess Dolma, was
the mother (DPD).

     Cognates: {bkod pa'i las/} [lit. established work] fate; about
which there are many Tibetan proverbs, e.g. {bkod pa'i las la chog
shes ma byas na/,,rang sdug rang gis nyo ba don med red/} if you
are not content with what fate has decided, then you are looking
for suffering (KPU 17).%

     2) #{byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} [hon. {mdzad/}]
^Bib: do or make: {dkon mchog gis mdzad pa'i kha zas/} foods which
God created (1 Tim. 4:3), {dkon mchog gis mdzad pa thams cad bzang
po yin/} all that God created is good (1 Tim. 4:4-5), {nam mkha'
dang 'jig rten gyi mdzad pa po/} Maker of heaven and earth (ATM;
1762).

     Related Terms: {'dzugs pa/} create in the sense of to set up,
found, or establish.%

!CREATURE@ 

     1) #{sems can/}$ [lit. mind + have] ^Bib: living being,
animal, supernatural being: {gnam 'og gi sems can thams cad/} all
creatures under heaven (Col. 1:23), {rgya mtsho'i sems can/}
creatures of the sea (Jas. 3:7), {sems can bzhi/} the four living
creatures (Rev. 4:8), {sems can rnams gru'i nang la bcug nas/}
after the animals are in the ark (DPD). In a philosophical sense,
the Tibetan term {sems can/} "having mind" is very different from,
and cannot be equated with, the English word creature (i.e. "what
is created").
     ^Bst. 1) in spoken language, animals; though in some dialect
areas may include man as well: {rim pas yar rgyas je cher song ba'i
yid can 'gro ba mi dang /,,spros med dud 'gro lta bu'i sems can
gang 'dra zhig yin rung /} whether they belong to more evolved
[{rim pas yar rgyas je cher/}] species like humans or to simpler
ones such as animals (DLP 7-8), {sems can tshang mar byams brtse
chen pas skyong bar mdzad pa/} [the Buddha] treated all animals
with loving compassion (SGN 3); 2) in Bst. cosmology, all beings
having a mind, or who are in some way conscious: {nang pa sangs
rgyas pa'i lta ba gzhir bzhag byas na/,,rang re tshang mas grangs
las 'das pa'i skye ba yang nas yang du blangs dang len rgyu ma
zad/,,sems can re res kyang rang cag gi pha ma byas dang byed srid
pa de ltar yin/} according to Buddhist theory, we are born and
reborn countless numbers of times, and it is conceivable that each
being [{sems can/}] has been our parent at one time or another (DLP
15), {'dod pa'i khams na gnas pa'i sems can/} beings in the desire
realm (KBT 116), {sems can gyi sdug bsngal/} the suffering of
living beings (TRC 76).

     2) #{bkod pa/}$ [lit. created one] ^Bib: creature: {nam mkha'
dang /,,sa dang /,,sa 'og dang /,,rgya mtsho la gnas pa'i bkod pa
thams cad/} every creature in heaven and on earth and under the
earth and on the sea (Rev. 5:13). see CREATE.

     3) #{dngos po/}$ ^Bib: a thing, an object: {g.yo bar 'gyur bar
mdzad pa'i dngos po rnams/} what can be shaken - that is, created
things (Heb. 12:27 SV).  
     ^Bst. 1) matter, things that exist: {'dod pa'i dngos po/}
object of desire (TRC 270), {gzhan gyi dngos po/} another's
possession (TRC 243), {dngos po yar rgyas/} material progress (DLP
2), {dngos po dang nang lta ba/} matter and ideology (DLP 6); 2)
any observable object, which in Bst. philosophy exists only from
moment to moment, "created" by its causes {dngos po rang dbang yod
min/} no independent thing exists (LKT 8), {dngos po yod pa nyid mi
skye/} an existent thing does not arise (LKT 6), {rten cing 'brel
par gang byung ba/,,/de nyid khyod ni stong par bzhed/} what arises
dependently is what you have called emptiness (LKT 8).

     4) #{srog chags/}$ ^Bib: living, animate beings: {rgya mtsho'i
srog chags rnams/} creatures of the sea (Jas. 3:7 SV).  
     ^Bst. living things, animals: {srog chags kyi rigs ha cad mang
po/} very many kinds of living creatures (TRC 50).

     Related Terms: 1) {srog chags kyi rig pa/} zoology, 2) {dud
'gro/} animals.%

!CROSS@  see also CRUCIFY

     1) #{rgyangs shing /}$ [lit. stretch + wood; var. {rgyang
shing /} and {rkyang shing /} in the 1970 NT, and {brkyang shing /}
in the 1903 NT] ^Bib: originally used for a board on which a
criminal was stretched out to be tortured.  As crucifixion was
unknown to the Tibetans, and the precise shape of the "cross" [Gr.
stauros] on which Jesus died is unknown, translators have adopted
the name of this traditional Tibetan instrument of torture to
denote the object on which Jesus died: 1) in a literal sense:
{khong gi rgyang shing 'khur phyir dbang byas so/} they forced him
to carry the cross (Mk. 15:21), {rgyang shing las mar bobs shig}
come down from the cross (Mk. 15:30); 2) in a figurative sense:
{bdag 'dzin spong la/,,rang gi rkyang shing 'khur/} deny himself
and take up his cross (Mk. 8:34), {rgyang shing gi bstan pa/} the
message of the cross (1 Cor. 1:18), {ma shi ka'i rgyang shing gi
dgra bo/} enemies of the cross of Christ (Phil. 3:18). 

     2) #{rgya gram/}$ a cross; cross shape: {rgya gram gyi dbus su
gzhags pa/} crucified on the cross (ATM; 1762).

!CRUCIFY@ 

     #{rkyang shing la rkyong /}$ p. {brkyangs/} f. {brkyang /}
imp. {rkyongs/} [variants include {rgyang shing /} and {brkyang
shing la brkyang /} (1903 NT)] to stretch out a victim on a
{rgyangs shing /}   ^Bib: 1) to crucify in a literal sense: {khyod
tshos kha cig gsad 'ong /,,rkyang shing la brkyang 'ong /} some you
will kill and crucify (Mt. 23:34), {rgyang shing la brkyang ba'i
dus nyin mo'i chu tshod dgu pa'o/} it was the ninth hour when they
crucified him (Mk. 15:25), {rgyang shing la rkyong ba'i dbang yod/}
I have power to crucify you (Jn. 19:10);  2) figurative
crucifixion: {nga tsho'i gang zag rnying pa khong mnyam brkyangs pa
yin pa shes so/} we know that our old self was crucified with him
(Rom. 6:6-7), {de rnams kyis rang gi phyogs nas dkon mchog gi sras
yang skyar rgyang shing la rkyong /} they are crucifying the Son of
God all over again (Heb. 6:6).
     ^Bst. The Bst. scriptures include many stories of self-sacrifice and enlightened beings giving away parts of their bodies
or sacrificing their lives for others; however, this occurs without
suffering on their part (MTB 209).  See SACRIFICE.  
     ^Sec. The term "crucify" is defined in Tibetan as: {rgyang
shing brgyab nas gsod pa/} (DBG 212), a more ordinary use of the
term {rkyong /} is: {mkhan por phyag gsum 'tshal dus rkang lag
brkyangs te/} saluting the preceptor three times, extending the
limbs (TRC 5), {brkyangs phyag} a full prostration (TRI 19).

!CURSE@  see also ACCUSE, BLASPHEMY, SLANDER

     1) #{dmad/}$ p. {dmod/}  [lit. curse, insult]  ^Bib: to curse
or call down imprecations: {khos dmod pa bor/} [Peter] called down
curses on himself (Mt. 26:74), {khyed kyis dmod pa gnang ba'i se
yab shing /} the fig tree you cursed (Mk. 11:21), {khyed la dmod pa
rnams la byin rlabs thong /} bless those who curse you (Lk. 6:28).
     ^Bst. 1) {dmod pa 'dor ba/} or {dmod bor ba/} to pray for harm
to come to someone (TDC 2146), 2) {dmod sngags/} an evil mantra or
imprecation.

     Cognates: 1) {dmod mo/} curse, malediction, verbal abuse {dmod
mo phog pa dag} you who are cursed (Mt. 25:41); 2) {dmod mo 'debs
pa/} to curse or defame; 3) {dmod tshig} a curse, defined as {gzhan
gnod kyi smon tshig} a prayer for the harm of others (SGC 641).%

     2) #{glud/}$  ^Bib: {nga glud la 'gyur/} that I would be
cursed (Rom. 9:3), {gtso bo la mi byams pa de mi glud du gyur cig}
if anyone does not love the Lord - a curse be on him (1 Cor.
16:22), {bka' khrims kyi mdo nang yod pa thams cad sgrub cing mi
gnas pa de mi glud yin/} cursed is everyone who does not continue
to do everything written in the Book of the Law (Gal. 3:10), {nga
tsho'i tshab tu ma shi ka mi glud du gyur/} Christ became a curse
for us (Gal. 3:13).
     ^Bst. {glud/} a ransom or substitute offering given in a folk
Bst. ceremony.  An effigy is made of a sick person and the image is
then thrown to the evil spirits as a substitute for the ill person
himself.  The image which is thrown away (a {gtor ma/}) is
considered to  be "cursed" and it is this special sense of the term
that the original translators of the NT adopted the terms {glud/}
and {mi glud/} to mean "curse" [cf. Jaeschke 81].  The terms are
not current in this sense outside this very restricted context. 
See also RANSOM.  

     Cognates: {glud tshab/} substitute offering, ransom.%

     3) #{smod/}$ p. {smad/} f. {smad/} imp. {smod/}  ^Bib: to
criticize, dishonor, mock, slander, or curse: {pha'am ma la smad
mkhan/} one who curses father or mother (Mt. 15:4), {gzhan gyis
smad na nga tshos byin rlabs gtong /} when we are cursed, we bless
(1 Cor. 4:12).

     4) #{skur pa 'debs pa/}$  p. {btab/} f. {gdab/} imp. {thob/}
^Bib: to slander, blaspheme, or speak falsely against: {dkon mchog
la skur pa btab bo/} [they] cursed God (Rev. 16:11).
     ^Bst. {skur 'debs/} to defame someone or to assert that a Bst.
doctrine is untrue (TRI 16).

     5) #{smon log 'debs pa/}$ p. {btab/} f. {gdab/} imp. {thob/} 
[lit. "perverse prayer"] ^Bib: to curse, to call down imprecations:
{khyed rang la 'tshe ba rnams la smon log ma 'debs par byin brlabs
thongs shig} bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse
(Rom. 12:14).

     6) #{rgol ba zhus/}$ ^Bib: to verbally oppose, revile, curse:
{dkon mchog la rgol ba zhus 'chi/} curse God and die (Job 2:9).

      Related Terms: 1) {mthu gtong ba/} to curse with magic, cast
a magic spell over someone; 2) {dkon mchog gi chad pa'i 'og tu/}
worthy of God's punishment {bka' khrims kyi las la rten pa thams
cad dkon mchog gi chad pa'i 'og tu gyur pa yin/} all who rely on
observing the law are under a curse (Gal. 3:10 SV).%

!DANIEL@

     #{da ni el/}$  ^Bib: 1) the prophet Daniel: {lung ston pa da
ni el/} the prophet Daniel (Mt. 24:15); 2) the OT book of Daniel.

!DARKNESS@

     #{mun pa/}$ ^Bib: dark, darkness: 1) absence of light: {chu
tshod gsum pa'i bar du yul thams cad mun pas 'thibs/} darkness came
over all the land until the third (NIV: sixth) hour (Mt. 27:45), 2)
figurative darkness, especially moral darkness, sin, or the lack of
God's revelation: {mun par sdod pa/} those who live in darkness
(Mt. 4:16), {'od de mun pa'i nang du shar/} the light shines in the
darkness (Jn. 1:5), {phan med kyi mun pa'i bya ba/} fruitless deeds
of darkness (Eph. 5:11), {mun pa 'das shing yang dag pa'i 'od
shar/} the darkness is passing and the true light is already
shining (1 Jn. 2:8).
     ^Bst. 1) In Bst. writing, darkness is usually equated with
ignorance: {gti mug gi mun pa/} the darkness of ignorance (TRC
166), {mun bskal/} [lit. dark age] an age in which there is no
Buddha (SGC 634), {mun gling /} a place where Buddhism has not
spread (SGC 634); 2) may also be used figuratively: {sems la mun pa
babs pa lta bu'i rmugs pa/} torpor like darkness falling on the
mind (TRC 186).

     2) #{mun nag}$ [lit. dark + black] ^Bib: blackest darkness,
pitch black: {phyi rol gyi mun nag} the darkness outside (Mt.
22:13), {mun nag dang /,,smag rum dang /,,rlung drag} darkness,
gloom, and storm (Heb. 12:18), {de'i rgyal khams mun nag tu byas
nas/} his kingdom was plunged into darkness (Rev. 16:10).  
     ^Bst. {khang pa mun nag zhig} a pitch-dark house (TRC 167).
     ^Sec. {spyi tshogs kyi mun nag} social darkness (SBC-1, p.
62).

     Related Terms: 1) {nag phyog} [black + side] the darkness of
occultism; 2) {sgrib par gyur/} plunged into darkness (Rev. 16:10
SV).%

!DAVID@

     #{da bid/}$  ^Bib: David, king of ancient Israel ca. 1,000
B.C.; or about 450 years before the birth of Siddartha Gautama: {ab
ra ham gyi sras da bid kyi sras ye shu ma shi ka/} Jesus Christ the
son of David, the son of Abraham (Mt. 1:1).

!DEATH@ (DEAD, DIE) see also KILL

     1) #{'chi ba/}$ p. {shi/} f. {'chi/} ^Bib: to die. In the Bib.
sense includes not only physical death, but spiritual death, or
separation from God.  1) physical death: {nga khyed mnyam du 'chi
dgos na'ang /} even if I have to die with you (Mt. 26:35), {mo yang
khong gi zhabs drung du 'gyel te shi ba/} she also fell at his feet
and died (Acts 5:10), {nad 'di 'chi ba'i rgyu ma yin/} this
sickness will not cause death (Jn. 11:4), {'chi ba mi myong /} will
not experience death (Mk. 9:1), {he ro de ma shi ba'i bar du/}
until the death of Herod (Mt. 2:15); 2) figurative death: {'chi
ba'i yul dang grib ma la/,,/sdod pa rnams la 'od shar ro/} on those
living in the land of the shadow of death a light has dawned (Mt.
4:16); 3) physically dead: {khye'u chung 'di'i srog la brngams pa
rnams shi bas/} those who sought this child's life are dead (Mt.
2:20), {kho shi yang dad pa'i sgo nas da dung gtam byed do/} though
he is dead, through faith he still speaks (Heb. 11:4), 4)
figuratively dead: {nga'i bu 'di shi nas gson/} this son of mine
was dead and is alive again (Lk. 15:24). 
     ^Bst.  Death is thought to be heralded by definite physical
signs (JPG 341) and to be caused by exhaustion of one's karma,
merit, or life force (JPG 342).  For the Bst. layman, death is a
transition to the next rebirth: {shi yang gson yang tshe 'dis
ci/,,/phyi ma'i chos tsam 'grub na de ga rang /} whether you live
or die right now, what does this life matter? Just practice dharma
for the next life - that's the point (HTE 180).  After death, the
person's karmic stream must dwell in the intermediate state or {bar
do} before taking rebirth: {mi shi nas nyin zhag bzhi bcu zhe dgu'i
ring bar der 'khyams nas sdod kyi yod par bshad pas/,,de'i ring la
bar do'i lha tshogs zhi ba dang khro bo mang po mthong snang du
'jigs skrags skyed/} it is said that when someone dies, they must
wander [in the bardo] for 49 days, and during that time, they are
terrified by the appearance of [various gods] of the bardo (DPD).
     The concept of death is intimately linked with rebirth and the
action of karma, as seen in the following story: {snga ma mi tshang
zhig gi rgyab tu chu rdzing yod pa dang /,,de'i pa yas rdzing de'i
nang nas rtag par nya bsad nas za gi yod pa red/,,pa pha shi nas
sngar nya la chags pa'i dbang gis rjes su khang pa'i rgyab kyi
rdzing der nya la skyes/,,a ma de mi tshang la chags ba'i stobs
kyis shi nas mi tshang de'i khyi ru skyes/,,mi tshang gi dgra lte
ba de mi tshang gi mna' ma la chags te shi ba'i rjes su mna' ma
de'i pu gur skyes byas yod dus/,,nyin gcig mi tshang gi chung ma'i
khyo ga des kho rang gi pha khang rgyab kyi rdzing du nyar skyes pa
de bsad nas nya sha bzas/,,kho rang gi a ma'i skye ba khyi des nya
rus za stangs byed dus khyi de brdungs pa dang /,,kho rang tsho'i
dgra'i skye ba pu gu de pang du 'khyer nas gang min tshad kyis
byams po byas te bsdad yod pa red/,,de bcom ldan 'das kyi nyan thos
sha ri'i bu zhu ba des mngon mkhyen gyis gzigs nas 'di 'dra zer
gsungs pa red/,,pha sha za zhing ma la 'tshog,,bsad pa'i dgra bo
pang du khur/,,chung mas khyo yi rus pa 'cha'/,,'khor ba'i chos la
gad mo bro/} (TRC 259)  Once there was a pool in the back of a
family's house, and the father of the family was constantly killing
and eating the fish in that pool.  When the father died, on account
of his former attachment to fish, he was born as a fish in the pool
behind the house.  The mother, because of the force of her
attachment to the family, was reborn as the family dog.  The
principal enemy of the family was attached to the family's daughter
in law.  When this had occurred, one day the husband of the
daughter in law killed his father who had been born as a fish in
the pool and ate the flesh.  The mother who had been born as a dog
was beaten when she tried to eat the fish bones; their enemy who
was born as an infant, they carried on their lap and fondled
affectionately without any measure.  Then a disciple of the Buddha
named Sariputra, seeing with his supernatural knowledge, said: "A
father's flesh is eaten and a mother beaten, a mortal enemy carried
on the lap, a wife gnaws her husband's bones; the law of the round
[i.e. karma] draws a laugh."
     Death is a frequent topic in the preaching of the lamas, and
a common subject of meditation: {skye rga na 'chi'i sdug bsngal/}
the sufferings of birth, old age, sickness, and death (SGN 7),
{'chi 'pho ba dang skye ba mkhyen pa'i stobs/} the power of knowing
deaths and births - one of the powers of the Buddhas (KBT 76),
{sems can shi ba/} the death of a living creature (TRC 94), {'chi
ba'i tshe chos ma gtogs gang gis kyang mi phan pa/} at the time of
death, nothing but dharma can help (TRC 225), {'chi ba mi rtag pa/}
the impermanence of death (TRC 226), {'chi ltas lnga/} the five
signs of the impending death of a god (TRC 272), {shi ba'i 'og tu
gang du skye ba/} where they will be born after death (TRC 273),
{'chi ba'i 'jigs pa las thar thabs med/} no way of escape from the
fear of death (SGN 20).

     Proverbs: 1) {rgyal po gser khri'i steng du bzhugs pa dang
/,,sprang phrug ben po'i 'og tu sdod pa gnyis/,,mi rtag 'chi ba
byung dus 'dra 'dra red/} as far as death is concerned, there is no
difference between a king on his throne and a beggar; both will die
(KPU 6); 2) {'di phyi gnyis kyi dbu 'phang mtho dgos na/,,mi rtag
'chi ba ma brjed thugs la zhog} if you want to have reputation here
and hereafter, always remember death (KPU 16).
     See also: list of Euphemisms, below.

     2) #{'grongs pa/}$ p. {'grongs/} or {grong /} [hon.], [var.
{grongs/} {'grong /} or {bkrongs/}] ^Bib: to die: 1) physical
death: {gtso bo la dad cing 'grongs pa rnams bde'o/} blessed are
the dead who die in the Lord (Rev. 14:13), {khong bkrong ba'i rgyu
rkyen ci'ang ma brnyed/} they found no proper ground for a death
sentence (Acts 13:28), {grongs pa tsam du bka' 'bangs mdzad/}
became obedient to death (Phil. 2:8), {rgyang shing khar bkrongs pa
yin/} put him to death on the cross (Acts 2:23); 2) figurative
death: {ye shu'i grongs pa de'ang rtag tu rang gi lus nang 'khur
ro/} we always carry around in our body the death of Jesus (2 Cor.
4:10); 3) physically dead: {grongs zin pa la pi la tu ngo mtshar du
gyur te/} Pilate was surprised to hear that he was already dead
(Mk. 15:44), {grongs pa yin bsnyams nas/} thinking [he] was already
dead (Acts 14:19).
     ^Bst. {gzhan rnams sa chu ma 'phrod pas grongs/} the other
[monks] died of unsuitable conditions (TRC 116), {yum sgyu ma lha
mdzes grongs/} the Buddha's mother died (SGN 2).

     3) #{gsod pa/}$ p. {bsad pa/} f. {gsad pa/} imp. {sod/} ^Bib:
to kill, to put out or extinguish: 1) to die: {gsod 'os so/} he
must die [lit. worthy of being killed] (Jn. 19:7), {gsod rgyu'i mi
dang 'dra bar/} like men condemned to die (1 Cor. 4:9); 2) death:
(put to death) {gsod pa'i khrims gcad nas/} condemn him to death
(Mt. 20:18), {khong tsho gsod par 'dod do/} wanted to put them to
death (Acts 5:33); 3) dead: {mo'i phru gu rnams gsod par bya'o/} I
will strike her children dead (Rev. 2:23). 
     ^Bst. {sems can gsod pa/} killing animals (TRC 152); see also
KILL.

     4) #{gshin po/}$ ^Bib: those who have died, the dead: {nad pa
gsos/,,gshin po slong /} heal the sick, raise the dead (Mt. 10:8),
{khrus gsol mkhan yo ha nan gshin po'i khrod nas langs te/} John
the Baptist has been raised from among the dead (Mk. 6:14), {mi
gcig gi rkyen gyis gshin po las lang ba'ang byung ngo /} by one man
also came the resurrection from the dead (1 Cor. 15:21), {gson
gshin gnyis kyi zhal che gcod/} judge the living and the dead (1
Pet. 4:5). 
     ^Bst. {gshin po'i dge rdzogs ngang nas/} consumating all
positive actions done for the sake of the dead (HTE 186).

     Cognates: 1) {gshin rje/} the Bst. Lord of Death, often
depicted as holding the "wheel of life" {'chi bdag gshin rje'i
zhags pa'i 'ching ba/} bound up by the Lord of Death (SGN 7), 2)
{gshin rgyal skar ma/} the planet Pluto.%

     5) #{srog gtong /}$ p. {btang /} f. {gtang /} imp. {thong /}
^Bib: to give up one's life voluntarily: {ye ru sha lem du srog
gtong ba la'ang gral sgrig yod/} I am ready to die in Jerusalem
(Acts 21:13), {mi bzang po zhig gi phyir srog gtong /} to die for
a righteous man (Rom. 5:7).  An honorific form of this construction
would be {sku srog phul ba/} to give life {khong rang gi sku srog
phul ba'i sgo nas/} by giving up the life of his Son (Rom. 5:10
SV).
     ^Bst. There are many examples of self-sacrifice in the Bst.
scriptures (see SACRIFICE):  {chos kyi phyir lus srog btang /} to
give up one's life for the sake of the doctrine (TRC 154).

     Related Terms: 1) {srog med/} [lit. life + without] lifeless
{bka' khrims med par sdig pa ni srog med do/} apart from the law,
sin is dead (Rom. 7:8 SV); 2) {mi gson pa/} not live: {phru gu
rnams mi gson pa'i phyir/} in order that the children should not
live (Acts 7:19); 3) {ro/} corpse {nga ni khyi ro lta bu'i skye
bo/} a dead dog like me (2 Sam. 9:8 NTV), {tshwa kha'i khyi ro
mtha' ma tshwa la 'gro/} even dead dogs in a salty lake turn into
salt (KPU 12). Euphemisms for death include: 4) {sa 'og song /}
[lit. to go underground] {kha che pha lu sa 'og song na yang /}
even when Khache Phalu is dead (KPU 26); 5) {dbyings su mnal/} (MHP
7); 6) {mya ngan las 'das/} [lit. to pass beyond suffering] used of
the death of the Buddha (SGN 22); 7) {mkha' spyod du gshegs/} [lit.
gone to heaven] (BLI 327).%

!DEMON@  see EVIL SPIRIT, SATAN

!DESCEND@ (COME DOWN)

     1) #{'bab/}$ p. {babs/} imp. {'bob/} or {bobs/}  ^Bib: 1) to
come down to earth from heaven; to enter the world: {sprin gyi nang
na ya ho wa babs nas/} the Lord came down in the cloud (Num.
11:25), {gtso bo'i pho nya nam mkha' nas babs te/} an angel of the
Lord came down from heaven (Mt. 28:2), {nam mkha' nas babs pa'i bag
leb de nga yin/} "I am the bread that came down from heaven" (Jn.
6:41), {thugs nyid phug ron ltar nam mkha' nas babs te/} the Spirit
come down from heaven as a dove (Jn. 1:32), {lha rnams mi'i lus su
sprul nas nga tsho'i rtsar babs pa yin/} the gods have come down to
appear among men (Acts 14:11 SV), {nam mkha' nas me babs/} fire
came down from heaven (Rev. 20:9); 2) to come to a physically lower
place: {mo she ri sin las bab tshe/} when Moses came down from Mt.
Sinai (Ex. 34:29), {rkyang shing las bobs shig} come down from the
cross (Mt. 27:40).  
     ^Bst. 1) {lha babs dus chen/} the festival of the Buddha's
descent from heaven (TRI 301); 2) {bka' babs/} [lit. mouth + fall]
oral instruction: {ti lo pa nas brgyud pa'i bka' babs rnam bzhi la
sogs pa'i gdams pa mang po gsan/} he heard many instructions on the
four tantric "precept transmissions" from Tilopa (TRC 136). 
     ^Sec. 1) to descend from, come down: {chibs rta las babs te/}
[the Buddha] getting off his horse (SGN 3);  2) to happen, to have
circumstances fall a certain way: {gzugs po'i babs/} [lit. body +
fall] the particular shape, form, or conditions of one's body (TRC
198), {rang babs su/} natural condition (TRC 199), {da ni ci la bab
kyang mi byed do/} from now on, whatever happens, don't be like
that (HTE 178); 3) {mun pa 'bab/} nightfall: {sems la mun pa babs
pa/} darkness descending on the mind (TRC 186); 4) {dus 'bab/} to
be time to {da ni rang tshul sbed pa'i dus la bab/} now is the time
to keep your own way hidden (HTE 176), {da ni mya ngan las 'da'
ba'i dus la babs/} now is the time to die (SGN 22); 5) {char pa
'bab/} to rain: {char pa nyin mtshan bzhi bcu 'bab nas 'dzam gling
chur nub po/} after forty days and nights of rain, the world will
be flooded (DPD); 6) {'bab thang /} airport: {gzhis rtse'i zhi bde
'bab thang /} Shigatse's Peace Airport (MHP 9); 7) {'bab chu/} tap
water: {lcags po ri'i rang 'bab chu'i bzo grwa/} the Yaowangshan
Tap Water Works (SLR 8); 8) {yong 'bab/} income: {khong tsho'i yong
'bab ha cang chen po yod pa/} they have a very good income (SLR
11).

     Related Terms: 1) descent through a family: {ye shu ma shi ka
da bid kyi gdung brgyud nas byung ste/} Jesus Christ, descended
from David (2 Tim. 2:8 SV), {ab ra ham gyi rigs brgyud/} Abraham's
descendants (Heb. 2:16 SV), {khong gi gdung brgyud su yis ston par
'gyur/} who can speak of his descendants (Acts 8:33); 2) lineage:
{rgyud pa gsum/} the three kinds of lineage {gdung rgyud/} personal
or family, {sku rgyud/} rebirth lineage (as in the case of
incarnate lamas) {slob rgyud/} succession by disciples (TRI 57).%

!DESIRE@  see also COVET

     1) #{'dod pa/}$  ^Bib: the most general term for desire or
want: 1) [vb.] to desire or wish for: {las legs pa zhig 'dod do/}
he desires a noble task (1 Tim. 3:1), {ngas bzang po byed par sems
la 'dod/} I desire to do what is good (Rom. 7:18 SV); 2) [n.] a
wish, a will, a desire for: {de tsho thar ba'i phyir snying nas
'dod pas/} my heart's desire is that they may be saved (Rom. 10:1),
{ma shi ka dang mnyam du sdod pa/} the desire to be with Christ
(Phil. 1:23); 3) evil or inappropriate desire: {'dod pa ngan pa/}
evil desires (Col. 3:5), {don med pa dang gnod byed kyi 'dod pa/}
foolish and harmful desires (1 Tim. 6:9), {'dod pa mngal dang ldan
par gyur te sdig pa skyes/} when desire has conceived, it gives
birth to sin (Jas. 1:15), {lus kyi 'dod pa/} fleshly desires (Rom.
13:14), {bdag 'dzin gyi 'dod pa/} desires of the self (Gal. 5:16),
{bdag 'dzin ni de'i zhen pa dang 'dod pa bcas rgyang shing la bsad
pa yin/} have crucified the self with its desires (Gal. 5:24). 
     ^Bst. 1) a common colloquial term for "wish" or "want to":
{nga ja 'thung na 'dod gi/} I want to drink tea (AMD); 2) physical
desires: [colloq.] lust or sexual desire (AMD), {yi dwags 'ga' shas
bza' btung 'dod pa yin pa/} some pretas have the desire for food
and drink (TRC 229), 3) desire for happiness, convenience, or
welfare: {ngas rang gi 'dod pa bzhin byas nas sdad/} I lived as I
pleased (DPD), {sems can thams cad bde ba 'dod pa dang sdug bsngal
mi 'dod pa/} every being wants happiness and does not want
suffering (TRC 9); 4) spiritual desires: {byang chub 'dod pa/} the
desire to be enlightened (GSL 22), {mtshan nyid kyi gzhung la slob
gnyer byed yag la 'dod pa chen po/} a great wish to study the books
on philosophy (TRC 2).

     Cognates: 1) {'dod pa khengs/} to be satisfied: {des kyang
'dod pa ma khengs par/} not satisfied with that (TRC 260); 2) {'dod
pa'i khams/} the desire realm, which encompasses the six possible
rebirths: god, demigod, man, animal, preta, and hell-being (TRI
144); 3) {'dod pa bsod nyams/} asceticism (SGN 10); 4) {'dod pa'i
dngos po/} an object of desire (TRC 270); 5) {'dod log} evil
desires (Mk. 7:21); 6) {'dod pa'i dad pa/} longing faith. See
FAITH.%

     Proverbs: 1) {khyod rang khyod gi 'dod pa zin 'dod na/,,chang
dang a rag de las lhag pa med/} if you are merely interested in
following your own desire, there is nothing better than beer and
hard liquor (KPU 8); 2) {rang 'dod can gyi mi la ngo tsha med/}
selfish people have no sense of shame (KPU 9); 3) {'dod pa'i zhags
thag rkang nas ma khrol na/,,lha chos byas song zer yang stong pa
red/} if you cannot untie the noose of desire completely, even the
best so-called religious practice is pointless (KPU 9).

     2) #{'dod chags/}$  ^Bib: desire in a negative sense, carnal
desire, lust: {lus kyi 'dod chags/} lusts of the flesh (2 Pet.
2:18), {lus kyi 'dod chags spongs shig} get rid of the desires of
the sinful nature (Rom. 13:14 SV).
     ^Bst. {'dod chags/} is a technical term meaning attachment or
an undue desire to obtain something (KTM).  As the fundamental Bst.
fault it is given first place in both the "three poisons" {'dod
chags/,,/zhe sdang /,,gti mug} attachment, hatred, and ignorance
(TRI 132), and the "six root afflictions" {'dod chags/,,zhe sdang
/,,nga rgyal/,,ma rig pa/ nyon mongs can gyi lta ba/,,the tshom/}
attachment, hatred, conceit, ignorance, wrong view, and doubt (TRI
284).  It can be defined as follows: {'dod chags zer ba/,,tshul min
yid byed kyis rang gi yul la yid 'ong gi rnam par sgro btags nas
chags pa'i yul de 'thob par 'dod pa'am/,,mi 'bral bar 'dod pa'i
chags pa gcig} attachment is an inappropriate desire which wishes
to obtain or not to be separated from the object of desire (TRI
284).  In Bsm. such attachment is the root of all suffering, and so
occupies a place analogous to original sin in Christian theology.

     Proverbs: 1) {'dod chags 'dra ba'i me med de/} there is no
fire like desire (DMP 105); 2) {'dod chags yul rjes ma zhen zhen
blo ltos/} don't pursue the object of desire, look at the craving
mind (HTE 194); 3) {'dod chags nag po rgya mtsho'i gting la bskur/}
sink the black passion of desire to the bottom of the ocean (KPU
2).

     3) #{chags pa/}$  ^Bib: to become attached or attracted to:
{'jig rten dang 'jig rten la chags pa 'da'/} the world and its
desires pass away (1 Jn. 2:17). 
     ^Bst.  1) {chags pa/} in its Bst. sense is any attachment or
desire, even normal family ties: {a ma de mi tshang la chags ba'i
stobs kyis shi nas mi tshang de'i khyi ru skyes/} the mother,
because of her attachment to the family, was reborn as the family
dog (TRC 259).  Even attachment to personal existence {bdag tu
chags pa/} (attachment to a self) is evil in Bsm. and is listed as
one of the "afflicted consciousnesses" (KBT 31).  {chags pa/} thus
has very negative connotations, being a cause of continued rebirth. 
By contrast, {ma chags pa/} (non-attachment) is a virtue that
"arises when one realizes that one's body and wealth are impure,
having the nature of aging, illness, and death.  Thus one's mind
separates from these phenomena and does not grasp at them" (KBT 16-17), {rgyu nor la chags pa/}  the desire for wealth; 2) {chags pa/}
= "love", but used as a negative term, as in a monk loving a woman
(AMD).

     4) #{chags sred/}$  ^Bib: desire: {sdig pas nga'i nang du
chags sred sna tshogs bskyed do/} sin produced in me covetous
desires (Rom. 7:8).

     5) #{sred pa/}$  ^Bib: attachment, desire: {sred pa sna
tshogs/} various kinds of desires (Mk. 4:19), {ma sred/} do not
covet (Rom. 13:9). 
     ^Bst. {sred pa/} is the desire to seek pleasure and avoid
pain, and is also used in a technical sense to mean attachment (TRI
289).  As such it is one of the twelve links of internal dependent-arising, or causes of suffering and rebirth (KBT 36).  At death
three cravings {sred pa gsum/} are said to be experienced {'dod
sred/} attachment to objects, {'jigs sred/} craving for fear of
losing a human body, {srid sred/} attachment to existence (CNG 11).

     Related Terms: 1) {dga' ba/} [hon. {mnyes/}] to like or be
pleased with: {nga ni mchod par mi dga' snying rjer dga'/} I desire
[lit. am pleased with] mercy, not sacrifice (Mt. 12:7), {dmar mchod
dang ni 'bul bar khyed mi mnyes/} you did not desire [lit. are not
pleased with] sacrifice and offering (Heb. 10:5); 2) {zhen pa/}
longing, attachment: {zhen pa dang 'dod pa/} longings and desires
(Gal. 5:24), {zhen yul/} object of attachment (TRI 231), {zhen pa
bzhi bral/} separation from the four attachments (TRI 231), {sems
kyi zhen pa/} the clinging of the mind (HTE 190), {bdag 'dzin zhen
pa'i blo 'di srid pa'i rgyu/} the mind, holding onto an "I", clings
to everything - this is the cause of samsara (HTE 182), {bdag 'dzin
zhen pa bcad na dga'/} you'd better put an end to your possessive
grasping (HTE 204), {zhen pa log} bitterness (KPU 21), {'dod zhen/}
hankering after (KTM); 3) {snyeg pa/} p. {bsnyegs/} f. {bsnyeg}
imp. {snyegs/} to pursue, run after: {gnang sbyin mtho ba rnams la
snyegs shig} pursue the higher gifts (1 Cor. 12:31); 4) {brtson
pa/} strive for, aim at: {gnang sbyin che ba rnams la brtson par
byos shig} eagerly desire the greater gifts (1 Cor. 12:31 SV),
effort: {brtson pas bsgrubs pa'i dge ba rnams/} merit gained
through effort (GSL 30); 5) {gdung sems/} compassion, fervor: {nga
la gdung sems chen po yod pa yin/} I [Jesus] have eagerly desired
it (Lk. 22:15).%

!DEVOUT@  see also GODLINESS

     1) #{chos pa/}$ [lit. religion + person]  ^Bib: devout person
{mi drang po dang /,,chos pa/} a righteous and devout man (Lk.
2:25), {bka' khrims bzhin du chos pa/} a devout observer of the law
(Acts 22:12).
     ^Bst.  A {chos pa/} is someone who practices a given religion,
not necessarily one who is devout {'dzam gling zhi bde'i don la
sems khur ldan pa'i chos pa tsho/} religious practitioners who are
concerned with world peace (DLP 21), {snang ba de ltar chos pa'i
gzugs brnyan bdag} I myself am just the semblance of a dharma
practitioner (HTE 170), {bya lugs byed lugs ldan pa'i pha rgan
tsho/,,'dod pa can gyi chos pa brgya las lhag} cultured and elderly
fathers are better than a hundred selfish monks (KPU 9), {sangs
rgyas chos pa mang po/} large numbers of Buddhists (SLR 15), {chos
pa'i gzugs kyis chos min byed srid pa/} possible to do unreligious
deeds while having the form of a religious practitioner (GSL 26).

     2) #{chos sems can/}$ [lit. religious mind having]  ^Bib: a
devout person {dmag mi'i nang nas chos sems can/} a devout soldier
[from among other soldiers] (Acts 10:7), {ya hu da pa dang /,,de'i
slob gsar chos sems can mang po/} many of the Jews and devout
converts to Judaism (Acts 13:43). 
     ^Bst: {sku ngo gzim 'gag chos sems chen po rang yin pa bsam
gyi yod/} we thought the bodyguard was very devout (DPD).

     3) #{chos la dga'/}$ [lit. religion + love] ^Bib: devout:
{chos la dga' zhing khyim tshang dang bcas pa dkon mchog la 'jigs/}
he and all his family were devout and God-fearing (Acts 10:2), {de
ni chos la dga' zhing drang po yin/} he was a devout and righteous
man (Luke 2:25 SV), {bka' khrims bzhin du chos la dga'/} a devout
observer of the law (Acts 22:12 SV).

     4) #{mos pa/}$ ^Bib: trust, devotion, belief, faith: {dmag mi
rnams las chos la dad mos yod pa zhig} a devout soldier (Acts 10:7
SV).
     ^Bst. See BELIEF.

     Related Terms: {bag byed pa/} to fear; God fearing, devout:
{dkon mchog la bag byed pa mang po/} many who feared God (Acts
13:43 SV), {o bad ya ni ya ho wa la rab tu bag byed pa zhig go}
Obadiah was a devout believer in the Lord (1 Ki. 18:3), {khyed dkon
mchog la bag byed pa'i zhabs phyi/} you God-fearing servants (Rev.
19:5).%

!DISCIPLE@  see also BELIEVER

     1) #{nye gnas/}$  ^Bib: 1) one of Jesus' original followers:
{nye gnas kyi nang nas ye shu'i thugs su byon pa/} among the
disciples, the one whom Jesus loved (Jn. 13:23); 2) other NT
Christians: {ti mo the'u bya ba'i nye gnas shig} a disciple named
Timothy (Acts 16:1), {a nan ya bya ba'i nye gnas shig} a disciple
named Ananias (Acts 9:10), {ye shu'i nye gnas yin pa'i a ri ma tha
ya pa yo seb/} Jesus' disciple Joseph of Arimathea (Jn. 19:38); 3)
those who truly follow Jesus: {rang gi rkyang shing 'khur zhing
nga'i rjes su mi 'brang mkhan de/,,nga'i nye gnas min/} anyone who
does not carry his cross and follow me cannot be my disciple (Lk.
14:27).  
     ^Sec: a neighbor, person living nearby.  According to (AMD)
not used in spoken language; occasionally used to mean follower or
disciple.

     Cognates: 1) {nye gnas ma/} female disciple {ta bi tha zer
ba'i nye gnas ma zhig yod/} in Joppa there was a disciple named
Tabitha (Acts 9:36); 2) {nye ba'i sras chen brgyad/} the eight
close disciples of the Buddha (TRI 95).%

     2) #{slob ma/}$  ^Bib: religious student, disciple: {ye shu'i
slob ma a ri ma tha pa yo seb/} Jesus' disciple Joseph of Arimathea
(Mt. 27:57), {nga tsho mo she'i slob ma yin/} we are Moses'
disciples (Jn. 9:28), {yo ha nan gyi slob ma rnams/} John's
disciples (Mt. 9:14), {pha ru shi pa'i slob ma/} disciples of the
Pharisees (Lk. 5:33). 
     ^Bst. 1) {slob ma/} is the ordinary Bst. term for a disciple:
{skal ldan gyi slob ma 'ga' zhig la gsang sngags kyi chos gsungs/}
[they] taught tantra to various fortunate disciples (TRC 136),
{sangs rgyas kyis rang gi slob ma rnams der 'khrid pa/} the Buddha
took his disciples there (SGN 14), {slob ma'i bya ba lnga/} the
five duties of a Bst. disciple (TRI 290); 2) follower, believer in
a religion {rjes 'brangs slob ma rnams mi bzang po zhig tu sgyur
rgyu'i nus pa/} able to make their followers into better human
beings (DLP 18); 3) student: {da lta slob grwa der dge rgan dang
slob ma 500 lhag tsam yod pa/} there are now more than 500
lecturers and students in the college (TMB 24), {slob ma la las
gzhan gyi las bya bshus pa/} some students copy others' work (TCR
1).

     Related Terms: {slob dpon/} teacher or master.%

!DISHONOR@  see also ACCUSE, BLASPHEME, CURSE, GLORY, HONOR, PRAISE

     1) #{smod/}$ p. {smad/} f. {smad/} imp. {smod/}  ^Bib: to
accuse, criticize, mock, curse or dishonor: {ngas yab la bstod pas
khyed tshos nga la smad do/} I honor my Father and you dishonor me
(Jn. 8:49), {smad par 'gyur ba zhig 'debs nas gzi brjid dang ldan
pa zhig lang /} it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory (1
Cor. 15:43), {bstod rung smad rung /} through glory and dishonor (2
Cor. 6:8).  
     ^Bst. {gang zhig de la zhen gyur pa/,,/de nyid khyod kyis shin
tu smad/} whoever is attached to [it, you have] declared him lost
[lit. reviled, dishonored him] (LKT 8).

     2) #{dma' 'bebs/}$ ^Bib: to dishonor or humiliate: {rang gi
dbu de dma' 'bebs/} dishonors his [own] head (1 Cor. 11:4 SV).

     3) #{grags pa med/}$ [lit. without reputation] ^Bib: dishonor: 
{khyed rnams kyi grags pa che/,,nged rnams la grags pa med/} you
are honored, we are dishonored (1 Cor. 4:10 SV), {grags pa med pa
zhig btab kyi/,,dpal dang ldan pa zhig lang bar 'gyur/} it is sown
in dishonor, it is raised in glory (1 Cor. 15:43 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {ngo tsha/} shame, disgrace: {ngas rang gi
ngo tsha 'bud du ci zhig bya/} where could I get rid of my disgrace
(2 Sam. 13:13); 2) {ngan brjod/} blasphemy; 3) {tshig ngan/} evil
words (KTM).%

!DOUBT@

     1) #{the tshom/}$ ^Bib: doubt, suspicion, uncertainty, or
hesitation (KTM), in both secular and religious senses (AMD): 1)
uncertainty or doubt: {khyed kyis the tshom med par dad pa byed
na/} if you have faith and do not doubt (Mt. 21:21); 2) {the tshom
byed pa/} to be skeptical, hesitant, or disbelieving: {kha cig gis
the tshom byas/} some doubted (Mt. 28:17), {dad chung khyod/,,the
tshom ci la byas/} you of little faith, why did you doubt? (Mt.
14:31); 3) {the tshom skye ba/} to have doubts arise: {the tshom
skyed mkhan des za na/} if the one who doubts eats (Rom. 14:23 SV),
{the tshom ci la skyed/} why do doubts arise in your minds? (Lk.
24:38); 4) {the tshom za/} = {the tshom skye ba/} to have doubts:
{the tshom za bas de dag la bslab bya ston cig} instruct those who
doubt (Jude 22 SV); 5) {the tshom shar ba/} to have doubts arise,
to doubt inadvertently (KTM).
     ^Bst. {the tshom/} to question the basic precepts of Bsm; one
of the six root afflictions (KBT 19).  {the tshom gsum/} are the
three types of doubt: {don 'gyur gyi the tshom/} doubt which
inclines towards its object, {don mi 'gyur gyi the tshom/} doubt
which inclines away from its object, and {cha mnyam pa'i the
tshom/} evenly balanced doubt (TRI 123).
     ^Sec. {'phrul bzo rig gnas gong 'phel byung yod par the tshom
med/} no doubt about the increase in our technology (DLP 2), {rgyal
spyi'i khrims srol rang thag rang gcod kyi thob thang yod pa'i sgo
nas chos srid rang dbang gtsang ma'i dpal pa spyod thub rgyur the
tshom med/} there can be no doubt about our ability to enjoy the
glory of full religious and secular independence via the principle
of self-determination encompassed in international legal tradition
(RRT 282 n. 22).

     2) #{rnam rtog}$  ^Bib: suspicion, doubt: {rnam rtog can gyis
za na/} if the one who doubts eats (Rom. 14:23).
     ^Bst. 1) in spoken language a superstition, or bad omen (e.g.
the accidental breaking of a teacup being an omen that something
bad has happened) (AMD); 2) {rnam rtog} in philosophy is an
obstacle or obscuration {rnam rtog med na sangs rgyas yin, rnam
rtog yin na sangs rgyas med/} if there is not obscuration, there is
buddhahood, if there is obscuration, there is no buddhahood (KTM).

     Related Terms: {dogs pa/} apprehension or suspicion that
something might be the case (KTM): {khyed tsho'i 'dod pa bzhin nga
med par mthong gis dogs so/} I am afraid you may not find me as you
want me to be (2 Cor. 12:20), {dogs pa za ba/} to hesitate (KTM).%

!DRIVE OUT@ 

     #{skrod/}$ p. {bskrad/} fut. {bskrad} imp. {skrod/}  ^Bib: 1)
to drive out or exorcise an evil spirit: {'gong po skrod pa'i dbang
/} authority to drive out demons (Mk. 3:14-15), {khyed kyi mtshan
nas brjod de bgegs bskrad ba ma yin nam/} did we not drive out
demons in your name (Mt. 7:22 SV), {gdon mi gtsang ba rnams skrod
pa/} drive out unclean spirits (Mt. 10:1 SV), {bdud kyis bdud skrod
pa ci ltar srid/} how can Satan cast out Satan (Mk. 3:23 SV); 2) to
take away or expel: {yang dag pa'i byams pas 'jigs pa phyir skrod/}
perfect love drives out fear (1 Jn. 4:18).

     Related Terms: 1) {bgegs skrod mkhan/} one who drives out
demons {bgegs skrod mkhan yin pa'i ya hu da pa/} some Jews who
drove out evil spirits (Acts 19:13); 2) {bka' bkyon/} [hon.] to
rebuke an evil spirit {'gong po la bka' bkyon mdzad/} he rebuked
the evil spirit (Mk. 9:25).%

!EGYPT@

     #{mi ser yul/}$ [Heb. misrayim] ^Bib: Egypt: {mi ser yul du
bros/} escape to Egypt (Mt. 2:13).

!ELIJAH@

     #{e li ya/}$  ^Bib: the prophet Elijah, who lived in the 9th
century B.C. {go bar 'dod na/,,'byung bar 'gyur ba'i e li ya 'di ka
yin/} if you are willing to accept it, he is the Elijah who was to
come (Mt. 11:14). 

!ELISHA@

     #{e li sha/}$ ^Bib: the 9th century B.C. prophet Elisha: {lung
ston pa e li sha'i dus su/} in the time of the prophet Elisha (Lk.
4:27).

!EMPTY@ 

     #{stong pa/}$ [var. {stongs/}] ^Bib: empty, void: {sa ni
stongs shing stong par yod de/} the earth was formless and empty
(Gen. 1:2), {phyug po stong par bton par mdzad/} he sent the rich
away empty (Lk. 1:53), {las dang bral ba'i dad pa ni stong pa yin/}
faith without works is empty (Jas. 2:20). 
     ^Bst. 1) emptiness {stong pa/} or {stong pa nyid/} is the view
that the world lacks separate, inherent existence, and is the
fundamental Bst. view of reality (called {rang stong /} ).  Bsm.
denies the substantial existence of all phenomena, including that
of: a) man: {phung po lnga po de dag la yang rang bzhin gyis stong
par rnam par lta'o/} looking perfectly at the emptiness of inherent
existence also of the five aggregates (HSU 166); b) the soul: (KBT
defines {stong pa/} as the absence of a permanent self abiding in
the five aggregates (KBT 94); c) all observable phenomena: {chos
thams cad stong pa nyid de/} all phenomena are merely empty [of
inherent existence] (HSU 167), {rten cing 'brel par gang byung
ba/,,/de nyid khyod ni stong par bzhed/} whatever arises
dependently is exactly what you have explained as emptiness (LKT
8), {gzugs stong pa'o/,,/stong pa nyid gzugs so/} form is
emptiness, emptiness is form (HSU 167); d) and even emptiness
itself {stong pa nyid stong pa nyid/} the emptiness of emptiness
(TRI 114); 2) pointless or futile: {'dod pa'i zhags thag rkang nas
ma khrol na/,,lha chos byas song zer yang stong pa red/} if you can
not untie the lasso of desire completely, even the so-called best
religious practice is empty (KPU 9).

     Related Terms: 1) {med par byed/} to be nullified, destroyed:
{de min ma shi ka'i brkyang shing med par byed par 'gyur/} lest the
cross of Christ be emptied of its power (1 Cor. 1:17 SV); 2) {don
med pa/} meaningless, futile: {don med pa'i tshig} empty words
(Eph. 5:6 SV); 3) {snying po med pa/} [lit. without heart] without
substance, lacking what is important or substantial {spyod lam
snying po med pa/} an empty way of life (1 Pet. 1:18 SV); 4) {thos
na che zhing don chung /} [lit. big if heard, meaning small] {tshig
thos na che zhing don chung ba lab ste/} they mouth empty, boastful
words (2 Pet. 2:18 SV).%

!ENEMY@ 

     #{dgra/}$ [var. dgra bo] ^Bib: opponent or enemy; either
human, natural, or supernatural: {khyim mtshes la byams pa
byos/,,dgra la sdong zhig} love your neighbor and hate your enemy
(Mt. 5:43), {de 'debs pa'i dgra bo ni bdud yin/} the enemy who sows
them is the devil (Mt. 13:39), {dgra thams cad kyi mjug tu 'chi ba
'jom par mdzad do/} the last enemy to be overcome is death (1 Cor.
15:26). 
     ^Bst. See ANTICHRIST.

!ENLIGHTENMENT@

     1) #{byang chub/}$ enlightenment; the state of impersonal
moral and spiritual perfection sought in Bsm.  {byang chub lam/}
the path to enlightenment (UCO 148), {{byang chub 'dod pas lus
kyang btang /} those who seek enlightenment will even give up their
bodies (GSL 22).  Enlightenment differs profoundly from the
Biblical idea of salvation in being impersonal, non-theistic, and
ineffable.

     2) #{byang chub kyi sems/}$ [Skt. boddhichitta] the mind of
enlightenment; the desire to attain enlightenment in order to
benefit other living beings (TRC 317).  Attaining enlightenment is
believed to be one of the first steps toward becoming a
boddhisattva or {byang chub sems dpa'/} the ultimate goal of
Tibetan Bsm: {theg pa chen po'i lam la zhugs pa la de'i 'jug sgo
ni/,,byang chub kyi sems zer ba de red/} the gate of the Mahayana
path is the mind of enlightenment (TRC 318).  It is produced
through a six or seven step series of meditations which include
considering all beings as one's mother in previous rebirths {mar
shes/} remembering the kindness of others in other rebirths {drin
dran/} mentally repaying those kindnesses {drin gzo/} developing
the wish for others to be free from suffering {byams pa/} and
resolving to become an enlightened being in order to effect this
(TRC 319).

     3) #{byang chub sems dpa'/}$ [Skt. boddhisattva] one who
dedicates the merit of his religious practice towards the
liberation of all sentient beings; a Bst. saint and future Buddha. 
Some boddhisattvas are described as shepherds leading their flocks
of sentient beings to buddhahood (JPG 428).

     Related Terms: {byang chub shing /} the bodhi tree under which
the Buddha was enlightened (SGN 11).%

!EVE@

     #{ha wa/}$ [Heb. hawwah]  ^Bib: Eve, the wife of Adam: {a dam
gyis bud med kyi ming la ha wa zhes btags pa yin/} Adam named the
woman Eve (Gen. 3:20).
     ^Bst. For the Tibetan account of man's origins, see ADAM.

!EVIL@ 

     1) #{ngan pa/}$ ^Bib: the most general term for evil: 1) moral
evil: {ngan pa spang /} forsake evil (Rom. 12:9), {ngan pa la mi
dga'/} [love] does not delight in evil (1 Cor. 13:6), {shab bad kyi
zhag la bzang po byed mchog gam ngan pa byed mchog} is it permitted
to do good or evil on the Sabbath? (Lk. 6:9), {ngan pa byas pa
rnams/} those who do evil (Jn. 5:29), {mi dga' ba'i ngan pa de byed
do/} the evil I do not want to do is what I do (Rom. 7:19); 2)
morally bad: {bsam ngan/} evil thoughts (Mt. 9:4), {khyod tsho ngan
pa yin bzhin du/} though you are evil (Mt. 7:11), {mi thu ba dang
ngan pa/} wicked and evil men (2 Thes. 3:2); 3) the evil one, the
devil: {'di las lhag pa ji yod ngan pa nas 'byung ngo /} anything
beyond this comes from the evil one (Mt. 5:37), {ngan pa las nged
thar par mdzod/} deliver us from the evil one (Mt. 6:13), {ngan pa
las srung bar 'gyur ro/} [the Lord] will guard you from the evil
one (2 Thes. 3:3). The Biblical doctrine of evil includes both
physical (e.g. natural disaster) and moral (e.g. sin) evil.
     ^Bst. Bsm. defines evil as any action which results in
suffering (FLD 4), and so concerns itself more with the effects of
evil (i.e. suffering) than with its causes.  The existence of
physical evil is one of the reasons that the Buddha was said to
have rejected the concept of God.  The Tibetan term {ngan pa/}
includes both physical evil and moral evil; hence one may speak of
{gsar 'gyur ngan pa ha cang mang po/} a great deal of bad news (DLP
1), and {'bras ngan pa/} disastrous consequences (DLP 2). Moral
evil is implied in such phrases as: {nga rang spyod pa ngan pa'i
rkyen gyis/} because of my bad behaviour (DPD), {grogs po ngan pa
rnams/} evil companions (DPD), {bsam sbyor ngan pas rgyud bskul
te/} inspired him to evil thought and action (TRC 114), {ngan song
gsum/} the three evil destinies [of birth as a hell-being, preta,
or animal] (TRC 272). 

     Proverbs: 1) {ngan pa bskyangs na bzang po brdungs pa 'dra/}
protecting the evil person is the same as hitting a good person
(KPU 15); 2) {ngan pa'i rjes la ltas ngan gtam ngan yod/} bad omens
and bad news follow a bad man (KPU 21); 3) {kha ngan khog ngan/}
evil speech and evil mind [lit. inside] - someone who is thoroughly
evil (TQP 35); 4) {ngan pa tshar ma bcad na/,,bzang po spro ba mi
skye/} if evil people [i.e. criminals] are not done away with, good
people cannot be happy (TQP 77).%

     2) #{mi rigs pa/}$ ^Bib: wrong or improper: {mi rigs pa la mi
dga'i/} [love] does not delight in evil (1 Cor. 13:6 SV), {lce yang
me yin/,,nga tsho'i yan lag gi nang na mi rigs pa thams cad kyi
'jig rten/} the tongue also is a fire, a world of evil among the
parts of the body (Jas. 3:6 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {ngan sems/} lit. [evil + mind] evil,
wicked: {ngan sems skyed pa rnams/} wicked men (2 Thes. 3:2 SV); 2)
{gtam ngan/} evil speech, slander: {la las nga tshor gtam ngan
gtong /} some slander us (Rom. 3:8); 3) {sdig spyod/} evildoer:
{sdig spyod rnams phar song zhig} away from me, you evildoers (Mt.
7:23); 4) {smad pa/} speak evil of, verbally abuse {mi sde'i dpon
po la ma smad/} do not speak evil of the ruler of the people (Acts
23:5); 5) {mi dge ba/} what is not right: {mi dge ba spyod pa/} one
who does what is not right (Rom. 2:9); 6) {'dod pa/} [evil] desire,
see the entry for DESIRE; 7) {'gong po/} evil spirit (see EVIL
SPIRIT); 8) {dri ma ngan pa/} a bad smell (TRC 270).%

!EVIL SPIRIT@ (DEMON, GHOST, UNCLEAN SPIRIT) see also SATAN

     1) #{'dre/}$  ^Bib: 1) demons: {khong nang 'dre zhugs so/} he
has an evil spirit (Mk. 3:30), {mchod pa ni 'dre la 'bul lo/}
sacrifices are given to demons (1 Cor. 10:20), {'dre'i chos la
rten/} to follow the teaching of demons (1 Tim. 4:1-2); 2) ghosts:
{'dre la sha dang rus pa med/} a ghost does not have flesh and
bones (Lk. 24:39), {'dre'o zer zhing 'jigs pas 'bod bsgrags so/}
"It's a ghost," they said, and cried out in fear (Mt. 14:26). 
     ^Bst. {'dre/} the most general and inclusive term for evil
spirit.  Evil spirits are perceived on two levels in Bsm.  Folk
Bsts. accord them substantial existence and may even claim to have
seen them; the more educated regard them as manifestations of
impure mental consciousnesses (e.g. greed, lust, etc.).  While
different classes of evil beings are represented in the words given
below, there is great overlap between each type (KTM).  Though
feared by the laity, the monks take a more sanguine view of the
supernatural, as in the story about a geshe moved to tears by the
sufferings of all sentient beings.  When the local demons and
spirits came to harm him, they found they could not, because of his
attitude of compassion for all beings (JPG 395).  1) The {'dre/}
are one class of spirits which are quite powerful and invoke much
fear (KTM): {gu ru rin po ches lha 'dre dam la btags sa/} the place
where Guru Rinpoche bound an evil spirit (DPD), {'dre dang grogs po
byed na/} if you want to be friends with a spirit (KPU 33);  2) a
bad person [this sense used only by educated modern people] (AMD). 

     Cognates: {'dre shig} bedbug (DPD).%

     2) #{'gong po/}$ ^Bib: a general term for demons [Gr. daimon]
or evil spirits [prob. more common in Ladakh]: 1) demon {'gong
zhugs shin tu drag po gnyis/} two very violent demon-possessed men
(Mt. 8:28), {khyed kyi mtshan gyi ngang nas 'gong po ma bskrad
dam/} in your name did we not drive out demons? (Mt. 7:22), {'gong
po'i gtso bo/} the prince of demons (Mt. 9:34), {'gong po skrod
pa'i dbang /} authority to drive out demons (Mk. 3:14), {khyed
'gong zhugs yin pa da shes so/} we know you are demon-possessed
(Jn. 8:52); 2) evil spirit: {'gong pos mi de dkrugs/} the evil
spirit shook the man violently (Mk. 1:26), {'gong po rnams kyis
khong mjal ba tsam/} whenever the evil spirits saw him (Mk. 3:11).
     ^Bst. a general term for a class of demons believed to be
responsible for producing illness.  A sorcerer is usually called in
to cast lots to determine if such a demon is present, then a
ceremony of exorcism is performed to drive it out (EBN).

     Cognates: {'gong ba/} to bewitch or enchant.%

     3) #{bdud/}$ demon or devil (see also SATAN)  ^Bib: {bdud
kyang yid ches/} the demons also believe (Jas. 2:19), {bdud kyi
stobs thams cad las rgyal ba'i dbang /} authority to overcome all
the power of the enemy (Lk. 10:19), {'on kyang khyed las gcig ni
bdud yin/} yet one of you is a devil (Jn. 6:70), {bdud rnams kyi
rgyal po/} the prince of demons (Mt. 9:34 SV).
     ^Bst.  1) In orthodox Bsm. the {bdud/} are impersonal
obstacles to Bst. practice, e.g. the {bdud bzhi/} are {phung po'i
bdud/} aggregates, {nyon mongs pa'i bdud/} ignorance {'chi bdag gi
bdud/} death {lha'i bu'i bdud rnams/} the evil of a son of a god
[i.e. lust] (CNG 37). 2) these forces can be personified as the
Bst. devil {bdud dga' rabs dbang phyug} the Lord of Desire, who is
often depicted as the chief tempter of the Buddha and his saints
{bdud dga' rabs dbang phyug phrag dog skyes nas/} the evil spirit
Sunandesvara had grown jealous (BLI 332 no. 83); 3) a general
category of formless, invisible, omnipresent, and powerful evil
beings.  The purpose of the {bdud/} is to keep people from Bsm.
through various types of mischief (KTM). {bdud sdig to can rnams/}
demonic tempters (SGN 11), {bdud des sangs rgyas la gnod pa skyel
thabs byas kyang /} though the devil tried to harm the Buddha (SGN
18), {bdud kyis dge slong zhig la nyams sad btang /} the devil
tempted a monk (DPD), {lha bdud du mi dbab/} do not turn a god into
a demon (UCO 150).

     Proverbs: {bud med yin na bdud kyi yan lag red/} woman is a
manifestation [lit. branch] of the devil (KPU 33).

     4) #{gdon/}$  ^Bib: an unclean or evil spirit: unclean spirit
{gdon mi gtsang ba/} an unclean spirit (Mt. 12:43), {gdon mi gtsang
ba mi'i nang nas thon pa'i tshe/} when an evil spirit comes out of
a man (Mt. 12:43).
     ^Bst. 1) impersonal forces obstructing the practice of Bsm.
{gdon gsum/} the three evil forces {steng gdon gza' dang rgyu
skar/} the planet of the upper world, {bar gdon btsan dang rgyal
po/} the mountain gods of the intermediate world, {'og gdon klu
dang da bdag} the nagas and earth lords of the subterranean world
(TRI 138); 2) {gdon/} is a class of demon which causes disease
(KTM). 

     Cognates: {gdon 'dre/} = {'gong 'dre/} evil spirit.%

     5) #{bgegs/}$  ^Bib: a demon: {bgegs kyis zin pa'i mi gnyis/}
two demon possessed men (Mt. 8:28 SV), {khyed kyi mtshan nas brjod
de bgegs bskrad pa ma yin/} in your name did we not drive out
demons? (Mt. 7:22 SV), {bgegs rnams skrod pa'i dbang /} authority
to drive out demons (Mk. 3:14 SV), {bgegs rnams kyi sdod gnas/} a
haunt for demons (Rev. 18:2). 
     ^Bst. 1) obstacles, obstructions, impersonal forces
obstructing the practice of Bsm. {rang snang dbang du 'dus na dgra
bgegs thul/} as your perceptions come under control, enemies and
obstructing influences are subjugated (HTE 186); 2) the {bgegs/}
[lit. hindrance, obstacle] is a class of demons believed to create
obstacles and difficulties for man (KTM).

     6) #{mi ma yin/}$ [lit. non human being]  ^Bib: {mi ma yin gyi
bstan pa rnams/} things taught by demons (1 Tim. 4:1 SV); 2)
ghosts: {mi ma yin zhig la sha dang rus pa med/} a ghost does not
have flesh and bones (Lk. 24:39 SV).

     7) #{ngan pa/}$  ^Bib: evil one: {'di las lhag pa ji yod ngan
pa nas 'byung ngo /} anything beyond this comes from the evil one
(Mt. 5:37).

     8) #{gshed ma/}$ ^Bib: a killer demon: {la las ma rangs pa'i
tshig smras nas gshed mas bsad pa ltar/} as the destroying angel
killed some of them after they complained (1 Cor. 10:10)
     ^Bst. 1) A {gshed ma/} is a class of killer demon believed to
take the life of an individual by seizing its life force {srog}
when it is in a deteriorated condition.  The exorcism of a {gshed
ma/} from the home of the deceased is known as {za 'dre kha
sgyur/}, (turning away the mouth of the eating demon).  Though a
{gshed ma/} is what causes the death of an individual, its exorcism
is known as the exorcism of a {'dre/} (KTM), 2) a derogatory name
for oppressive rulers, meaning "one who is completely selfish and
without reason" (AMD). 

     Related Terms: a small sample of terms for evil spirits
includes: 1) {lha 'dre gdug pa can/} an evil spirit (DBG 239); 2)
{ma mo/} a class of wrathful protector goddesses (TRI 201); 3) {glu
gnyan/} malignant or harmful nagas (TRI 9); 4) {mkha' 'gro/} a
dakini, witch, or goddess; 5) {btsan/} a type of spirit living in
mountains which may become familiar spirits for an oracle or shaman
(TRI 210); 6) {sri/} an evil spirit born of a resurrected corpse
(TRI 288); 7) {phra men ma/} vampire witches (BLI 396); 8) {'byung
mo/} a demoness  {'byung mo bcu gnyis kyi bzlas pa byas pas zhag
dang po la sa g.yos/} twelve demonesses shook the earth (BLI 396
no. 78); 9) {srin po/} a class of large cannibal demons, one of
whom (a female {srin mo/}) is supposed to be the mother of the
Tibetan race (see ADAM); 10) {gnyan/} or {gnyan khra/} a class of
demigods; 11) {gnod sbyin/} a class of harmful spirits (TRI 155),
believed to inhabit roads and mountain passes; they must be
propitiated by travelers (EBN); 12) {ro lang /} the spirit of a
dead person returned to earth = a ghost; also a spirit which
occupies a dead body (TRI 263); {ro langs rgyag pa/} to restore {ro
langs rgyag pa'i rgyal rabs/} the restored monarchy (SBC-1, p. 61);
13) {grul bum/} a vampire-like demigod (TRI 40); 14) {sha za/} a
type of hungry ghost (preta) (TRI 272); 15) {sha khon/} a vengeful
spirit (TRI 272); 16) {srung mo/} one of the fierce protector
demonesses of Tibet.%

!EXALT@

     1) #{'phags/}$  ^Bib: to be raised or exalted: {nam mkha' las
kyang 'phags pa/} exalted above the heavens (Heb. 7:26), {dkon
mchog gis/,,/mtshan rnams yongs las mtho ba'i mtshan/,,/khong la
gnang zhing 'phags par mdzad/} God exalted him to the highest place
and gave him the name that is above every name (Phil. 2:9). 
     ^Bst. Sublime, noble, or exalted; may be used of high lamas,
a doctrine, or a student outstanding in his class (AMD). Hence
{'phags pa/} is a common written term for boddhisattva.  As an
honorific, it is often applied to: 1) doctrines: {'phags pa'i bden
pa bzhi/} the four noble truths of Bsm. (CNG 28), {'phags lam yan
lag brgyad/} the noble eightfold path (CNG 116), {'phags pa'i nor
bdun/} the seven sublime treasures (SGN 16); 2) Bst. lamas or
saints: {'phags pa/} a so-called Aryan individual; a person who
through study and meditation obtains the power of direct perception
of the true or real through yogic perception (TRC 73), {'phags pa
lha/} Aryadeva, a disciple of Nagarjuna (TRC 25), {dbu 'dzin khyad
du 'phags pa kun gzigs pan chen er te ni sku phreng bcu pa/} an
outstanding leader, the 10th Panchen Lama (MHP 7), {'phags pa klu
sgrub/} Nagarjuna (TRI 177); 3) Bst. gods: {'phags pa'i sku/} [lit.
exalted body] Chenresi (HTE 190), {'phags pa nam mkha'i rgyal po/}
the sublime king of the sky (HTE 196), {byang chubs sems dpa' chen
po 'phags pa spyan ras gzigs/} the superior Avalokiteshvara
(Chenresi) (HSU 166); 4) religious places: {'phags pa'i yul/} India
(KPU 2), {pha ri si'i 'phags ma'i mchod khang /} Notre Dame
Cathedral in Paris (SBC-1 62).
     ^Sec. 1) one who is accomplished or superior: {lam lugs khyad
du 'phags pa/} accomplished in ways and customs (KTM), {stobs shugs
bla na 'phags pa/} higher than any other in strength and ability
(KTM); 2) above all, supremely: {rang nyid sems can gzhan las khyad
par 'phags pa'i 'gro ba mi'i khyim tshang gi nang mi zhig yin pa'i
sems khur 'dzin mkhan/} one who sees himself above all as a member
of the human family (DLP 16).

     Cognates: 1) {'phags mchog} sublime (HTE 200); 2) {'phags
skad/} Sanskrit; 3) {phul tu phyin pa/} accomplished (KTM).%

     2) #{mtho bar byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}  ^Bib:
to raise, lift up, exalt: {rang mtho bar byed pa de dma' bar 'gyur
'ong /} whoever exalts himself will be humbled (Mt. 23:12), {nam
mkha' rnams las mtho bar mdzad par gyur pa zhig} one who is exalted
above the heavens (Heb. 7:26 SV).  
     ^Bst. To lift up through verbal expression, to exalt, to extol
(KTM).

     Cognates: 1) {mtho ris/} higher rebirth (TRI 127); 2) {ches
mtho/} supreme {ches mtho ba'i sgyu tsal/} supreme art (SBC-1 63);
3) {mtho sar bzhag} put in a high place: {dkon mchog gis khong mtho
sar bzhag ste/} God exalted him to the highest place (Phil. 2:9
SV).%

     3) #{'degs pa/}$ p. {btegs/}, f. {gdeg} imp. {theg}  ^Bib: to
raise up, exalt: {rang 'degs pa de 'bebs par 'gyur/,,rang 'bebs pa
de 'degs par 'gyur ro/} everyone who exalts himself will be
humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted (Lk. 18:14). 

     Related Terms: 1) {snyan grags 'byung ba/} to gain glory,
prestige, or fame: {nga'i lus kyi sgo nas ma shi ka la snyan grags
'byung ba/} Christ will be exalted in my body (Phil. 1:20), {ma shi
ka la nga'i lus nas grags pa chen po 'byung bar re ste/} hope that
Christ will be exalted in my body (Phil. 1:20 SV); 2) {yar rgyas
gong 'phel du gtong ba/} to cause to make progress or advance:
{nyid kyi rgyal srid yar rgyas gong 'phel du gtong ba/} [God had]
exalted his kingdom (2 Sam. 5:12 NTV).%

!EXORCISE@  see DRIVE OUT

!FAITH@  see also BELIEVE

     1) #{dad pa/}$  ^Bib: trust or belief, especially in a
supernatural object; religious faith.  In its Christian sense it
implies complete trust in and reliance upon God: {dad pa ni re ba
byas pa'i dngos po rnams la blo gdeng /} faith is being sure of
what we hope for (Heb. 11:1), {ri spo nus pa'i dad pa/} faith that
is able to move mountains (1 Cor. 13:2), {dad pa'i bka'/} the word
of faith (Rom. 10:8), {dad pa/,,re ba/,,byams pa/} faith, hope, and
love (1 Cor. 13:13), {drang po dad pas 'tsho bar 'gyur/} the
righteous will live by faith (Rom. 1:17), {nga tsho dad pa'i sgo
nas thar/} we are saved by faith (Rom. 5:1), {khyod kyi dad pas
khyod thar ba yin/} your faith has saved you (Mk. 10:52), {ye shu
la dad mkhan/} those who have faith in Jesus (Rom. 3:26), {dad pa'i
sgo nas sa ra yis zhal chad mdzad mkhan bslu med lags par yid ches
pas/} by faith Sarah believed him who had made the promise (Heb.
11:11). 
     ^Bst.  {dad pa/} implies: 1) belief in the basic Bst.
doctrines such as the four truths and the 8-fold path; 2) belief in
one's spiritual teacher.  Faith is taught to be the root of all
spiritual achievement (JPG 106) and its absence {ma dad pa/} is
counted as an affliction.  Four types of faith are distinguished in
the Bst. scriptures: 1) {yid ches pa'i dad pa/} or "convinced
faith" is the fruit of rational analysis of a proposition. An
individual with this kind of faith is one who has examined the
truth of a proposition (normally karma or the four noble truths)
and is convinced of its truth (KTM), or one who has seen the good
qualities of his spiritual teacher and become convinced that the
teacher is a Buddha (JPG 107); 2) {dang ba'i dad pa/} or "pure
faith" is a fully trusting, naive, contented, childlike faith
(KTM); 3) {mngon 'dod kyi dad pa/} or "longing faith" is a faith
which sees good qualities in another and wants to emulate them (JPG
107); 4) {phyir mi ldog pa'i dad pa/} or "irreversible faith" is a
final, convinced, experienced faith which is beyond doubt and the
ultimate goal of the Bst (KTM).  Faith is not spontaneous, but must
be cultivated (JPG 196).  Examples of faith include: {rgyal po de
sangs rgyas la dad pa chen po skyes/} the king had great faith in
the Buddha (SGN 14), {sangs rgyas la dad pa skyes nas skyabs su
bzung /} he had faith in the Buddha and took refuge (SGN 18),
{nga'i dad pa rten po med pas/} because my faith was not firm
(DPD), {dad pa'i yul/} an object of faith (TRC 199).

     Cognates: 1) {dad pa log pa/} perverse faith or unbelief:
{mang po dad pa log par 'gyur/} many will turn away from the faith
(Mt. 24:10); 2) {dad med/} lack of faith: {de rnams kyi dad med la
ngo mtshar 'khrungs so/}  he was amazed at their lack of faith (Mk.
6:6); 3) {rmongs dad/} [lit. ignorance + faith] superstition: {bkas
bkod rgyud 'dzin rmongs dad/} feudal superstition.%

     2) #{yid ches/}$  ^Bib: trust, reliance, or confidence; often
but not always of a lower or more general type than the trusting,
devotional faith implied by {dad pa/} : {khyed kyi yid ches bzhin
du gyur cig} according to your faith will it be done to you (Mt.
9:29), {de rnams kyi yid ches la gzigs nas/} when Jesus saw their
faith (Lk. 5:20), {nga tshor dkon mchog gis byams pa shes shing yid
ches so/} we know and rely on the love God has for us (1 Jn. 4:16),
{gtam bden zhing yid ches 'os pa'o/} a [true and] trustworthy
saying that deserves full acceptance (1 Tim. 4:9). 
     ^Bst. {yid ches/} is trust, confidence, or faith {'jigs pa las
skyob pa'i nus pa yod par yid ches te/} to have faith that [{dkon
mchog}] has the power to save from fear (TRC 73), {yid ches brtan
pos re ba shugs chen po byed pa/} to hope with strong, firm faith
(REF 114), {yid ches la sogs pa rgya chen po bskyed dgos/} one
ought to develop great confidence (TRC 164), {yid ches 'os pa/}
that which is trustworthy or can be believed (AMD).
     ^Sec. {khyod kyi nad de drag pa yid ches yod dam/} do you
believe [lit. have faith] that your illness will get better? (DPD),
{yun ring mi dgos par lha sa grong khyer gyi rnam pa shin tu mdzes
sdug ldan pa zhig tu 'gyur thub pa nga la yid ches yod/} I believe
[lit. have faith] that the appearance of Lhasa City will be very
beautiful in the near future (SLR 15).

     Related Terms: 1) {blo gdeng /} confidence, trust (see TRUST);
2) {thugs log} to turn away from faith, backslide, reject a former
belief (EBN).%

!FAITHFUL@

     1) #{drang po/}$  ^Bib: Several terms derived from {drang po/}
convey the idea of faithful in the sense of right, sincere, true,
or honest: 1) {drang po/} honest, righteous: {nga'i gces phrug
drang po ti mo the'u/} my dear son Timothy, who is faithful (1 Cor.
4:17), {zhabs tog pa drang po/} a faithful servant (Eph. 6:21),
{dpang po drang po/} [Jesus Christ] the faithful witness (Rev.
1:5); 2) {blo drang ba/} [lit. mind + sincere], faithful: {nga blo
drang po yin par rtsis nas/} considered me faithful (1 Tim. 1:12),
{blo drang ba'i bla chen/} a faithful high priest (Heb. 2:17); 3)
{sems drang po/} or {thugs drang po/} [hon.] honest, righteous,
faithful: {gtso bo'i ngang na zhabs tog pa sems drang po/} a
faithful servant in the Lord (Eph. 6:21 SV), {mdzad pa po thugs
drang po la 'bul bar byos/} commit themselves to their faithful
Creator (1 Pet. 4:19 SV).

     2) #{dam bcas pa las mi 'gal/}$ [lit. not to break a promise
or a vow] ^Bib: faithful to one's word, reliable, dependable:
{khyed bos pa'i dkon mchog ni dam bcas pa las mi 'gal bas de bzhin
du sgrub par 'gyur ro/} the one who calls you is faithful and he
will do it (1 Thes. 5:24 SV), {bla ma chen po brtse ba dang ldan
zhing dam bcas pa las mi 'gal ba zhig} a merciful and faithful high
priest (Heb. 2:17 SV), {mo she ni khong gi pho brang thams cad kyi
nang na dam bcas pa las ma 'gal ba ltar/} as Moses was faithful in
all God's house (Heb. 3:2 SV), {zhal bzhes mdzad mkhan ni dam bcas
pa las 'gal ba ma lags pas/} he who promised is faithful (Heb.
10:23 SV), {dpang po dam bcas pa las mi 'gal zhing bden pa/} the
faithful and true witness (Rev. 3:14 SV).

     Cognates: {dam bcas pa las 'gal ba/} faithless {blo gros med
pa dang /,,dam bcas pa las 'gal ba/} [they are] they are senseless
[and] faithless (Rom. 1:31 SV).%

     3) #{bka' las mi 'gal/}$ [lit. not to go back on one's word]
true to what one has promised, faithful:  {dkon mchog ni bka' las
mi 'gal te/} God is faithful (1 Cor. 1:9 SV), {ma shi ka'i g.yog po
bka' la mi 'gal ba zhig yin/} a faithful minister of Christ (Col.
1:7 SV), {ma shi ka ye shu nga bka' las mi 'gal bar dgongs/} Christ
Jesus considered me faithful (1 Tim. 1:12 SV), {khong ni rang gi
bka' las mi 'gal zhing thugs drang po lags pas/} He is faithful and
just (1 Jn. 1:9 SV).

     Cognates: {bka' las 'gal/} faithless {nga tsho bka' las 'gal
na/} if we are faithless (2 Tim. 2:13 SV).%

     4) #{bka' las mi 'da'/}$ [lit. not to go beyond one's word]
faithful: {dkon mchog gis bka' las mi 'da' ste/} God is faithful (1
Cor. 10:13 SV), {dkon mchog ni rang gi bka' las mi 'da' bas/,,nged
kyis khyod cag la smras pa ni yin min gyi gtam ma yin no/} as
surely as God is faithful, our message to you is not "Yes" and "No"
(2 Cor. 1:18 SV).

     5) #{'gyur med/}$ [lit. change + not] ^Bib: unchanging,
constant, faithful: {khong 'gyur med dang drang po lags pas/} He is
faithful and just (1 Jn. 1:9), {nga tsho 'gyur kyang khong mi
'gyur/} though we change, he remains faithful (2 Tim. 2:13), {'gyur
ba med pa'i mdzad pa po/} faithful Creator (1 Pet. 4:19), {der
'chibs mkhan la mi 'gyur ba dang bden pa zhu'o/} its rider was
called faithful and true (Rev. 19:11). 

     6) #{brtan pa/}$  ^Bib: steadfast, firm, unwavering: {smon lam
la brtan par gnas shig} be faithful in prayer (Rom. 12:12), {'chi
ba la thug kyang brtan por gnas shig} be faithful, even to the
point of death (Rev. 2:10). 


     7) #{bslu med/}$  [lit. tempt, seduce + not] ^Bib: not
deceptive; trustworthy, dependable, reliable: {gtso bo ni slu med
lags pas/} the Lord is faithful (2 Thes. 3:3), {dkon mchog slu med
lags pa ltar/} as God is faithful (2 Cor. 1:18). 
     ^Bst. The Bst. god Chenresi is described as {bslu ba med pa/}
meaning that he is not deceptive, but trustworthy. When one "takes
refuge", the object of faith should be something which is {bslu med
pa/} (KTM).

     Related Terms: 1) {dam tshig nyams pa/} [lit. vow + break] to
be unfaithful to a vow or command: {mi de'i dam tshig nyams pa des
dkon mchog gi dam tshig de nyams par bya'am/} will their
unfaithfulness negate God's faithfulness? (Rom. 3:3); 2) {rtag tu
'debs pa/} persistent, constant: {smon lam rtag tu 'debs pa/}
faithful in prayer (Rom. 12:12 SV); 3) {blo skyel ba/} to depend or
rely upon,trustworthy: {'di ru gnyer pa rnams ni blo skyel bar nus
pa'i mi yin par dgos/} it is required that those who have been
given a trust must prove faithful (1 Cor. 4:2 SV); 4) {blo gtad
can/} one who is trustworthy: {bdag gi gces pa'i phru gu blo gtad
can de khyod cag gi drung du btang ngo /} I am sending to you my
son whom I love, who is faithful in the Lord (1 Cor. 4:17 SV); 5)
{srung /} to keep or observe: {nga'i kha chad de dag gis ma bsrungs
pas/} they did not remain faithful to my covenant (Heb. 8:9 SV); 6)
{g.yo ba med pa/} unwavering (KTM); 7) {slu/} to fool, to deceive;
see TEMPT; 8) {mgo skor btang /} to trick (KTM).%

!FATHER@

     1) #{yab/}$ [hon.]  ^Bib: father: {ab ra ham nga cag gi yab
yin/} Abraham is our father (Mt. 3:9), {khyod tsho'i nam mkha'i
yab/} your heavenly Father (Mt. 5:48).
     ^Bst. Spiritual fatherhood is recognized in Bsm; hence the
honorific term {yab/} may be applied to: 1) lamas: {rje yab sras
gsum/} are the three 14th century monks {rje bdag nyid chen po/}
Tsong Khapa, {rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen/} Darma Rinchen, and
{mkhas grub dge legs dpal bzang /} Gelek Palsang (SGC 266); 2) the
Dalai Lama/Chenresi {kun mkhyen yab sras brgyud pa rin po che/} the
precious lineage of the all-knowing father and son (HTE 208); 3)
male tantric deities (TRI 248) adorned with six ornaments, the so-called {yab kyi phyag rgya drug} (CNG 83); 4) as well as being an
honorific term for biological father: {pan chen rin po che nyid kyi
yab/} the father of the Panchen Lama (MHP 8).

     2) #{pha/}$  ^Bib: the ordinary written and spoken term for
father: {pha ze bad ya mnyam du gru'i nang na/} with their father
Zebedee in a boat (Mt. 4:21), {sngon du nga'i pha dur du 'jug par
'gro ba'i dgongs pa gnong /} first let me go and bury my father
(Mt. 8:21).
     ^Sec. {khong gi pha ni na pho lun gyi lag 'og gi dmag dpon
chen po zhig yin/} his father was a general in Napoleon's army
(SBC-1 61).

     Related Terms: 1) {pha mes/} ancestor, forefather: {pha mes
kyi gtam rgyud rnams/} the traditions of [my] fathers (Gal. 1:14
SV), {pha mes kyi spyod lam snying po med pa/} the empty way of
life [handed down to you from] your forefathers (1 Pet. 1:18 SV);
2) {mes po/} ancestor, forefather: {nged rnams kyi mes po ab ra
ham/} our forefather Abraham (Rom. 4:1 SV), {nged rnams kyi mes po
i sag} our father Isaac (Rom. 9:10 SV).%

!FAULT@  see also ACCUSE, BLASPHEMY, CURSE, SLANDER, SIN

     1) #{skyon/}$  ^Bib: a fault, defect, or sin.  The Christian
sense of the term implies lack of conformity to God's law and
consequent guilt, a sense not found in Bsm. {de nang skyon gzigs
pas/} seeing faults in them (Heb. 8:8), {bla chen dag gis khong la
nyes skyon mang po bkal/} the chief priests accused him of many
things [lit. crimes and faults] (Mk. 15:3). 
     ^Bst.  In Bsm. faults are usually seen as stains or removable 
imperfections rather than as moral transgressions or sins.  All lay
Bsts. are believed to have four faults: birth in cyclic existence,
seeking salvation for private peace, obstructions to meditative
practice, and obstructions to omniscience (KTM).  1) In a general
sense, {skyon/} is a term for defect or flaw:  {skyon can/} 
damaged, {skyon gnod/} sabotage, {skyon cha/} fault, {kha dog gi
sgo nas skyon yod med/} to see by means of its color whether there
is a defect in refined gold (TRC 184), {spyi tshogs rnying pa'i lam
srol skyon cha/} the faulty customs of the old society (RRT 283 n.
25).  2) In a Bst. sense {skyon/} is often used of errors in
meditative technique: {skyon du bltas te/} seeing as a fault [in
technique of meditation] (TRC 201), or of something that is simply
objectionable and therefore faulty {ngan song gi sdug bsngal la
skyon du mthong nas/} seeing as objectionable the suffering of
those gone to evil destinies (TRC 217);  3) {skyon/} may also be
used of non-virtuous acts or moral errors: {ngoms pa med pa'i
skyon/} the fault of dissatisfaction (TRC 260), {sangs rgyas kyi
chos nas gsungs pa'i skyon dang yon tan/} the faults and the good
qualities which are taught in the doctrine of the Buddha (TRC 167),
{sems bzang gting nas dkar kyang skyon du rtsi/} if your mind is
truly good and pure, they will judge it a defect (HTE 176).

     Proverbs: 1) {rang skyon mi mthong mi skyon ston le 'dra/} I
don't see my own faults, yet I point out those of others (KPU 35),
{skyes mchog rang gi skyon la lta/,,skye bo ngan pa gzhan skyon
tshol/} the noble look upon their own faults, the wicked seek the
faults of others (CTL 220, n. 23); 2) {skyon spong dge bsgrub/}
abandon faults and cultivate virtues (TQP 32).

     2) #{nyes pa/}$  ^Bib: evil, sin, offense, transgression:
{nged kyis gzhan nyes sel ba ltar/} as we have forgiven others'
sins (Mt. 6:12), {skyon med dang nyes med/} without fault or defect
(Phil. 2:15). 
     ^Bst. 1) moral responsibility or blame: {sman pas ma nyes sman
gyis ma nyes te/,,nad pa de nyid kyis ni nyes pa yin/} it is not
the fault of the physician or the medicine, but of the sick man
himself (TRC 77); 2) a character defect or a moral fault: {nyes pa
mi smra rgyal sras lag len yin/} not to mention faults is the
practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 26); 3) a defect or mistake
in technique: {nyes pa lnga/} the five meditative faults: {le lo/}
laziness, {gdams ngag brjed pa/} forgetting instructions, {bying
rgod/} dullness and agitation, {mngon 'du mi byed pa/} non-application of antidotes, {mngon par 'du byed pa/} over-application
of antidotes (TRI 95); 4) violation of a vow: {nyes byas bzhi bcu
zhe drug} the forty six faults (transgressions of boddhisattva vows
(TRI 95); 5) a crime or sin: {srog bcad pa'i nyes pa/} the sin of
killing (DPD), {log g.yem byas na de bas nyes pa che/} to commit
adultery is a great sin (DPD), {chang de nyes pa kun kyi rtsa ba
yin/} [drinking] beer is the root of all evil (DPD); 6) evil in
general: {legs pas nyes pa pham par gyis/} overcome evil with
goodness (DMP 114).

     Cognates: {nyes chad/} punishment, {nyes pa can/} or {nyes
can/} criminal (AMD), {nyes bya/} monetary fine, penalty.%

     3) #{ltung ba/}$ [lit. fall]  ^Bib: a moral fall or fault:
{nyams sad nang mi ltung ba'i phyir/} so that you will not fall
into temptation (Mt. 26:41), {ltung ba rnams la drag po ste/}
sternness to those who fell (Rom. 11:22), {sha za ba dang chang
'thung ba sogs khyed kyi spun ltung ba'i rgyu spong ba legs/} it is
better not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything else that
will cause your brother to fall (Rom. 14:21), {bud med de bslus par
gyur te sdig pa'i nang ltung ba yin/} it was the woman who was
deceived and became a sinner (1 Tim. 2:14).
     ^Bst. {ltung ba/} is a violation of religious, and especially
monastic rules or vows, of which there are five classes: {ltung ba
lnga/} and four causes: {ltung ba 'byung ba'i sgo bzhi/} (CNG 39). 
When a {ltung ba/} occurs, it must be confessed {ltung bshags/}
(TRI 112); see CONFESS.

     Related Terms: 1) {bka' bkyon mdzad/} to find fault: {bka'
bkyon mi mdzad par thams cad la lhag par gnang ba'i dkon mchog}
God, who gives generously to all without finding fault (Jas. 1:5);
2) {skyon med pa/} faultless: {bka' khrims kyi drang ba nyid la
bltas nas skyon med pa zhig} as for legalistic righteousness,
faultless (Phil. 3:6 SV); 3) {skyon rnyed/} [lit. fault + find]
{'on kyang skyon rnyed/} but [God] found fault [with the people]
(Heb. 8:8 SV); 4) {mi nor ba/} not at fault, not making mistakes:
{su yang tshig gis kyang mi nor ba/} if anyone is never at fault in
what he says (Jas. 3:2 SV); 5) {dri ma med pa/} faultless, pure,
holy: {dkon mchog gi sras dri ma med par/} children of God without
fault (Phil. 2:15).%     

!FEAR@

     1) #{'jigs/}$  ^Bib: the most general term for a state of
fear.  In a Christian sense it implies awe of and reverence for
God, but other types of fear are also mentioned in the Bible: 1)
fear of men: {mi rnams la 'jigs pas/} they feared the people (Mk.
11:32), {'jig rten gyi lugs su dpon po yin pa rnams la/,,'jigs
shing 'dar gyin blo drang pos kha la nyon/} obey your earthly
masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart (Eph.
6:5), {rgyal po'i khro ba la ma 'jigs par/} not fearing the king's
anger (Heb. 11:27);  2) fear of the supernatural: {de mthong ste
tshabs nas 'jigs so/} on seeing [the angel], he was terrified (Lk.
1:12), {'dre'o zer zhing 'jigs pas 'bod bsgrags so/} "It's a
ghost," they said, and cried out in fear (Mt. 14:26), {'jigs shing
'dar zhing rang gi thar pa sgrubs shig} work out your salvation
with fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12), {mo shes kyang nga 'jigs
shing 'dar ro/} Moses said, "I am trembling with fear." (Heb.
12:21); 3) fear of God: {dkon mchog la mi 'jigs sam/} don't you
fear God? (Lk. 23:40), {nga tshos gtso bo la 'jigs par shes nas/}
we know what it is to fear the Lord (2 Cor. 5:11), {dkon mchog la
'jigs shig,,/rgyal po la gus shig} fear God, honor the king (1 Pet.
2:17); 4) fear of future events: {'du khang gi khyu nas 'bud pa'i
'jigs pas/} for fear they would be put out of the synagogue (Jn.
12:42). 
     ^Bst. 1) fear of physical harm: {chu logs la 'jigs so rung
ba/} it is appropriate to fear a flood (KTM); 2) fear of future
events: {'tsho ba med pa'i 'jigs pa/} fear of not finding a means
of livelihood, {mi bsngags pa'i 'jigs pa/} fear of not being
praised, {'khor gyi 'jigs pa/} fear of not finding followers, {ngan
'gro'i 'jigs pa/} fear of lower rebirths (TRI 87), {ngan song gi
sdug bsngal sogs kyi 'jigs pa/} fear of the sufferings in the three
evil destinies (TRC 73). 3) The fear of death and suffering is
important in Bsm. as a motivator of religious practice: {skyes bu
chung ngu'i mchog zer yag de ni/,,tshe 'di ring du mi gnas pa dang
/,,dge sdig gi las 'bras la yid ches rnyed nas phyi ma ngan song la
skye ba blang gi dogs pas 'jigs shing skrag} the so-called superior
small individual [is one who] sees that this life does not last
long and has faith in karma and fears an evil rebirth (TRC 217). 
Deliverance from this fear is the province of the lamas who read
the famous Bardo Thodol text: {thos sgrol de thos pa dang /,,'jigs
pa las sgrol kyi yod pas na thos grol zhes brjod pa yin/} because
it is heard and because it delivers from fear, it is called the
Bardo Thodol (DPD).  The Buddhas (who are fearless) and {dkon mchog
gsum/} also deliver from fear: {dkon mchog gsum gyis gzhan 'jigs pa
las skyob pa'i tshul ni/,,dper na/,,nad drag pos zin pa'i nad pa
zhig gi nad kyi 'jigs pa las skyob pa la nad kyi ngo bo rgyu dang
bcas pa dang /,,de las thar ba'i thabs sman bcos sogs la shin tu
mkhas shing /,,sman la sogs pa thabs mkhas kyis bster bar byed
mkhan gyi em rje mkhas pas nad pa'i sdug bsngal las skyob bar byed
pa de bzhin du sangs rgyas bcom ldan 'das kyis kyang sems can gyi
sdug bsngal rgyu dang bcas pa ji lta ba bzhin du ma khyen cing
/,,de las thar ba'i thabs la ma zab mo phyin ci ma log bar ston
pa'i sgo nas 'gro sdug bsngal las skyob pa mdzad gnang gi yod pa
red/} The way in which the three jewels save others from fear is,
for example, as follows: Just as a man seized by fear due to a
serious illness may be freed from his fear by a doctor highly
skilled in a treatment which frees from the nature and causes of
the disease, so the Buddha also, knowing exactly the misery of
living creatures and its cause, delivers beings from misery by way
of teaching without error the deep path which is the method of
release (TRC 76).
     Tibetans unfamiliar with the Bible may regard the phrase {dkon
mchog la 'jigs mkhan/} (God-fearer) as inappropriate, since in
{dkon mchog} there is nothing of which to be afraid (AMD).

     Cognates: 1) {'jigs snang /} fear: {'jigs snang skye ba'i
gnas/} a fearful place (TRC 218), {'jigs snang dang dngangs
'tshab/} fear and tension (DLP 1); 2) {'jigs dngangs/} = {'jigs
snang /} fearful: {'jigs dngangs dang ngo lkog sbas gsang ma dgos
pa/} need not be fearful, deceitful, or secretive (RRT 282 n. 23);
3) {ma 'jigs par/} fearlessly: (Phil. 1:14); 4) {mi 'jigs pa/}
fearlessness, an attribute of the Buddhas: (KBT 72); 5) {'jigs
byed/} one of the three principal tantric texts of the Gelugpas;
collectively known as the {gsang bde 'jigs gsum/}; 6) {'jigs nyen/}
[lit. fear + danger] threat: {rdul phran gyi 'jigs nyen/} the
nuclear threat (DLP 7).%

     2) #{skrag}$  ^Bib: to be violently afraid, terrified: {skrags
te mig phur tshugs su bltas nas/} [Cornelius] stared at him in fear
(Acts 10:4), {nye gnas rnams kyis khong mtsho'i khar zhabs 'chag pa
mthong nas skrag ste/} when the disciples saw him walking on the
lake, they were terrified (Mt. 14:26).  
     ^Bst. 1) intense fear, terror: {skrag nas snying rtsa 'dar/}
to shake in the very heart from fear, {de dag la mi skrag pa/} not
terrified of them (TRC 360); 2) fear of suffering and death, which
motivates religious practice:  {sdug bsngal thams cad la snying nas
skrag cing /,,de las skyob pa'i nus pa dkon mchog gsum la yod pa'i
yid ches brtan pos re ba shugs chen po byed pa la/,,skyabs 'gro zer
ba red/,,dper na/,,phru gu lo lnga drug tsam son pa shig,,khyi gtum
po zhig gis ded pa'i skabs/,,phru gu de khyi de la shin tu skrag
cing /,,de las skyob pa'i nus pa pha ma la yod yid ches brtan pos
re ba shugs chen po byed pa dang 'dra ba yin/}  Being deeply
fearful of all suffering and firmly believing with a strong hope
that the three jewels have power to save from suffering is called
going for refuge.  It is like, for example, when a 5 or 6 year old
child is pursued by a fierce dog. He is terrified of the dog, and
firmly believes that his parents can save him from it (REF 115). 
The Buddhas are believed to be immune from fear {sems la sgrib pa
med cing skrag pa med/} [boddhisattvas] have no mental obscurations
and no fear (HSU 168).

     Proverbs: {mdun du spyang kir skrag pa dang/,,rgyab tu stag la
skrag pa/} to fear a wolf from the front and a tiger from the rear
- i.e. to be terrified (KTM).

     Cognates: {dngangs skrag} panic (DLP 3).%

     3) #{'jigs skrag}$  [lit. fear + terror] ^Bib: to be
terrified, panic stricken, greatly afraid: {'di thos pa thams cad
'jigs skrags so/} great fear seized all who heard what had happened
(Acts 5:5). 
     ^Bst.  {'jigs skrag} used of supernatural fear: {de'i ring la
bar do'i lha tshogs zhi ba dang khro bo mang po mthong snang du
'jigs skrags skyed/} while in the Bardo, the [soul is] terrified by
the appearance of its various gods (DPD).

     4) #{dogs pa/}$  ^Bib: to be apprehensive, concerned, worried,
or afraid of a future event (also suspicious or doubtful): {rang gi
las mngon gyis dogs pas/} fears that his deeds will be exposed (Jn.
3:20), {sir ti ru 'khyer dogs kyis/} fearing they would run aground
on Syrtis (Acts 27:17), {khyed tsho'i 'dod pa bzhin nga med par
mthong gis dogs so/} I am afraid you may not find me as you want me
to be (2 Cor. 12:20).  
     ^Bst. {re dogs/} hopes and fears (HTE 178), {da ni su la'ang
mi re mi dogs so/} now have no hope or doubts about anyone (HTE
178).

     Cognates: {dogs zon/} to watch out for: {g.yo sgyur dogs zon
dgos/} watch out for deceit (KPU 15), {dras pa'i mi de dag la dogs
zon byos shig} watch out for those mutilators of the flesh (Phil.
3:2 SV).%

     5) #{bag byed pa/}$  ^Bib: to be reverentially or respectfully
afraid or apprehensive; also to be timid: {khyed dkon mchog la bag
byed pa'i zhabs phyi/} you God-fearing servants (Rev. 19:5), {dkon
mchog la gus pa'i bag byed/} holy fear (Heb. 11:7 SV).

     Cognates: 1) {bag yod/} restrained or prudent; 2) {bag med/}
[lit. no fear] a person who has no fear of authority; heedless,
reckless, or imprudent; 3) {bag 'khum/} intimidated, cowardly; 4)
{bag srab/} sensitive: {skye bo sems bag srab pa/} a sensitive
person (DLP 1); 5) {bag phebs/} content: {sems bag mi phebs pa/}
mental discontent (DLP 1).%

     Related Terms: {zhed pa/} to be scared.%

!FELLOWSHIP@ 

     1) #{'grogs/}$ ^Bib: to befriend or associate with; by
extension, to have fellowship: 1) to have fellowship with God:
{gtso bo ye shu ma shi ka dang 'grogs phyir khyed tsho bos par
mdzad pa'i dkon mchog} God, who has called you into fellowship with
his Son Jesus Christ our Lord (1 Cor. 1:9), {dam pa'i thugs nyid
kyi 'grogs lugs/} the fellowship of the Holy Spirit (2 Cor. 13:14);
2) fellowship with man: {nga tsho phan tshun 'grogs pa yin/} we are
in fellowship one with another (1 Jn. 1:7). 
     ^Bst. Bsm. has both a positive and negative view of
association with other people: 1) association with lay people
creates barriers to religious practice and is seen as an obstacle
{gang dang 'grogs na dug gsum 'phel 'gyur/} from associating with
others, the three poisons increase (GSL 8); 2) association with
other Bsts. is viewed positively (see {grogs/}).

     2) #{mnyam grogs/}$  ^Bib: friend, associate, or helper:
{mnyam grogs kyi rtags yin pa'i lag g.yas/} the right hand of
fellowship (Gal. 2:9). 
     ^Bst.  Friendship with and attachment to lay people is an
obstacle to religious practice in Bsm.  However, friendship with
like-minded Bsts. who will encourage religious practice is seen
positively: 1) {mthun pa'i grogs bzang po/} a good companion who is
in agreement with one's religious aims (TRC 198); 2) {zla grogs/}
a close companion {sdig pa spong zhing dge ba sgrub pa'i zla
grogs/} friends who forsake sin and make merit (REF 115), {zla
grogs gzhan la'ang de bzhin du sgrub pa'i bskul grogs byed pa'i sgo
nas 'jigs pa las skyob pa mdzad kyi yod pa red/} it saves from fear
by encouraging other companions also to accomplish [the dharma]
(TRC 76), {skyabs sgrub pa'i zla grogs yang dag pa/} the right
religious companion who offers a refuge (TRC 73).  This kind of
friendship is idealized in the relationship of Bst. doctrine to the
believer {de'i tshe 'khyer rgyu yod pa'i grogs ni dam pa'i chos ma
gtogs med/} at the time [of death] there is no companion other than
the dharma which can carry one along (TRC 228), {'chi ba'i tshe
mtha' gcig tu phan pa'i grogs po ni dam chos dge ba'i las/} the
friend who definitely assists at the time of death is the virtuous
action taught by the noble doctrine (TRC 228), 3) {chos grogs/}
fellow religionists, associates, or disciples; who may be Bst. (SGN
12) or Christian {chos grogs tshos chu tsha po mang po bzos nas
'khrud gsol len sa'i 'jing nang la blugs/} my Christian friends
poured much warm water into the place where I was to be baptized
(DPD).

     Cognates: 1) {grogs po/} friend (DPD); 2) {nye grogs/} a
friend (DLP 14); 3) {snying grogs/} a dear friend (TRC 228); 4)
{nye ba'i mdza' grogs/} a close friend (DLP 14); 5) {sngar 'dris
grogs/} an old friend with whom one is well-acquainted (HTE 210);
6) {rtsed grogs/} playmates (SGN 3); 7) {grogs po phyi rgyal ba
tshos/} foreign friends (MHP 9); 8) {grogs ngan/} bad companions:
{grogs ngan spong ba rgyal sras lag len yin/} to abandon evil
companions is the practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 8); 9)
{las grogs} fellow workers (AMD).%

     Proverbs: 1) {snying gtam snying gi grogs la shod tshod
gyis/,,snga grogs dgong dgrar song ba mang po yod/} watch what
secrets you tell even your close friends, for many are the friends-turned-enemies (KPU 18); 2) {thos pa de ni 'gyur ba med pa'i grogs
kyi mchog lta bu'ang red/} learning [lit. {thos pa/} hearing] is
like the best of friends who doesn't change (TRC 167).

     3) #{mthun 'brel/}$ or {mthun sbrel/} or {mthun lam/} ^Bib:
friendship, good will, fellowship: {mthun 'brel gyi mchod/}
fellowship offering (2 Sam. 6:17 NTV).
     ^Sec. {mi dmangs dang mthun lam byed/} live peaceably with
others (DPD).

     Related Terms: 1) {yid mthun pa/} people who have the same
qualities or characteristics and can become friends (AMD); 2)
{mthun pa/} to be like-minded, in agreement, close to someone:
(KTM); 3) {'chams pa/} to be compatible, to get along well; 4)
{mdza' ba/} to be close.%

!FLESH@  see also BODY

     1) #{sha/}$  [lit. meat, flesh]  ^Bib: 1) meat: {zhi bde'i
mchod pa'i sha/} the meat of the peace offering (Lev. 7:15); 2)
physical flesh: {'dre la sha dang rus pa med/} a ghost does not
have flesh and bones (Lk. 24:39), {mi'i sha rigs so so/,,dud 'gro'i
sha so so/,,nya'i sha so so/,,'dab chags kyi sha so so yin no/} men
have one kind of flesh, animals have another, birds another and
fish another (1 Cor. 15:39 SV); 3) the natural part of human beings
{nga tshos sha dang khrag la mi 'thab kyi/} we do not struggle
against flesh and blood (Eph. 6:12), {sha khrag dang ldan pa la
dkon mchog gi rgyal srid kyi thob skal med/} flesh and blood cannot
inherit the kingdom of God (1 Cor. 15:50); 4) a representation of
Christ: {bag leb de nga'i sha yin/} this bread is my flesh (Jn.
6:51); 5) {sha rus/} physical relation: {nga tsho ni khyed kyi sha
rus dang 'brel yod pa yin/} we are your own flesh and blood (2 Sam.
5:1 NTV).
     ^Bst. 1) meat: {dam tshig gi rdzas sha lnga/} [lit. the five
meats of commitment] human, elephant, cow, dog, horse (CNG 67),
{nya sha/} fish flesh (TRC 259), {sha rdog} a piece of meat (KPU
30), {sha rigs/} the various types of meat to be found in a market
(SLR 11), {tshag sha dang lug sha/} beef and mutton (SLR 12), {phag
sha/} pork (SLR 12); 2) flesh in general: {sems can bsad pa'i sha
khrag gis mchod sbyin byed pa/} ceremonial offering of the bloody
flesh of slaughtered animals (TRC 96), {nang sha khrag thad pa'i
rus 'bur/} bones protruding from wasted inner flesh (TRC 271).

     2) #{lus/}$  ^Bib: a living physical body: {bka' de sku lus
ldan par sprul/} the Word became [lit. appeared in] the flesh (Jn.
1:14), {lus nas skyes pa ni lus yin/,,thugs nyid las skyes pa ni
thugs nyid yin/} flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives
birth to spirit (Jn. 3:6), {tsher ma zhig nga'i lus kyi nang /} a
thorn in my flesh (2 Cor. 12:7), {lus la bltas te blo gdeng byed
pa'i rgyu/} cause to put confidence in the flesh (Phil. 3:4), {ye
shu ma shi ka sku lus bzhes pa/} Jesus Christ [came] in the flesh
(1 Jn. 4:2).  
     ^Bst. 1) human body: {lus kyi yan lag lnga/} the five members
of the body are {mgo} head, {lag pa gnyis/} two arms, {rkang pa
gnyis/} two legs (CNG 60), {lus dang sems gnyis ka/} both body and
mind (TRC 202), {lus ngag yid gsum/} body, speech, and mind (TRC
244), {sems dang lus po rang rang so so red/} body and mind are
separate (KPU 5), {gser lus tsam zhig sprad/} to give the weight of
one's body in gold (TRC 153), {tshe 'di'i lus srog bral bar byed
thub pa/} able to separate the life-force from the body (TRC 286);
2) a general term for the body of a human, animal, or supernatural
being: {tshe gcig lus gcig} one body for each lifetime (KTM), {lha
dang mi'i lus/} the body of a god or man (TRC 165), {yi dwags kyi
lus/} the body of a yidag (TRC 260), {rma bya'i lus/} the body of
a peacock (KPU 35); 3) extended meanings: {lus srog la gnod pa/}
harm to life and limb (TRC 50), {lus kyi dka' thub/} physical
austerities (TRC 96), {lus khams bde srung gi bya ba/} preventive
health work (BFT 21), {rang gi lus sa la phab ste/} prostrating
himself (SGN 15), {lus zha bo/} a cripple (TRC 5), {lus bcad pa/}
maimed (TRC 272).

     3) #{gzugs/}$  [lit. form, shape]  ^Bib: body, form:  ^Bib:
{gzugs thams cad gcig pa min/} all flesh is not the same (1 Cor.
15:39).
     ^Bst. 1) the human body: {gzugs po'i bde thang la gces pa/} to
take care of the well being of the body (KTM), {gzugs po che chung
/} body size (TRC 216), {gzugs ring po/} tall (DPD); 2) in
philosophy, form; all changeable things are {gzugs/} (AMD): {ming
dang gzugs/} name and form - one of the twelve links of internal
dependent-arising (KBT 36), {gzugs khams/} the form realm (KBT
117), {gzugs med khams/} the formless region (TRC 272), {gzugs
stong pa'o/,,/stong pa nyid gzugs so/} form is empty, emptiness is
form (HSU 167), {gzugs kyi sku dang /,,chos kyi sku/} form body and
dharma body (CNG 8); 3) extended meanings: {gzugs brnyan/} image
(LKT 2), {gzugs can snying po/} King Bimbisara (SGN 14).

!FORGIVE@  see also ATONEMENT, CLEAN, JUST, PERFECTION

     1) #{sel ba/}$ p. {bsal/} [lit. to clear, blot out, or remove]
^Bib: used in compounds to mean complete removal or forgiveness of
sins or offenses: {sdig pa sel ba/} to forgive sin {khyod kyi sdig
pa sel ba yin/} your sins are forgiven (Mt. 9:2), {sdig pa sel ba'i
phyir/,,'gyod tshangs kyi khrus kyi chos bshad/} preaching a
baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins (Mk. 1:4), {nged
kyis gzhan nyes sel ba ltar/,,/nged kyi sdig pa sel bar mdzod/}
forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors (Mt.
6:12), {sdig pa dang skur pa thams cad sel bar 'gyur/} every sin
and blasphemy will be forgiven men (Mt. 12:31). 
     Other compounds of {sel ba/} indicate clearance or forgiveness
of many types of offense: 1) {'khon sel ba/} to forgive grudges {su
dang 'khon yod na sel zhig} if you hold anything against anyone,
forgive him (Mk. 11:25); 2) {bsam pa sel ba/} evil thoughts: {khyod
kyi snying gi bsam pa de sel ba/} he will forgive you for having
such a thought in your heart (Acts 8:22 23); 3) {sdig sgrib/}
evils, obscurations {mis mi rigs par byas pa 'dag cing /,,/sdig
sgrib bsal bar mdzad na bde/} blessed are they whose transgressions
are forgiven, whose sins are covered (Rom. 4:7 SV); 4) {skyon sel
ba/} faults {ma shi kas khyed kyi skyon bsal ba ltar/} as the Lord
forgave you (Col. 3:13 SV); 5) {nyes pa sel ba/} transgressions:
{su yi nyes pa bsal mdzad de/,,/nyes sdig sel ba'i mi rnams bde'o/}
blessed are they whose transgressions are forgiven, whose sins are
covered (Rom. 4:7). 
     ^Bst.  1) {sdig pa sel ba/} is to wipe away or remove faults
committed through ignorance or imperfect religious practice.  The
underlying idea is cleaning up or removing stains from something
that is fundamentally perfect, as in wiping dirt from a mirror.  In
Bsm. this is accomplished through religious practice, and it is in
this sense that Chenresi or the Dalai Lama are said to remove sins. 
Prayers for such forgiveness are not unknown (MTB 196).  2) The
term is also used of Bst. practice as a means of clearing up or
removing suffering: {gnod pa dang sdug bsngal thams cad sel bar
byed pa/} to clear away all suffering and harm (TRC 330); or
clearing away ignorance: {gti mug gi mun pa sel ba/} clearing away
the darkness of ignorance (TRC 166); 3) {sel ba/} is a technical
term in Bst. logic, meaning all things except one specified (TRI
287).

     Cognates: 1) {nad sel ba/} to cure a disease: {nad sel ba'i
sman la zhim po med/} medicine which takes away sickness is not
tasty (KTM), {glog par nang la nad med pa bsal po stan to/} the x-ray was clear of disease (DPD); 2) {dka' rnyog sel ba/} to solve
problems (DLP 4).%

     2) #{bzod pa/}$  ^Bib: to forgive or pardon offenses at the
human, rather than the supernatural, level:  1) normally used of
people forgiving offenses committed by others: {khyod kyis gzhan la
bzod pa byed na/} if you forgive men when they sin against you (Mt.
6:14), {snying nas bzod par mi byed na/} if you do not forgive from
your heart (Mt. 18:35), {bzod pa skyed cig,,khyed la'ang bzod pa
skyed par 'gyur/} forgive, and you will be forgiven (Lk. 6:37),
{khyed tshos su la bzod pa bzhes na/} if you forgive anyone (2 Cor.
2:10), {'gal ba de bzod par gsol/} forgive me this wrong (2 Cor.
12:13), {mi mthun pa yod na bzod pa sgoms shig,,/gtso bos khyed
tshor bzod pa mdzad pa ltar khyed tshos kyang bzod pa sgoms shig}
forgive whatever grievances you may have against one another.
Forgive as the Lord forgave you (Col. 3:13); 2) God forgiving human
sin: {de tsho'i nyes pa bzod bya/} I will forgive their wickedness
(Heb. 8:11 12). 
     ^Bst. In spoken language can be used of human forgiveness,
e.g. a husband forgiving his wife.  1) In Bsm. the most common
meaning is endurance: {nang chos la gus bkur rgya che zhus pas
phrag dog gis mi bzod pa/} could not endure the wide respect and
service being paid to the Buddhist doctrine (TRC 114), {ye shes 'od
thugs kyis ma bzod par/} Yeshe 'Od was unable to endure (TRC 152),
{sdug bsngal bzod glags med pa/} unendurable misery (TRC 229); 2)
patience {bzod pa'i pha rol tu phyin pa/} the perfection of
patience (KBT 65), {bzod pa bsgom pa rgyal sras lag len yin/}
meditation on patient endurance is the practice of the sons of the
Buddha (GSL 22); 3) forbearance: {sdug bsngal la chos shes pa'i
bzod pa/} forbearance of suffering (KBT 98).

     Cognates: 1) {bzod par gsol/} to request pardon or forbearance
with what one has done wrong (KTM); 2) {thugs bzod/} an attitude of
forbearance.%

     3) #{gshog}$ p. {bshags/} or {gshags/} f. {gshag} imp. {gshog}
[used mainly in poetry or literature]  ^Bib: to forgive: 1)
forgiveness of sins: {sdig bshags kyi dmar mchod phul phyir yin/}
to offer sacrifices for the forgiveness of sins (Heb. 5:1); 2)
atonement: {mi sde'i sdig bshags kyi phyir du/} atonement for the
sins of the people (Heb. 2:17), {khong ni nga tsho'i sdig pa'i sdig
bshags yin/,,nga tsho ma zad 'jig rten yongs kyi sdig pa'i sdig
bshags yin no/} He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not
only for ours but also for the sins of the whole world (1 Jn. 2:2);
3) {bshags/} may be used to mean forgiveness generally: {khos 'gyod
na bshags pa blong /} if he repents, forgive him (Lk. 17:3), {'di
tshos ci byed mi shes pas/,,bshags pa mdzod/} since they do not
know what they are doing, forgive them (Lk. 23:34). 
     ^Bst. see ATONEMENT.

     Related Terms: 1) {sdig pa 'dag pa/} p. {dag} f. {'dag} [lit.
to have sins made right] be made pure, clean, right: {'di ni zhal
chad kyi nga'i khrag yin/,,khrag de mang po'i sdig pa 'dag phyir
blug go} this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for
many for the forgiveness of sins (Mt. 26:28), see HOLY; in Bsm.
{sdig pa 'dag pa/} is to cancel the demerit of sin by doing good
things (AMD); 2) {mthol gshags/} to ask for forgiveness; 3) {med
par bzo ba/} to blot out (KTM).%

!FREEDOM@  see also SAVE

     1) #{rang dbang /}$ [lit. own + power] ^Bib: freedom,
independence, liberty. The NT speaks of man's liberty from sin and
of freedom from bondage to the Law as a means of salvation; both
are God-centered concepts unknown in Bsm.  {ma shi ka'i rang dbang
/} the freedom [we have in] Christ (Gal. 2:4), {rang dbang du gnas
pa'i phyir ma shi kas nged thar bar mdzad pas/} it is for freedom
that Christ has set us free (Gal. 5:1), {khyed rnams rang dbang la
bos/} you were called to be free (Gal. 5:13), {khyed tsho rang
dbang ldan par 'tsho/} live as free men (1 Pet. 2:16).
     ^Sec. 1) freedom in general: {ma bshad bar du gtam la rang
dbang thob/} before having told [a secret] you have freedom (KPU
19); 2) political freedom or independence: {gzhug pa'i rang dbang
/} political self determination, {mi dmangs kyi rang dbang /}
liberty (RRT 282), {dmangs gtso'i thob thang dang rang dbang 'dra
mnyam bcas bed spyod byed pa/} implementing democratic rights and
equal freedoms (RRT 282), {rgya gar rang dbang thob pa'i nyi ma/}
Indian Independence Day (DPD); 3) independently, autonomously:
{rang dbang rang thob ngang nas/} receiving innate empowerment by
yourself (HTE 184).

     Cognates: {rang dbang med/} powerless: {rang dbang med par sa
la gzags pa red/} he fell powerless to the ground (TRC 260), {rang
dbang med par shi dgos pa/} to have to die without personal control
of the matter (TRC 273).%

     2) #{thar pa/}$  [lit. save, deliver from] ^Bib: freedom in
the sense of escape, deliverance or being set free: {snod bcud
kyang mi rtag pa'i dbang las thar te/} the creation itself will be
set free from its bondage to decay (Rom. 8:21), {gal te thar thub
pa'i skabs yod na/} if you can gain your freedom (1 Cor. 7:21),
{gtso bo'i thugs nyid yod sar thar pa yod/} where the Spirit of the
Lord is, there is freedom (2 Cor. 3:17), {thar pa'i bka' khrims/}
the law of freedom (Jas. 2:12).
     ^Bst. see SAVE.

     3) #{sgrol/}$  p. {bsgral/} [save, deliver from] ^Bib:
deliverance, rescue, freedom [from an oppressive situation]: {btson
par sgrol dang long bar mig} freedom for the prisoners and recovery
of sight for the blind (Lk. 4:18), {khyed rnams sdig pa'i dbang las
bsgral nas/,,rnam par dag pa'i g.yog po ru gyur to/} you have been
set free from sin and have become slaves to righteousness (Rom.
6:18 SV).
     ^Bst. see SAVE.

     4) #{'bral/}$ p. {bral/} [lit. separated from; used in
compounds to express the idea "free from"]  ^Bib: 1) {sems 'khral
dang 'bral ba/} free from worry {nga ni khyod rnams sems 'khral
dang 'bral bar gnas par 'dod/}  I would like you to be free from
concern (1 Cor. 7:32 SV); 2) {bka' khrims dang bral/} free from
God's law {nga rang dkon mchog gi bka' khrims dang mi bral zhing ma
shi ka'i bka' khrims la brten/} I am not free from God's law but am
under Christ's law (1 Cor. 9:21 SV); 3) {brnab sems dang bral ba/}
free from the love of money {brnab sems dang bral bar gyur cig}
keep your lives free from the love of money (Heb. 13:5 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) {thab bral/} the place free of fighting; a god realm
(KBT 117), {skyon dang bral ba/} free of faults, faultless (TRC
199), {bying rgod dang bral/} free of mental distractions [in
meditation] (TRC 202), {sdug bsngal las 'bral/} free of suffering
(TRC 332), {snying rje bral ba/} heartless, cruel, inhuman (DLP 7);
2) outside, away from: {lha sa dang bral/} outside Lhasa (SLR 10).

     5) #{skyabs gnang /}$ [lit. give salvation]  ^Bib: {dgra bo'i
lag nas nga la skyabs gnang /} who sets me free from my enemies (2
Sam. 22:49 NTV).
     ^Bst. see SAVE.

     Related Terms: 1) {rin med/} free of charge: {dkon mchog gi
phrin bzang rin med par khyed cag la bstan to/} preaching the
gospel of God to you free of charge (2 Cor. 11:7 SV); 2) {bran mo
ma yin/} [lit. not a servant] free as opposed to being a slave:
{gcig ni bran mo nas chad/,,gcig bran mo ma yin pa'i chung ma nas
chad/} one [son] by the slave woman and the other by the free woman
(Gal. 4:22 SV); 3) {bran 'khol ma yin/} not a slave; a free man or
woman: {bran 'khol dang bran 'khol ma yin/} slave or free (1 Cor.
12:13 SV).%

!FRUIT@ (KARMA)

     1) #{'bras bu/}$  ^Bib: 1) literal fruit: {rtsi shing bzang
pos 'bras bu bzang po skyed/} every good tree bears good fruit (Mt.
7:17), {'bras bu las shing sdong gang yin shes pas/} from its fruit
a tree is recognized (Mt. 12:33); 2) result or effect of faith in
God: {'bras bu mi chags pa'i nga'i yal ga thams cad/} every branch
in me that bears no fruit (Jn. 15:2), {'gyod tshangs dang mtshungs
pa'i 'bras bu skyed cig} produce fruit in keeping with repentance
(Mt. 3:8), {thugs nyid kyi 'bras bu/} the fruit of the Spirit (Gal.
5:22), {'od kyi 'bras bu/} the fruit of the light (Eph. 5:9); 3)
result or effect generally: {sdig pa'i 'bras bu ni 'chi ba yin/}
the wages [lit. fruit, result] of sin is death (Rom. 6:23). 
     ^Bst. 1) {'bras bu/} is the fruit, effect, or result of an
action, and one of the so-called links of dependent arising (KBT
35).  The theory that good or bad actions always have good or bad
results in future lives is known as the law of causality {las rgyu
'bras/}  or  {las 'bras/}  [Skt. karma]; it is one of the central
doctrines of Bsm.  Hence {las 'bras can/} one who believes in karma
(KPU 11), {dge sdig gi las 'bras la yid ches rnyed nas/} obtained
faith in the action and result of virtue and non-virtue (TRC 217),
{mi dge ba'i las rgyu 'bras/} the action, cause and effect of non-virtue (TRC 242).  According to the theory of karma, good deeds are
rewarded and bad deeds punished in current or future rebirths.  An
action may have three major types of result: a) {rnam smin gyi
'bras bu/} the result of maturation [lit. "ripening"], b) the
result consistent with the cause {rgyu mthun gyi 'bras bu/}, and c)
{bdag po'i 'bras bu/} the controlling result.  For example, the
maturation of killing is rebirth in unpleasant circumstances, the
result consistent with the cause is desire for killing and being
killed by others in future rebirths, and the controlling result
might be damage to one's crops, etc. (TRC 245).  Similarly,
respecting authority is a cause of being born as a noble, patience
is said to cause beauty, generosity to cause wealth, and saving the
lives of others to cause long life (JPG 131).  Conversely, there is
the story of a man who insulted a monk by saying he looked like a
frog, and so endured 500 rebirths as a frog (JPG 261).  Once
rewarded or punished, one's karma may be used up {sngon ma'i las
bzang po'i 'bras bu longs spyad tshar nas/,,lha mang che ba ngan
song du skye 'gro gi yod pa red/} having used up the result of
former good action, most gods come to be born among those gone to
the evil destinies (TRC 272). 2) {'bras bu/} may also mean effect
or result:  {rgyu chung ngu las 'bras bu chen po/} large results
which stem from small causes (KBT 40), {'khor ba las thar ba'i rgyu
'bras/} the cause and effect of deliverance from the round of
existence (TRC 256), {theg pa chung 'bring che gsum gyi lam 'bras
bu/} the fruition of the Hinayana, Mahayana, and tantric vehicles
(TRC 202), {'bras ngan pa/} disastrous consequences (DLP 2); 3)
actual fruit {de la lam seng 'bras bu yang skyes te/} immediately
[the tree] bore fruit (SGN 16), {'bras bu smin pa/} ripe fruit.

     Cognates: 1) {lam 'bras/} one of the Mahayana tantras (TRC
138); 2) {'bras mi 'byin/} fruitless (HTE 206); 3) {grub 'bras ha
cang chen po red/} a great achievement (SLR 13).%

     Proverbs: 1) {las 'bras kha nas shod mkhan mang po yod /,,lag
len lag tu lon pa gser las dkon/} there are many who talk about
karma, but those who practice it are scarce as gold (KPU 34-5); 2)
{shin tu bzod dka'i ngan song sdug bsngal rnams/,,sdig pa'i las kyi
'bras bur thub pa/} the fruit of sin is the unbearable suffering of
the evil destinies (GSL 10) [cf. Rom. 6:23].

     2) #{shing tog}$  [var. {shing thog}]  ^Bib: the fruit of a
tree: {shing tog btsal du 'ongs nas/} he went to look for fruit on
it (Lk. 13:6), {shing tog chags na/} if it bears fruit (Lk. 13:9),
{khyod kyi snying la 'dod pa'i shing thog khyod las shor ba/} the
fruit you longed for is gone (Rev. 18:14 SV).
     ^Bst. The term {shing thog} is used only for literal fruit and
not for result or consequence of an action (AMD). {na bza' dang
/,,'bras/,,shing tog} clothing, rice, and fruit (SGN 19), {ja 'bras
shing tog} tea, rice, and fruit (DPD).

     3) #{thog phud/}$ [lit. fruit + set apart] ^Bib: an offering
of the first fruits of harvest: firstfruits {thugs nyid kyi thog
phud/} the firstfruits of the Spirit (Rom. 8:23 SV), {nyal ba rnams
kyi thog phud/} the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep (1
Cor. 15:20 SV), {dang por ma shi ka thog phud de bzhengs/} Christ,
the firstfruits (1 Cor. 15:23 SV).
     ^Bst. {thog phud/} [var. {phud mchod/}] the portion of a crop
offered to gods (TDC 1717).

     4) #{'phud/}$ p. {phud/} [lit. to set apart] ^Bib: a first
taste, a trial portion or sample; firstfruits: {khong gis bkod pa
rnams kyi phud du yin pa/} a kind of firstfruits of all he created
(Jas. 1:18 SV), {phud lta bur blu bar mdzad pa yin/} offered as
firstfruits (Rev. 14:4 SV).
     ^Bst. {skra phud/} [lit. hair + sample] a tuft of a novice's
hair that is cut off when he enters a monastic college (TRC 4).

     5) #{shing 'bras/}$  ^Bib: fruit: {bag leb dang shing 'bras
rnams/} bread and fruits (2 Sam. 16:2 NTV).
     ^Sec. {shing 'bras ldum ra/} orchard.

     Related Terms: {phan med/} [lit. no benefit] fruitless: {phan
med kyi mun pa'i bya ba/} the fruitless deeds of darkness (Eph.
5:11).%


!GARDEN OF EDEN@

     #{e den gyi tshal/}$  ^Bib: the Garden of Eden: {yang gtso bo
dkon mchog gis mi ni bzhes te e den gyi tshal du bcug pa yin/} the
Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden (Gen.
2:15).
     ^Bst. see ADAM.
     
     Cognates: 1) {nags tshal/} forest (DLP 12); 2) {tshal zhing /}
garden for vegetables; 3) {dga' tshal/} a garden of the gods, a
paradise (SGC 105); 4) {ri dwags kyi tshal/} the Deer Park in
Sarnath, where the Buddha first preached (SGN 12); 5) {sngo tshal/}
vegetables (SLR 11); 6) {skyid tshal/} a public park (SLR 12).%

     Related Terms: 1) {ldum ra/} garden for plants; 2) {shing
'bras ldum ra/} an orchard.%

!GENTILE@

     1) #{phyi pa/}$ [lit. outsider] ^Bib: one who is outside a
certain group, a foreigner; non-Jewish people:  {phyi pa tsho'i
phyir sku tshab/} apostle to the Gentiles (Rom. 11:13), {phyi pa'i
lag tu gtad de/} handed over to the Gentiles (Lk. 18:32), {phyi pa
la'ang dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi gnang sbyin babs/} the gift of the
Holy Spirit had been poured out also on the Gentiles (Acts 10:45),
{phyi pa'i khrod du ngas khyod 'od du bskos/} I have made you a
light for the Gentiles (Acts 13:47), {phyi pa'i nang nas mi sde
zhig} a people from among the Gentiles (Acts 15:14). 
     ^Bst. A {phyi pa/} is a person who is not a Bst. [in contrast
to a {nang pa/} [insider] who is a Bst.] (AMD).

     2) #{lha chos pa/}$ [lit. god + religion + person]  ^Bib:
worshippers of gods; pagans: {lha chos pa nas yin pa'i spun rnams/}
brothers from among the pagans [Gentiles] (Acts 15:23), {lha chos
pa rnams la nyid kyi sras kyi mtshan 'chad pa'i don du/} in order
to preach in His Son's name to the Gentiles (Gal. 1:16), {lha chos
pa rnams kyi rtsar mngags pas/} sent to the Gentiles (Gal. 2:7 8). 
     ^Bst. {lha chos/} means "religious" (AMD), {lha chos byed pa/}
to engage in religious practice (KPU 9), {lha chos pa/} a priest,
{lha chos bdun/} [lit. god + doctrine + 7] the four gods and three
main texts of the Kadampa school (TRC 138).

     3) #{he len pa/}$ [lit. Greeks Gr. Hellenes]  ^Bib: non-Jews
who may or may not have been ethnically Greek: {dang por ya hu da
pa de nas he len pa/} first for the Jew, then for the Gentile (Rom.
1:16), {ya hu da pa dang he len pa/} Jews and Gentiles (Rom. 3:9).

     4) #{mi brgyud/}$  ^Bib: race, people, lineage, or nation: {mi
brgyud rnams kyi rgyal po/} the kings of the nations (Lk. 22:25),
{mi brgyud thams cad/} all nations, all the Gentiles (Rom. 1:5),
{mi brgyud gzhan gyi khrod nas/} from among the other nations
[Gentiles] (Rom. 1:13).

     Related Terms: 1) {spun gzhan/} "other brothers" {spun gzhan
ltar spyod pa/} live like the other brothers (Gal. 2:14); 2) {dkon
mchog la 'jigs mkhan/} God-fearers {dkon mchog la 'jigs mkhan gyi
spun rnams/} God-fearing Gentiles (Acts 13:26); 3) {gzhan mi/}
Gentiles {rang mi'i 'jigs pa dang /,,gzhan mi'i 'jigs pa/} [in
danger from] my own countrymen, [in danger from] the Gentiles (2
Cor. 11:26); 4) {ya hu da pa min pa'i spun/} Gentiles: {ya hu da pa
min pa'i spun rnams dang mnyam du kha zas zos/} used to eat with
the Gentiles (Gal. 2:12).%

!GENTLENESS@ 

     1) #{sems dul ba/}$ [lit. mind + tame; hon. {thugs dul ba/}] 
^Bib: mildness, gentleness: {ma shi ka'i thugs dul ba/} the
gentleness of Christ (2 Cor. 10:1), {khyed tsho'i sems dul ba de mi
thams cad la ston cig} let your gentleness be evident to all (Phil.
4:5), {sems dul ba dang gus pa/} gentleness and respect (1 Pet.
3:15), {dul po dang /,,btsun pa/} gentleness and self-control (Gal.
5:23). 
     ^Bst. 1) {dul ba/} is the p. of {'dul ba/} to subdue,
discipline, or tame: {dgra mgo 'dul ba/} to subdue an enemy (KPU
12); 2) in the Bst. scriptures the term is frequently used of wild
animals becoming tame: {dug sbrul de zhi zhing dul bar gyur/} the
poisonous snake became peaceful and tame (SGN 13): 3) by extension,
the term is used of taming passions or of disciplining the mind:
{bdag 'dzin 'dul ba/} to tame self-grasping (UCO 150), {rang rgyud
'dul ba/} to tame one's stream of thought (GSL 18); 4) hence {'dul
ba/} is commonly used as a term for the rules governing monastic
behavior and discipline.  The third major division of the Bst.
scriptures, which deals with this topic, is called the {'dul ba/}
[Skt. vinaya]. 

     2) #{sems 'jam pa/}$  ^Bib: gentleness, tenderness: {byams pa
dang 'jam sems dang bcas/} in love with a gentle spirit (1 Cor.
4:21 SV), {khyed cag sems 'jam pa yin par mi thams cad kyis shes
par gyur cig} let your gentleness be evident to all (Phil. 4:5 SV),
{snying brtse ba'i shugs dang /,,drin dang /,,dman sa bzung ba'i
sems dang /,,'jam pa'i sems/} compassion, kindness, humility,
gentleness (Col. 3:12 SV), {khyed kyi nang na 'jam bor byed de bu
rdzis phru gu skyong ba ltar khyed cag la dga' bas/} we were gentle
among you, like a mother caring for her little children (1 Thes.
2:7 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) {sems pa zhi 'jam bzo ba/} to make the mind calm (DLP
17), {don rtsa 'jam po'i sgo nas lon/} to achieve one's goals
peacefully (KPU 14);  2) compounds of {'jam pa/} are often used in
honorific titles of Bst. gods and saints {phags pa 'jam dpal/} a
name given to Chenresi which refers to Chenresi's compassionate and
gentle ways (KTM), {'jam dpal dbyang /} the boddhisattva Manjushri,
{rje 'jam dbyangs chos rje/} the founder of Drepung Monastery
(DPD), {'jam mgon bla ma tsong kha pa/} Tsong Khapa (DPD). 

     Cognates: 1) {'jam po'i gyon/} good clothes (KPU 23); 2) {'jam
sha thon/} to make smooth, to polish metals (KPU 28); 3) {'jam pa
bu dang rtsub pa pha mas byed/} when comfortable the baby sleeps,
when uncomfortable the parents work (KPU 31).%

     Related Terms: {ngang ring ba/} patience, tolerance (KTM).%

!GIFT@  see also OFFERING

     1) #{sbyin pa/}$ [hon. {gnang sbyin/}]  ^Bib: gift given by a
higher person to a lower; charity, alms: {khyod kyi smon lam dang
sbyin pa rnams/} your prayers and gifts (Acts 10:4), {gnang sbyin
du dam pa'i thugs nyid thob par 'gyur ro/} you will receive the
gift of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38), {dkon mchog gi gnang sbyin/}
the gift of God (Rom. 6:23), {gso byed kyi gnang sbyin/} the gift
of healing (1 Cor. 12:9), {gnang sbyin mtho ba rnams la snyegs
shig} eagerly desire the higher gifts (1 Cor. 12:31).
     ^Bst. The giving of one's possessions to others, being the
antithesis of desire, has a very high place among Bst. virtues. 
Four types of gift {sbyin pa rnam pa bzhi/} are usually
distinguished: 1) {zang zing /} the gift of material help, 2)
{chos/} the gift of Bst. doctrine, 3) {mi 'jigs/} the gift of
freedom from fear, given by saving another from any undesirable
state, and 4) {byams pa/} the gift of love (CNG 41 & TRC 345).  The
ultimate degree of these is called {sbyin pa'i pha rol tu phyin
pa/} the perfection of generosity (KBT 65); and it is said: {sbyin
pa gtong ba rgyal sras lag len yin/} generosity is the practice of
the sons of the Buddha (GSL 22).

     Cognates: 1) {sbyin gtong /} donation (TRC 217), 2) {sbyin
bdag} patron, master, boss (DPD).%

     2) #{'bul ba/}$  ^Bib: a gift from a lower to a higher person:
{rdo rin chen dang 'bul ba rnams/} precious stones and gifts
dedicated to God (Lk. 21:5), {dkor mdzod du 'bul ba 'jog pa/}
putting gifts into the [temple] treasury (Lk. 21:1). 
     ^Bst. {'bul ba/} are gifts usually given to lamas or
officials: {dpon po phal cher ngo bstod la dga'/,,bla ma phal cher
'bul ba la dga'/,,byis pa phal cher rtsed mo la dga'/} masters
usually like flattery, lamas usually like offerings, and common
people usually like entertainment (KTM).

     Cognates: {zhal 'debs 'bul ba/} to make a donation or
offering: {la las dngul gyi zhal 'debs 'bul ba/} some made
offerings of money (SLR 15).%

     3) #{mchod pa/}$ ^Bib: an offering, a gift given to God:
{mchod khri'i khar mchod pa 'bul ba'i dus su/} when you are
offering your gift on the altar (Mt. 5:23), {mo shes bka' gnang
ba'i mchod pa/} the gift that Moses commanded (Mt. 8:4), {sbyin pa
ster ba dang /,,mchod pa phul du 'ongs pas/} came to give gifts for
the poor and present offerings (Acts 24:17), {mchod pa dang sdig
bshags kyi dmar mchod phul/} to present gifts and sacrifices (Heb.
5:1).
     ^Bst. See OFFERING.

     Cognates: 1) {mchod 'bul/} [offering + gift] gifts and
sacrifices {mchod 'bul dang dmar mchod 'bul ba'i phyir/} to offer
both gifts and sacrifices (Heb. 8:3), {mchod 'bul dang dmar mchod
'bul/} gifts and sacrifices (Heb. 9:9); 2) {mchod sbyin/} offerings
{sems can bsad pa'i sha khrag gis mchod sbyin/} offerings of the
flesh of slain animals (TRC 96).%

     4) #{gsol ras/}$ [hon.] a gift from a person of high rank to
one of lower position: {las byed pa'i mi'i gla ni gsol ras su mi
rtsi/} the worker's wages are not reckoned as a gift (Rom. 4:4),
{ngas gsol ras mi 'tshol/} I am not looking for a gift (Phil.
4:17).

     Related Terms: 1) {skyes/} a gift, present {thugs nyid kyi
skyes/} a spiritual gift (Rom. 1:11); 2) {lag rtags/} a present,
small gift: {phan tshun lag rtags skur bar 'gyur ro/} will give
each other gifts (Rev. 11:10); 3) {ster ba/} [lit. what is given]
a gift {thugs rje nas gla ster ba ltar mi brtsi/} wages [are] not
accounted as a gift (Rom. 4:4 SV).%

!GLORY@  see also PRAISE

     1) #{gzi brjid/}$ [lit. shine + glory]  ^Bib: majesty, honor;
the most common and general term for glory.  God's glory is His
honor and reputation, proclaimed through His mighty acts and
revealed fully in Jesus Christ:  1) visible glory, radiance: {ri si
na  la ya ho wa'i gzi brjid bzhugs pa/} the glory of the Lord
settled on Mt. Sinai (Ex. 24:16), {ya ho wa'i gzi brjid des bzhugs
gnas khyab bo/} the glory of the Lord filled [the tabernacle] (Ex.
40:34); 2) the glory of God and His Presence: {khyed tsho'ang khong
dang mnyam du gzi brjid dang ldan zhing mngon par 'gyur ro/} you
also will appear with him in glory (Col. 3:4), {dkon mchog gi gzi
brjid kyi 'od spros te/} the glory of God gives it light (Rev.
21:23), {gzi brjid kyi gtso bo/} the Lord of glory (1 Cor. 2:8); 3)
the glory of angels: {pho nya dam pa rnams kyi gzi brjid/} the
glory of the holy angels (Lk. 9:26); 4) honor, fame, worth: {mo
she'i zhal gyi gzi brjid/} the glory of Moses' covenant (2 Cor.
3:7).
     ^Sec. {gzi brjid/} applied to persons means glorious in
appearance or commanding attention; applied to buildings means
magnificent or imposing (AMD).

     Cognates: 1) {brjid nyams/} grand, majestic (MHP 8); 2) {brjid
chags/} magnificent: {brjid chags yid du 'ong ba'i gna' bo'i bzo
skrun/} magnificent and beautiful classical construction (MHP 8),
{brjid chags pa'i pho brang /} magnificent palaces (SLR 7); 3)
{rngam brjid/} grand, splendid: {mchod khang rngam brjid ldan/} a
grand temple (MHP 11).%

     2) #{dpal/}$  ^Bib: magnificence, splendor, abundance, glory:
1) of God: {dkon mchog gi dpal dang bral/} fall short of the glory
of God (Rom. 3:23), {nyid kyi dpal mngon par mdzad/} he revealed
his glory (Jn. 2:11), {gtso bo ye shu ma shi ka'i dpal/} the glory
of the Lord Jesus Christ (2 Thes. 2:14), {ke rub ces pa'i dpal ldan
gyi pho nya/} the cherubim of the Glory (Heb. 9:5); 2) glory
generally: {dpal mi 'tshol/} not to seek glory (Jn. 8:50), {dpal
dang ldan par mngon te/} appeared in glorious splendor (Lk. 9:31),
{dpal dang bkur sti/} glory and honor (Rom. 2:7), {dpal dang bkur
sti'i cod pan gsol yod/} crowned with glory and honor (Heb. 2:9). 
     ^Bst. 1) {dpal/} is a general literary term for glory, often
used in poetry (AMD).  {chos srid rang dbang gtsang ma'i dpal pa/}
the glory of full religious and secular independence (RRT 282 n.
22), {bde skyid dang dpal/} happiness and glory (DLP 9), {grags
pa'i dpal des kun tu shis gyur cig} may the glory of your fame
bring happiness everywhere (HTE 170); 2) used in honorific titles:
{dpal ldan/} glorious {jo bo rje dpal ldan a ti sha/} the glorious
lord Atisha (TRC 152), {dpal ldan 'bras spungs/} magnificent
Drepung (DPD), {dpal gyi chos sde/} an honorific title used of
monasteries {dpal gyi chos sde chen po bkra shis lhun po/} glorious
Tashilhunpo monastery (MHP 7); 3) used in compounds such as {dpal
brjid/} and {dpal 'byor/} (see below).

     3) #{dpal brjid/}$ [lit. glory + shine]  glory: {dkon mchog gi
dpal brjid/} God's glory (Jn. 21:19), {nyid kyi sras kyi dpal brjid
ston par mdzod cig} show forth the glory of your Son (Jn. 17:1),
{mi brgyud rnams kyi dpal brjid/} the glory of the nations (Rev.
21:26), {sa steng du khyed kyi dpal brjid bstan pa yin/} I have
brought you glory on earth (Jn. 17:4). 

     4) #{dpal 'byor/}$ [lit. glory + wealth] ^Bib: abundant
riches, wealth, abundance, or worldly splendor: {dkon mchog gi nyid
kyi dpal 'byor/} God's glorious riches (Phil. 4:19), {gsang ba'i
dpal 'byor/} the glorious riches of [this] mystery (Col. 1:26 27),
{khong gi dpal 'byor ston phyir/} in order to make known the riches
of his glory (Rom. 9:22-4), {ma shi ka pa'i nang du nor skal gyi
dpal 'byor/} the riches of his glorious inheritance in the saints
(Eph. 1:18). 
     ^Sec. 1) Wealthy people are said to be {dpal 'byor/} from
their ability to accumulate wealth and status (KTM); 2) in modern
Tib. {dpal 'byor/} is wealth or economy:  {dpal 'byor yar rgyas/}
economic development (DLP 8), {'char 'god dpal 'byor u yon lhan
khang /} economic planning committee (MHP 10), {dpal 'byor gyi rin
thang /} economic value (SLP 15).

     5) #{grags pa/}$ ^Bib: glory, fame, reputation: {kho rnams kyi
grags pa ni ngo tsha yin/} their glory is in their shame (Phil.
3:19 SV), {grags pa'i cod pan/} the crown in which [we] glory (1
Thes. 2:19 SV), {khyed rnams ni nged kyi grags pa dang dga' spro
yin/} you are our glory and joy (1 Thes. 2:20 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) fame or renown: {grags pa'i dpal des kun tu shis gyur
cig} may the glory of your fame bring happiness everywhere (HTE
170), {lugs srol grags che ba bzhi/} the four better-known schools
(TRC 135), {grags chen bco brgyad/} the 18 major texts of the Sakya
school (TRI 38), {lo rgyus 'dzam gling 'dir grags pa/} a story
which is well known in this present age (TRC 260), {grags pa phul
byung /} a good reputation; 2) an epithet of Bst. saints: {chos
grags/}  or  {chos kyi grags pa/} Dharmakirti [7th cent. Bst.
philosopher] (TRC 24), {zla ba grags pa/} Chandrakirti [8th cent.
scholar] (TRC 25).

     Cognates: 1) {skad grags chen po/} fame {lha sa'i gtsug lag
khang skad grags chen po de gnyis/} the two famous temples in Lhasa
(TRC 112-3), {phyi nang du skad grags chen po/} well-known at home
and abroad (TMB 25); 2) {sras mo grags 'dzin ma/} the name of
Prince Siddartha's wife (SGN 4).%

     6) #{snyan grags/}$ [lit. hearing + glory / reputation] ^Bib:
fame, honor, or good repute: 1) glory {rang gi snyan grags 'tshol/}
seeks his own glory (Jn. 7:18); 2) news, report {khong gi snyan
grags si ri ya yul kun tu dar bas/} news about him spread all over
Syria (Mt. 4:24), {he ro des ye shu'i snyan grags thos/} Herod
heard the reports about Jesus (Mt. 14:1); 3) fame: {ye shu'i snyan
grags rgyas pas/} Jesus' name had become well known (Mk. 6:14),
{nga'i snyan grags dar 'jug pa'i don du/} that my name might be
proclaimed in all the earth (Rom. 9:17).
     ^Bst. good repute, good name: {bde skyid/,,snyan grags/}
happiness and a good name or reputation (TRC 217), {'dzam gling
yongs la snyan grags che ba pho brang po ta la/} the world famous
Potala Palace (DPD), {dgon pa de'i dge 'dun rnams mtshan snyan
grags chen po yod/} the monks from that monastery are well-known
(DPD), {lha sa ni snyan grags kyi ba dan kun tu khyab/} Lhasa is a
famous city [lit. its banner of fame spreads everywhere] (SLR 14),
{brtsams chos grags chen/} a famous literary work (SBC 61).

     Related Terms: 1) {bstod pa/}  praise, glory: {bstod rung smad
rung /} through glory and dishonor (2 Cor. 6:8); 2) {bstod
bsngags/} glory, praise: {khong la dus rgyun nas rgyun du bstod
bsngags par shog} to him be the glory forever (Rom. 11:36); 3) {dbu
'phangs/} [var. {dbu 'phang /}] (hon.) majesty, dignity: {dkon
mchog gi dbyibs dang dbu 'phang /} the image and glory of God (1
Cor. 11:7 SV); 4) {rgyan cha/} [lit. ornament] {skra ring po yod na
de'i rgyan cha zhig} long hair is a woman's glory (1 Cor. 11:15
SV); 5) {bkrag mdangs/} radiance, brilliance, brightness: {de'i
bkrag mdangs dwangs shel ltar dwangs pa'i nor bu rin po che dang
'dra'o/} its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel
(Rev. 21:11), {bkrag mdangs nyams/} the radiant [complexion] fades
(TRC 271).%

!GLORIFY@

     1) #{stod pa/}$ p. {bstod/} ^Bib: to praise or glorify: {nga
yi sems kyis gtso bor bstod/} my soul glorifies the Lord (Lk.
1:46), {ngas rang bstod gtong na/} if I glorify myself (Jn. 8:54),
{nga'i yab kyis nga la bstod par mdzad do/} my Father is the one
who glorifies me (Jn. 8:54).
     ^Bst. see PRAISE.

     2) #{ngom pa/}$ p. {ngoms/} [lit. be satisfied with]  ^Bib:
"to glory in", take justifiable pride or satisfaction in {ma shi ka
ye shu ngom pa nga tsho/} we who glory in Christ Jesus (Phil. 3:3),
{ngas khyed tsho'i don du myong ba'i sdug bsngal de khyed tsho'i
ngom rgyu de yin pas/} the sufferings which I experienced for you,
which are your glory (Eph. 3:13).
     ^Sec. to boast, brag, or show off. 

     3) #{bsnyen bkur byed pa/}$ ^Bib: to worship; to show
reverence or respect: {dkon mchog la bsnyen bkur bya ba'i phyir
byos shig} do it to glorify God (1 Cor. 10:31 SV), {khong la dus
rgyun du mi rabs thams cad du chos tshogs na ye shu ma shi ka'i
ngang la bsnyen bkur byed par shog cig} to him be glory in the
church and in Christ Jesus throughout all generations (Eph. 3:21
SV), {sems ma bsgyur zhing khong la bsnyen bkur ma byas so/} they
refused to repent and glorify him (Rev. 16:9 SV). see WORSHIP.

     Related Terms: 1) {dpal brjid gnang ba/} [lit. give glory]
glorify: {dpal brjid gnang ba'i dkon mchog} God [who] glorified him
(1 Pet. 1:21); 2) {dpal brjid ston pa/} [lit. to show glory]
glorify: {dpal brjid ston par 'gyur ba/} will show God's glory (Jn.
21:19); 3) {dpal dang ldan par mdzad pa/} to glorify: {gang rnam
par dag par mdzad pa de dag dpal dang ldan par yang mdzad do/}
those he justified, he also glorified (Rom. 8:30 SV); 4) {dpal dang
ldan par 'gyur/} to be glorified: {gtso bo ye shu ma shi ka'i
mtshan khyed cag gi nang na yang dpal dang ldan par 'gyur/} so that
the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified in you (2 Thes. 1:12
SV); 5) {gzi brjid du 'byung ba/} to be glorified: {rang gi dam
pa'i mi rnams kyi nang na gzi brjid du 'byung ba/} to be glorified
in his holy people (2 Thes. 1:10 SV); 6) {rlom sems/} to be proud
of, to boast in: {ma shi ka ye shu'i nang na dkon mchog gi drung du
rloms sems skyed do/} I glory in Christ Jesus before God (Rom.
15:17).%

!GOD@

     1) #{dkon mchog}$ [lit. rare + highest, foremost, perfect]
^Bib: God, the infinite, eternal Spirit who created the world:
{dkon mchog gis nam mkha' dang sa bkod do/} God created the heavens
and the earth (Gen. 1:1), {dkon mchog gi sras/} the Son of God (Mt.
4:3), {dkon mchog gi thugs nyid/} the Spirit of God (Mt. 3:16),
{bla na med pa'i dkon mchog} the Most High God (Mk. 5:7,8), {yis ra
el gyi dkon mchog} the God of Israel (Lk. 1:68), {dkon mchog yab/}
God the Father (Jn. 6:27), {dkon mchog gi lug gu/} the Lamb of God
(Jn. 1:29), {dkon mchog gi dam pa/} the Holy One of God (Jn. 6:69),
{thog ma med pa'i dkon mchog} the eternal God (Rom. 16:26), {ab ra
ham dang /,,i sag dang /,,ya kob kyi dkon mchog} the God of
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Acts 3:13), {dkon mchog gson po/} the
living God (Mt. 16:16).  Christian use of the term {dkon mchog} for
God extends back at least to 1762 (ATM).
     Special uses of the term in the Bib. include: 1) an indefinite
noun that may include God and another god: {yang gang dkon mchog
des me las lan 'debs pa/} the god who answers by fire - he is God
(1 Ki. 18:24), {rgyus med pa'i dkon mchog} an unknown god (Acts
17:23); 2) a metaphor for a powerful man: {dkon mchog ni nga rang
ste/} "I am a god" (Eze. 28:2); 3) a value prized above all: {de
tsho'i dkon mchog grod pa yin/} their god is their stomach (Phil.
3:19); 4) spiritual beings: {khyed kyi bka' khrims nang khyed rnams
dkon mchog yin ngas smras/,,zhes bris mi 'dug gam/} is it not
written in your Law, 'I have said you are gods' (Jn. 10:34).

     Common phrases: {dkon mchog gi bka'/} the word of God (Mt.
15:6), {dkon mchog gi rgyal srid/} the kingdom of God (Mt. 19:24),
{dkon mchog gi mthu stobs/} the power of God (Mk. 12:24), {dkon
mchog gi thugs rje/} the grace of God (Lk. 2:40),  {dkon mchog gi
gnang sbyin/} the gift of God (Jn. 4:10), {dkon mchog gi dpal/}
God's glory (Jn. 11:4), {dkon mchog la 'jigs/} God-fearing (Acts
10:2), {dkon mchog gi dgongs pa/} the will of God (Acts 20:26,27),
{dkon mchog gi thugs khro/} the wrath of God (Rom. 1:18), {dkon
mchog gi byams pa/} the love of God (Rom. 8:39), {dkon mchog gi
mkhyen rab/} the wisdom of God (1 Cor. 1:21), {dkon mchog gi drung
du/} in the presence of God (Lk. 1:19), {dkon mchog gi spyan/} in
God's sight (2 Cor. 4:2), {dkon mchog gi zhabs tog} servants of God
(2 Cor. 6:4), {dkon mchog gi phrin bzang /} the gospel of God (2
Cor. 11:7), {dkon mchog gi pho brang /} the house of God (Mt.
12:4), {dkon mchog gi bzhugs khri/} God's throne (Mt. 23:22), {dkon
mchog gi ye shes/} the knowledge of God (Rom. 11:33), {dkon mchog
gi sras/} sons of God (Mt. 5:9).
     ^Bst.  1) In folk Bsm. {dkon mchog} is a powerful,
supernatural, impersonal being to whom prayers are often addressed: 
{rgyal srid skyong bar sras nges par du dgos par brten rgyal po zas
gtsang gis yar dkon mchog mchod pa phul/} to make certain of having
a son and preserving his kingdom, Setsang made offerings to {dkon
mchog} above (SGN 1); 2) in orthodox Bsm. {dkon mchog} is used
individually and collectively of the Buddha {sangs rgyas dkon
mchog}, the doctrine {chos dkon mchog}, and the body of monks {dge
'dun dkon mchog} - the so-called triple refuge or {dkon mchog
gsum/}  The Buddha jewel is believed to be like a physician who
prescribes a powerful medicine (the doctrine jewel) to a patient
(mankind) who is attended by a skilful nurse (the jewel of the body
of monks).  Those who accept this treatment are said to "take
refuge": {dkon mchog la skyabs su 'gro ba/} to go to the three
jewels for refuge (TRC 217), {mi bslu gtan gyi skyabs gcig dkon
mchog gsum/} the only never-failing, constant refuge is the three
jewels (HTE 180).  Devout Bsts. take refuge as often as four times
a day (JPG 224).

     Related Terms: 1) {gnam bdag} the Lord of heaven, reportedly
used as the word for God in an early Catholic translation of the
Bible; hence the modern term {gnam bdag chos lugs/} Catholicism; 2)
{dkon mchog rin po che/} used by the Muslim Tibetan author Khache
Phalu to refer to Allah: {bod kyi skad du dkon mchog rin po
che/,,rang re'i skad du go brda/} in Tibetan He is "the most
Precious One", and in our language, "Godhar" (one of the names of
Allah) (KPU 2); 3) used to refer generally to the God of the major
theistic religions: {chos kyi dgos pa ji yin la blta dgos pa
las/,,dkon mchog gi skor dang /} it is more important to look at
the purpose of religion than at the details of theology [lit. God]
(DLP 22).%

     2) #{lha/}$  ^Bib: local spirits, pagan gods: 1) local gods
{nga tsho'i gdong du 'gro ba'i lha/} gods who will go before us
(Acts 7:40), {lha gzhan pa/} foreign gods (Acts 17:18), {lha dang
jo bo mang po yod/} there are many "gods" and many "lords" (1 Cor.
8:5), {longs la/,,rang gi lha la bos/} get up and call on your god
(Jonah 1:6); 2) powerful men: {lha'i gsung skad/} the voice of a
god (Acts 12:22), {khong ni lha zhig go zer ro/} they said he was
a god (Acts 28:6); 3) local pagan deities of the ancient world:
{lha mo chen mo ar ti mi/} the great goddess Artemis (Acts 19:27),
{rang gi lha nis rog gi lha khang /} the temple of his god Nisroch
(2 Ki. 19:37); 4) a highly prized value: {mthu stobs nga'i lha las
yin zhes sems/} men whose own strength is their god (Hab. 1:11); 5)
a spirit or characteristic attitude: {'jig rten 'di'i lhas sems
ldongs su bcug pa yin/} the god of this age has blinded the minds
of unbelievers (2 Cor. 4:4).
     ^Bst. 1) Orthodox Bsm. recognizes two types of gods: those who
are still trapped in cyclic existence: {'jig rten lha/}, and those
who have passed beyond it.  Gods in cyclic existence are born, live
a life of pleasure and happiness for a period, and die like the
other beings trapped in the cycle of rebirth.  They have great
merit, but not enough to release themselves from rebirth.  They may
even be distracted by their heavenly pleasures and fall into a
lower rebirth (KTM).  However, generally rebirth as a god is
considered fortunate (TRC 216): {lha dang mi'i lus bzang po thob/}
sometimes getting the good body of a human or a god [in rebirth]
(TRC 260).  Worldly gods include {dbang phyug} Ishvara, {brgya
byin/} Indra, {tshangs pa/} Brahma, {khyab 'jug} Vishnu, {'dod pa'i
dbang phyug} Kamadeva, and {tshogs bdag} Ganesh (TRI 300).  Gods
outside the cycle of rebirth include the tantric meditational
deities {bya rgyud kyi lha/} including {stong pa'i lha/} emptiness
deity, {sgra'i lha/} sound deity, etc. (TRI 183); 2) Buddhas and
boddhisattvas are regarded as superior to the gods  but are
sometimes given the title {lha/} as an honorific: {bka' gdams lha
bzhi/} the four deities of the Kadampas are {thub pa/} the Buddha,
{spyan ras gzigs/} Chenresi or Avalokiteshvara, {sgrol ma/} Dolma
or Tara, {mi g.yo ba/} Acala (CNG 51, TRI 13); 3) respected figures
of the past are also sometimes given the title: {'phags pa lha/}
Aryadeva, 3rd century disciple of Nagarjuna (TRC 25), {lha tho tho
ri gnyan btsan/} twenty seventh of the ancient Tibetan kings (TRC
112), {lha bla ma ye shes 'od dang /,,byang chub 'od/} the guru-kings Yeshe Od and Byang Chub Od (TRC 116), {sgyu ma lha mdzes/}
mother of the Buddha (SGN 1); 4) the term can also be used to mean
"sublime" or "excellent": {lha chos/} the sublime dharma (HTE 204),
hence {lha chos pa/} may be used to mean "sublime dharma person" or
devout (AMD) as well as "pagan" (Acts 15:23); {lha rgyud/} a good
lineage (KPU 33); {lha ram pa/} first class Geshe degree.
     Gods and spirits may be ranked in eight classes, the {lha srin
sde brgyad/} namely: {gshin rje/} Shinje (Skt. Yama) the lord of
death; {ma mo/} a class of terrifying female protector deities, the
chief of which is {dpal ldan lha mo/} Palden Lhamo, foremost
goddess of Tibetan Bsm.; {bdud/} the devil, demons (see EVIL
SPIRIT); {btsan/} local mountain-dwelling demons believed capable
of possessing humans and causing disease; {rgyal po/} principal
local gods; {klu/} nagas or serpent-deities associated with water;
{gnod sbyin/} [Skt. yaksa] harmful spirits believed to live near
mountain passes; and {gza'/} malignant stars or planets which may
cause disease or death (CNG 107).  There are also personal gods
called {'go ba'i lha/} which are believed to protect individuals. 
Among them are {yul lha/} local god, {pho lha/} the male god of a
man; {mo lha/} the female god of a woman; {dgra lha/} the enemy-combatting god; {srog lha/} the life-force god (CNG 53, TRI 51). 
For the place of the gods in Bst. cosmology, see WORLD.

     Cognates: 1) {lha khang /} temple; 2) {lha bris/} thangka
painting; 3) {lha ma yin/} demigods (TRC 272); 4) {lha sa/} Lhasa.%

!GODLINESS@  see also BELIEF, DEVOUT

     1) #{chos sems/}$ [lit. religion + mind]  ^Bib: living
according to God's commands; godliness: {drang ba dang /,,chos sems
dang /,,dad sems/} righteousness, godliness, and faith (1 Tim.
6:11), {khyed la spyod lam bzang po dang chos sems ji lta bu zhig
yod dgos/} you should live holy and godly lives (2 Pet. 3:11,12). 
     ^Bst. 1) the desire to learn or study religion (AMD); 2)
devout: {sku ngo gzim 'gag chos sems chen po rang yin pa bsam gyi
yod/} we thought the [Dalai Lama's] bodyguard was very devout
(DPD).

     2) #{chos bzhin du spyod pa/}$ [lit. religion + according +
behavior] ^Bib: godliness: {chos bzhin spyod par sbyong zhig} train
yourself to be godly (1 Tim. 4:7), {chos bzhin spyod pa ni/,,tshe
'di phyi gnyis kyi phyir zhal bzhes dang ldan pas/,,ci sa nas phan
thogs che'o/} godliness has value for all things, holding promise
for both the present life and the life to come (1 Tim. 4:8). 
     ^Bst. To do, act, or live according to the teachings of
religion (AMD).

     3) #{chos la dga' ba'i sems/}$ [lit. religion + like + mind] 
^Bib: mindful of religion, godly: {'on kyang chos la dga' ba'i sems
chog shes pa dang bcas pa ni nor chen po zhig yin no/} but
godliness with contentment is great gain (1 Tim. 6:6 SV).

     Cognates: 1) {chos shes ldan pa/} [lit. religion +
understanding + having] devoutness, godliness: {chog shes ldan pa'i
chos ni nor gyi mchog go} godliness with contentment is great gain
(1 Tim. 6:6,7); 2) {chos kyi gzugs/} the form of religion: {chos
kyi gzugs tsam las snying po dang bral ba/} having a form of
godliness but denying its power (2 Tim. 3:5); 3) {chos dang mthun
pa/} in agreement with religion: {chos dang mthun par 'tsho ba/} to
live a godly life (2 Tim. 3:12); 4) {chos min/} [without religion]
godless: {chos min gyi rgya lab/} godless chatter (1 Tim. 6:20); 5)
{chos ma yin pa/} ungodliness (Tit. 2:12 SV); 6) {chos med kha cig}
godless men (Jude 4).%

     4) #{dkon mchog gi lugs su/}$ [lit. God + way] ^Bib: godly; to
act according to God's manner or way: {dkon mchog gi lugs su phrag
dog} godly jealousy (2 Cor. 11:2).

     5) #{dkon mchog la mos pa/}$ [lit. faith or trust in God] Bib:
an attitude of faith in God which produces Godly behavior: {/'on
kyang dkon mchog gi mi khyod de dag spong la/,,chos drang ba dang
/,,dkon mchog la mos pa dang /} but you, man of God, flee from all
this, and pursue righteousness, godliness . . (1 Tim. 6:11 SV),
{khyed kyi dam pa'i spyod lam dang dkon mchog la mos pa'i sems ci
lta bu zhig yin pa'i rigs/} since everything will be destroyed in
this way, what kind of people ought you to be? You ought to live
holy and godly lives (2 Pet. 3:11 SV), {dkon mchog la mos pa'i sems
dang sbyar ba'i bstan pa/} godly teaching (1 Tim. 6:3 SV).

     6) #{dkon mchog la gus pa/}$ [lit. God + reverence]  ^Bib:
respect, reverence or devotion to God: {dkon mchog la gus pa ni bya
ba thams cad la phan/} godliness has value for all things (1 Tim.
4:8 SV), {dkon mchog la gus pa'i sems la spun la byams pa dang
/,,spun la byams pa la kun la byams sems skyed cig} and to
godliness, brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness, love (2
Pet. 1:7 SV).

!GOOD@  see also GOSPEL

     1) #{bzang po/}$  ^Bib: 1) an attribute of God, his works, and
his law: {ya ho wa bzang zhing drang bas/} good and upright is the
Lord (Ps. 25:8), {bzang po ni gcig go} there is only One who is
good (Mt. 19:7), {dkon mchog gis mdzad pa thams cad bzang po yin/}
everything God created is good (1 Tim. 4:4), {bka' ni dam pa dang
drang po dang bzang po yin/} the commandment is holy, righteous,
and good (Rom. 7:12); 2) good or righteous: {mi bzang po zhig} a
righteous man (Rom. 5:7), {g.yog po bzang zhing drang po/} good and
faithful servant (Mt. 25:21); 3) moral good in general: {bzang ngan
rtogs pa'i shing /} the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
(Gen. 2:9), {las bzang byed mkhan su gcig kyang mi 'dug} there is
no one who does good, not even one (Ps. 14:3); 4) occasionally used
of the quality or usefulness of objects: {yul de'i gser bzang po
yin/} the gold of that land is good (Gen. 2:12); {sa bzang po/}
good soil (Lk. 8:15).
     ^Bst. 1) morally good: {las bzang po'i 'bras bu rdzogs nas/}
when the fruit of his good works is finished (TRC 260), {'gro ba mi
tshang mar dga' nye'i 'du shes 'dzin pa'i sems pa bzang po/} a
sense of affection for all humanity (DLP 15), {rjes 'brangs slob ma
rnams mi bzang po zhig tu sgyur rgyu'i nus pa/} the ability to make
their followers into better people (DLP 18), {dge ba'i lam bzang
ston par mdzad pa/} to point out the path of [moral] goodness (DLP
18), {sems pa bzang po yar rgyas gong 'phel gtong ba/} to develop
a good heart (DLP 22), {las bzang /} good works, good deeds (KPU
21), {dge 'dun rnams ya rab spyod bzang 'dug} the monks were fine
men of noble behavior (DPD); 2) good in quality: {sman bzang bo
drug} the six good medicines (CNG 72), {mchod pa dang bkur sti
bzang po mdzad/} made good offerings and worship (TRC 114), {mi'i
lus bzang po/} the good body of a human being (TRC 260), {gtam
bzang /} a good reputation (KPU 21), {rgyud bzang /} a good breed
[of dog] (SLR 14); 3) fortunate or auspicious: {mtshan bzang po/}
a mark or physical feature of a Buddha (TRI 221); 4) skilled: {nad
g.yog bzang po/} a good nurse (TRC 76); 5) beneficial: {mthun pa'i
grogs bzang po/} an agreeable companion (TRC 198); 6) often used in
names: {blo bzang /} "noble minded", {skal bzang /} "good fortune",
{rin chen bzang po/} Rinchen Sangpo, one of the early translators
(TRC 116).

     Proverbs: 1) {pha rol phyug po longs spyod dgos 'dod na/,,'di
ru sprang po'i skyid sdug bltas pa bzang /} if you want to be rich
in the next life, it's good to think of the poverty of beggars now
(KPU 8); 2) {gzhon pa'i shed las rgad po'i jus bya bzang /} it's
better to have the wisdom of age than the strength of youth (KPU
13); 3) {bzang la bzang dang ngan la ngan/} [do] good to the good
and evil to the wicked (KPU 20); 4) {bzang po 'ongs pa'i rjes la
gtam bzang yod/} where good men go, good reputation follows (KPU
21); 5) {ngan lan bzang 'jal/} to repay evil with kindness [a Bst.
ideal] (TQP 78).%

     Cognates: 1) {bzang ngan/} [lit. good + bad] a) how good or
bad something is; quality: {bla mas de'i bzang ngan la bltas/} the
priest will judge its quality as good or bad (Lev. 27:14), {bzang
ngan gyi brtag dpyad byas nas/} after examining its quality (TRC
184), b) moral: {deng sang 'dzam gling yongs khyab tu mi spyod
bzang ngan gyi rnyog 'dzings/} the modern worldwide moral crisis
(DLP 3); 2) {gzhan phan lhag bsam bzang po} humanitarianism: {yongs
khyab kyi rang bzhin ldan pa'i 'gro ba mi'i gzhan phan lhag bsam
bzang po/} universal humanitarianism (DLP 4); 3) {'phrin bzang /}
good news, gospel (DPD).%

     2) #{legs pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) moral good in general: {dkon mchog
gis 'od legs pa yin par gzigs te/} God saw that the light was good
(Gen. 1:4), {khyed tsho'i rlom sems de mi legs/} your boasting is
not good (1 Cor. 5:6); 2) fine, noble, commendable: {snying legs mo
dang bzang po/} a noble and good heart (Lk. 8:15), {don bzang po
zhig gi phyir mdza' ba ni rtag tu legs/} it is fine to be zealous,
provided the purpose is good (Gal. 4:18), {ji ste bzang po byas nas
gnod pa bzod na dkon mchog gi legs so thob bo/} if you suffer for
doing good and you endure it, this is commendable before God (1
Pet. 2:20); 3) beneficial: {jo bo lags/,,nged cag 'dir bzhugs pa
legs/} Lord, it is good for us to be here (Mt. 17:4), {chung ma ma
blang na legs/} it is good for a man not to marry (1 Cor. 7:1); 4)
good in quality: {tshwa legs/} salt is good (Mk. 9:50), {bka' lan
legs pa/} a good answer (Mk. 12:28), {ston thog legs pa/} a good
crop (Lk. 12:16), {legs po rnams/} good things (Lk. 16:25).
     ^Bst. 1) good, excellent: {legs pa'i blo gros/} excellent
wisdom (KBT 66); 2) good: {'di lta bu'i shes rig slob sbyong yongs
khyab tu yod pa des legs pa'i cha gong nas gong 'phel gtong ma
thub/} universal education does not seem to have fostered goodness
(DLP 1); 3) {legs par/} well: {legs par shes pa/} to understand
well (TRC 331), {rig gnas shes bya legs par slob/} to study
cultural knowledge well (TCR 1).

     3) #{phan/}$  ^Bib: 1) welfare, benefit, profit: {mi la 'jig
rten hril po thob kyang /,,rang srog brlag na ci phan/} what good
is it if a man gains the whole world but loses his own life (Mt.
16:26), {dkon mchog la byams pa rnams la bya ba thams cad 'dzoms
nas phan pa'i rgyur 'gyur ba/} in all things God works for the good
of those who love him (Rom 8:28); 2) to be good for, to benefit:
{nga 'gro ba ni khyed la phan no/} it is good for you that I go
(Jn. 16:7), {khyed la phan mkhan la phan na/} if you do good to
those who are good to you (Lk. 6:33), {khyod la phan phyir dkon
mchog gi zhabs phyi yin/} he is God's servant to do you good (Rom.
13:4).
     ^Bst. profit, help, benefit: {phan tshun gnyis phan/} mutual
benefit (DLP 11), {chos ma gtogs gang gis kyang mi phan pa/} no
benefit from any source other than religion (TRC 227), {gzhan la
phan sems/} charity; the wish to benefit others (TRC 345), {gzhan
phan lhag bsam ldan pa'i blo gros/} altruism (DLP 2).

     Cognates: 1) {phan yon/} benefit: {tshig brjod pa'i phan yon/}
the benefit of [merely] saying the word (TRC 74); 2) {phan grogs/}
companion (TRC 76); 3) {phan thogs/} benefit: {phan thogs rgya chen
po/} wide benefit (TRC 154); 4) {phan 'dogs/} to be beneficial to:
{pu gu la phan 'dogs pa'i zas za ba/} to eat food that is
beneficial to [her] children (TRC 330); 5) {'gro ba mi'i gzhan phan
lhag bsam bzang po'i rin thang /} humanitarian values (DLP 2); 5)
{khe phan/} advantage, gain, benefit (DLP 19).%

     Related Terms: 1) {bde/} [lit. blessed] to be good for: {dpon
po 'ong ste de bzhin du byed par mthong ba'i g.yog po bde'o/} it
will be good for that servant whose master finds him doing so when
he returns (Mt. 24:46); 2) {dge ba/} goodness, virtue: {dge ba la
mi dga' ba/} not lovers of the good (2 Tim. 3:3 SV); 3) {dge bar
byed/} to do good works or virtuous actions: {dge ba spyod pa/} one
who does good (Rom. 2:10), {mi thams cad dang khyad par du dad pa'i
khyim tshang la dge bar byos shig} let us do good to all people,
especially to those who belong to the family of believers (Gal
6:10); 4) {rang don/} one's own good: {rang don mi 'tshol bar gzhan
don tshol zhig} nobody should seek his own good, but the good of
others (1 Cor. 10:24); 5) {spyi don/} the common good: {spyi don du
mi re re la thugs nyid mngon pas/} to each one the manifestation of
the Spirit is given for the common good (1 Cor. 12:7); 6) {gzhan
don/} the good of others: {gzhan don dang sbyin pa sbyin pa ma rjed
cig} do not forget to do good and to share with others (Heb.
13:16); 7) {drang po/} honest, faithful, good: {ma shi ka ye shu'i
dmag mi drang po/} a good soldier of Christ Jesus (2 Tim. 2:3); 8)
{yag po/} good: {khyod cag gis nga rgyal skyed pa de yag po ma
yin/} your boasting is not good (1 Cor. 5:6 SV); 9) {rab/} best:
{de dag nga dang 'dra bar gnas na rab yin/} it is best for them to
remain as I am (1 Cor. 7:8 SV).%

!GOSPEL@

     1) #{phrin bzang /}$ [var. {'phrin bzang /}] [lit. news +
good]  ^Bib: the gospel, the good news of Christ: {rgyal srid kyi
phrin bzang /} the gospel of the kingdom (Mt. 24:14), {phrin bzang
'chad pa/} to preach the gospel (Acts 8:25), {khong gi sras po'i
'phrin bzang /} the gospel of his Son (Rom. 1:9 SV).
     {las ka ni 'phrin bzang bzhi dang mi sna bcas phal skad la
'gyur bya'o/} the work was putting the four Gospels and Acts into
spoken language (DPD).
     ^Bst. A literary term for good news; often used in writing
letters (AMD).

     2) #{gnas tshul/}$ news, situation, actuality. The term {gnas
tshul yag po/} has been used in spoken language for "good news" in
the sense of "gospel".
     Bst. {phebs ma thub pa'i gnas tshul/} the news of their being
unable to return (TRC 154), {legs nyes kyi gnas tshul/} the gospel
of good and evil (TRC 166), {gnas tshul yag po shes dgos pa/} must
understand the actual situation (TRC 242), {bden pa bzhi'i gnas
tshul/} the actuality of the four truths (TRC 257), {blo pham gyi
gnas tshul/} sad news (DLP 1), {sangs rgyas bcom ldan 'das yul der
phebs pa'i gnas tshul/} the news that the Buddha was coming (SGN
14).

     Cognates: {gnas tshul 'dri sa/} sign over information desk at
Lhasa airport.%

!GRACE@  see also COMPASSION, KINDNESS, MERCY

     1) #{thugs rje/}$ [hon. of {snying rje/}]  ^Bib: 1) God's
unmerited favor or kindness.  While mercy implies "holding back
from punishing someone when punishment is deserved", grace means
"showing (positive) kindness or generosity to someone who does not
deserve it" (K. Barnwell).  {dkon mchog gi thugs rje/} the grace of
God (Lk. 2:40), {thugs rje bden pas gang ba/} full of grace and
truth (Jn. 1:14), {gtso bo ye shu'i thugs rje'i sgo nas/} through
the grace of our Lord Jesus (Acts 15:11), {dkon mchog gi thugs
rje'i phrin bzang /} the gospel of God's grace (Acts 20:24), {bka'
khrims kyi 'og na med par thugs rje'i 'og tu yod/} not under law,
but under grace (Rom. 6:14), {thugs rje thams cad kyi dkon mchog}
the God of all grace (1 Pet. 5:10), 2) also used in greetings:
{khyed tshor gtso bo ye shu'i thugs rje 'bab par shog} the grace of
the Lord Jesus be with you (1 Cor. 16:23).
     ^Bst. 1) compassion, defined as the wish for all sentient
beings to be free from suffering.  In Bsm. compassion generates
merit for the one who feels it.  It does not involve forgiveness of
sins, but does imply showing kindness to those who may not deserve
it.  The term is not used in daily speech but is common in Bsm.
(AMD). 2) grace; in a general sense, the boddhisattvas are
considered to exhibit grace when they show the path of release from
suffering to living beings (MTB 195); hence: {nga la bla mas thugs
rje rgyang nas gzigs/} may the lama look upon me with compassion
(KPU 35); 3) one of the names of {spyan ras gzigs/} Chenresi:
{thugs rje chen po la phyag 'tshal lo/} homage to great compassion
(UCO 148).

     2) #{drin/}$ [hon. {bka' drin/}]  ^Bib: 1) kindness, gift:
{dkon mchog gi thugs rje'i bka' drin/} the gift of God's grace
(Eph. 3:7 SV); {khyed thar bar gyur pa ni thugs rje'i gnang sbyin
yin te dad pa'i sgo nas 'ongs/,,khyed rang nas ma byung /,,dkon
mchog gi bka' drin yin/} it is by grace you have been saved,
through faith--and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God
(Eph. 2:8 SV); 2) grace: {dkon mchog gis ma ke don ya  yul gyi chos
tshogs rnams la gnang ba'i bka' drin/} the grace that God has given
the Macedonian churches (2 Cor. 8:1 SV), {nged kyi gtso bo ye shu
ma shi ka'i bka' drin/} the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ (2 Cor.
8:9 SV), {drin de yang rgyas par byos shig} excel also in the grace
of giving (2 Cor. 8:7 SV).
     ^Bst. kindness.  True {bka' drin che/} (great kindness)
happens when the three jewels {dkon mchog gsum/} give refuge
protection to beings experiencing obstacles (KTM).  {sku drin sangs
rgyas kun las lhag pa'i mgon/} of all the Buddhas, he is the
kindest (HTE 182); {bod mi rnams la bka' drin shin tu che ba yin
tsang /} because this was a great kindness to the Tibetan people
(TRC 113); {pha ma bzang po bka' drin can/} good and kind parents
(TRC 218); {bka' drin tshad med pa/} immeasurable kindness (TRC
331); {gzhan gyi bka' drin la brten/} to depend on others' kindness
(DLP 15); {dgongs nas rang drin rang la che bar mdzod/} think about
it and do yourself a big favor (HTE 172).

     Related Terms: 1) {'phrin las/} [lit. "good works"] virtue,
merits, or positive energy received through the grace of the Buddha
and his teachings (TRI 178); 2) {bka' drin che/}  great kindness;
3) {bka' nyes/} a term used in nomad dialects instead of {thugs
rje/} (KTM).%

!GREED@  see also COVET 

     1) #{brnab sems/}$ ^Bib: greed, covetousness: {brnab sems kyi
rigs thams cad las bag zon byos shig} be on your guard against all
kinds of greed (Lk. 12:15).
     ^Bst. The desire to have someone else's wealth; greed, envy,
or covetousness; one of the ten non-virtues (AMD & KTM): {brnab
sems zer ba ni/,,gzhan gyi ca lag mthong dus de nga la byung na
snyam pa lta bu'i sems gzhan gyi yo byad la chags pa'i cha gcig la
zer/} covetousness signifies the portion of the mind which longs
for another's possessions with the thought "would it were mine" at
the time of seeing another's possessions (TRC 245), {yid kyi mi dge
ba gsum ni/,,brnab sems/,,gnod sems/,,log lta bcas red/} the three
non-virtues of mind are covetousness, the wish to injure, and wrong
view (TRC 242).

     Proverbs: {gzhan gyi nor la brnab sems spang/,,rang gi nor la
gron chung gyis/} abandon greed for others' wealth by spend little
on yourself (KTM).

     2) #{sred pa/}$  ^Bib: to desire strongly, be greedy for, or
crave: {rkun ma dang /,,sred ldan dang /,,ra ros/} thieves or the
greedy or drunkards (1 Cor. 6:10), {nor lha bsten pa'i 'dod sred
can/} one who is greedy for money (Eph. 5:5).
     ^Bst. see COVET.

     3) #{ser sna/}$ ^Bib: greed, desire for money: {ser sna can
dang chom po/} greedy people and swindlers (1 Cor. 5:10 SV), {log
g.yem dang mi tshangs par spyod pa dang /,,ser sna can/} immoral,
impure or greedy people (Eph. 5:5 SV), {'dod pa ngan pa dang /,,ser
sna/} evil desires and greed (Col. 3:5 SV).
     ^Bst. miserliness (KBT 22) or stinginess, {ser sna dang phangs
sems sogs gang yang med par/} without any stinginess or parsimony
(TRC 346).

     4) #{ham pa/}$  ^Bib: greediness, covetousness: {mi tshangs
par spyod dam/,,ham pa can yin/} one who is sexually immoral or
greedy (1 Cor. 5:11 SV), {rkun ma dang /,,ham pa can dang /,,chang
'dod can/} thieves or the greedy or drunkards (1 Cor. 6:10 SV).
     ^Bst. see COVET.

     Related Terms: {nor grib/} [lit. wealth + defilement,
pollution]: {nor grib can gyi phyir ma yin par/} not for filthy
lucre (1 Pet. 5:2 KJV).%

!GUILT@  see also CONFESS, REPENT, SIN

     1) #{sdig pa/}$ [lit. sin] ^Bib: The NT uses compounds of
{sdig pa/} with {yod/} and {med/} (literally "having or not
having") sin to express the idea contained in the English term
"guilt: {long ba yin na sdig pa med/} if you were blind, you would
not be guilt of sin (Jn. 9:41), {de tshor sdig pa med pa yin/} they
would not be guilty of sin (Jn. 15:22), {de la sdig pa che'o/} he
is guilty of a greater sin (Jn. 19:11), {sdig pa'i nongs mi shes/}
[lit. sin's pain not know] not to feel guilty (Heb. 10:2).
     ^Bst. In Bsm. guilt is irrelevant and unnecessary, for there
is no external Authority to pass judgement on sin (MTB 63).  Bsts.
are encouraged to feel sincere regret for their sins, to go for
refuge to the three jewels, perform purification by making
prostrations, reciting mantras, or giving offerings, and to promise
to refrain from bad actions in the future (JPG 77); see CONFESS. 

     2) #{nyes pa/}$ [lit. fault] ^Bib: Compounds of {nyes pa/} are
used similarly to those of {sdig} (see above) to express "guilt":
{nyes pa ma brtag pa/} without being found guilty (Acts 22:25), {ye
ru sha lem pa gzhan las nyes can/} more guilty than the others
living in Jerusalem (Lk. 13:4), {bka' khrims tshang ma la bltas nas
nyes can yin/} is at fault before the whole law (is guilty of
breaking all of it (Jas. 2:10 SV).
     ^Bst. see {sdig pa/} above.

!HATE@

     1) #{sdang /}$ p. {sdangs/} imp. {sdong /}  ^Bib: 1) used of
men's hatred for one another: {dgra la sdong zhig} hate your enemy
(Mt. 5:43), {de'i yul pas mi drag der sdang bas/} his subjects
hated him (Lk. 19:14), {mi gzhan gyis sdang ba dang rang yang phan
tshun sdang mkhan yin/} being hated and hating one another (Tit.
3:3); 2) used of men's hatred of Jesus: {nga la sdang ba des nga'i
yab la'ang sdang ngo /} he who hates me hates my Father as well
(Jn. 15:23); 3) men's hatred of Christians: {mi rgyud thams cad
kyis khyed la sdang 'ong /} all nations will hate you (Mt. 24:9);
4) believers' hatred of evil: {ya ho war chags mkhan khyed rnams
ngan par sdang zhig kye/} let those who love the Lord hate evil
(Ps. 97:10), {ngan pa la sdang ba de ni dkon mchog la bag byed pa
yin/} to fear the Lord is to hate evil (Pr. 8:13); 5) used also of
God's displeasure: {ya kob la gces par 'dzin te/,,e sab la sdangs/}
Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated (Rom. 9:13 quoting Mal. 1:3), {ya
ho wa yis ra el gyi dkon mchog gis 'di skad du/,,nga ni chung ma
gcod pa  sdang ngo /} I, the God of Israel, hate divorce (Mal.
2:16), {khyed ni drang por byams kyang ngan par sdang /} you have
loved righteousness and hated wickedness (Heb. 1:9 quoting
Ps.45:7). 
     ^Bst. {zhe sdang /} [lit. mental disposition + anger, hate] is
the more common term for hatred, implying a wish to harm others
which when outwardly expressed is {khro/} (AMD).  {zhe sdang gis
gsod pa ni/,,gsod yag de la khong khro langs nas gsod pa/} to kill
on account of hatred is to kill the victim on account of the
arising of anger (TRC 243).  Hatred is one of the three poisons or
{dug chu gsum/} which are: {'dod chags dang  /,,zhe sdang dang
/,,gti mug} attachment, hatred, and ignorance, {sdang sems/} an
attitude of hatred (TRC 32), {zhe 'khon sdang 'dzin dang /,,rang
gces 'dzin/,,phrag dog} hatred, selfishness, and jealousy (DLP 17),
{sdang ba'i dgra/} an enemy (KPU 33), {dgra yi phyogs la zhe sdang
me ltar 'bar/} hatred burns like fire towards an enemy (GSL 6).

     Proverbs: 1) {zhe sdang lta bu'i sdig pa med/,,bzod pa lta
bu'i dka' thub med/} there is no evil like hatred; no ascetic
practice like patience (TRC 347); 2) {zhes sdang dgra bo byams pa'i
mtshon gyis thul/} overcome your enemy, hatred, with the weapons of
love (HTE 186); 3) {phrag dog pa'i mi ni zhe sdang me ltar sbar
ro/} the hate of a jealous man burns like fire (CTL 277).

     2) #{'khon pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) hatred, malice, anger: {ngan sngags
dang /,,'khon sems/} witchcraft [lit. evil mantras] and hatred
(Gal. 5:20), {'jig rten dang mdza' ba ni dkon mchog dang 'khon pa
yin/} friendship with the world is hatred toward God (Jas. 4:4); 2)
to hate: {mi thams cad kyis khyed la 'khon/} all men will hate you
(Mt. 10:22).
     ^Bst. 1) {'khon pa/} is wishing for a way to hurt or attack
someone.  All Bst. practitioners must get rid of this attitude
(AMD);  2) the {'khon/} is also a lineage of lamas known as the
"combat lineage" because it is believed to be the result of
conflict between a demon and a god (TRI 30).

     3) #{'khon du 'dzin/}$ p. {bzung /} f. {gzung /} imp. {zung /}
^Bib: used of God's hatred of sin: {nga ya ho was khrims drang po
la sdug par 'dzin pas/,,'phrog bcom gyi sbyin sreg la 'khon du
'dzin no/} for I, the Lord, love justice; I hate robbery and
iniquity (Is. 61:8), {bya ba 'di thams cad la ngas 'khon du 'dzin
no/} I [God] hate all this (Zechariah 8:17). 
     ^Bst.  {'khon du 'dzin pa/} resentment, one of the secondary
afflictions (KBT 22), {zhe 'khon sdang 'dzin/} hatred (DLP 17).

     Related Terms: 1) {chags pa ma spang /} [lit. attachment not
abandon] used figuratively as "hate": {gal te su zhig nga'i rtsar
'ong yang /,,pha ma dang /,,bu smad dang /,,ming sring rnams ma zad
rang gi srog la'ang chags pa ma spang na/,,nga'i nye gnas min/} if
anyone comes to me and does not hate his father and mother, his
wife and children, his brothers and sisters--yes, even his own
life--he cannot be my disciple (Lk. 14:26); 2) {mi gces pa/} [lit.
not love] {'jig rten 'dir rang srog la mi gces pa/} the one who
hates his life in this world (Jn. 12:25); 3) {thugs log} [lit.
spirit turn] {sdig spyod kun la khyed kyi thugs log go} you [God]
hate all who do wrong (Ps. 5:5).%

!HEART@

     1) #{snying /}$  ^Bib: 1) the physical heart: {rang gi snying
la 'khur dgos/} he must carry it over his heart (Ex. 28:30); 2) the
site of inner thoughts, feelings, and desires: {snying gi bsam pa
dang 'dod pa rnams mkhyen no/} [the Word of God] knows the thoughts
and attitudes of the heart (Heb. 4:12), {bsam ngan dang /,,mi gsod
pa dang /,,log g.yem dang /,,'dod log dang /,,rku ba dang /,,rdzun
gyi dpang po dang /,,skur 'debs ni snying gi nang nas 'ong ngo /}
from out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual
immorality, theft, false testimony, slander (Mt. 15:19), {dkon
mchog gis khyed kyi snying mkhyen pas/} God knows your hearts (Lk.
16:15), {bsam blo gtong gin snying la bzhag go} [Mary] pondered
them in her heart (Lk. 2:19).  
     The heart is the center of spiritual activity in the life of
man: {gtso bos de'i snying phyes/} the Lord opened her heart (Acts
16:14), {nyid kyi sras kyi thugs nyid khyed tsho'i snying du stsal
te/} [God] sent the Spirit of his Son into your hearts (Gal. 4:6),
{khyod kyi snying bdud kyis khengs pa de ci yin/} how is it that
Satan has so filled your heart (Acts 5:3), {khyod kyi snying dkon
mchog gi drung du drang po ma yin/} your heart is not right before
God (Acts 8:21), {de tsho'i dad pa'i rkyen gyis snying dag par
mdzad de/} he purified their hearts by faith (Acts 15:9), {dad med
kyi snying ngan pa/} a sinful, unbelieving heart (Heb. 3:12),
{snying nas dad pa byed na/} if you believe in your heart (Rom.
10:9).
     In Biblical psychology the heart is also the seat of emotions:
1) sincerity: {snying nas bzod par mi byed na/} unless you forgive
from your heart (Mt. 18:35), {rang gi snying hril po dang /,,sems
hril po dang /,,yid hril po/} with all your heart and with all your
soul and with all your mind (Mt. 22:37), {snying nas dkon mchog gi
thugs dgongs bzhin du g.yog byos shig} doing the will of God from
your heart (Eph. 6:6), {nga tsho'i brtse ba'i snying 'byed do/} we
opened wide our hearts to you (2 Cor. 6:11); 2) ardor: {nga tsho'i
snying ma dros sam/} were not our hearts burning (Lk. 24:32); 3)
repentance: {de thos nas de rnams kyi snying la zug ste/} they were
cut to the heart (Acts 2:37); 4) sadness: {nga'i snying gas par
byed pa de ci yin/} why are you breaking my heart (Acts 21:13); 5)
obstinacy: {ya ho was phar o yi snying sra bar mdzad do/} the Lord
hardened Pharaoh's heart (Ex. 9:12), {khyed tsho'i snying gyong po
yin pas/} because your hearts were hard (Mt. 19:8), {snying mkhregs
po/} stubborn hearts (Mk. 3:5); 6) desire: {snying nas 'dod pas/}
heart's desire (Rom. 10:1); 7) discouragement: {nga tshos snying
chung mi byed par/} we do not lose heart (2 Cor. 4:16); 8) fear:
{skrag nas snying rtsa 'dar/} to shake in the heart from fear
(KTM). 
     ^Bst. The heart is the seat of moral action in Bsm; hence a
"good heart" is one which has beneficial intentions toward others
(BTT 4).  Moral actions predicated of the heart include: 1)
sincerity: {snying nas gsod par 'dod pa/} a heartfelt desire to
kill (TRC 243), {snying thag pa nas/} sincerely, from the heart
(TRC 331), {snying gtam/} heartfelt advice (KPU 10), {snying gi
sgam/} the innermost part of one's heart (KPU 32), {snying gi dkyil
la/} in the center of one's heart (KPU 35); 2) affection,
friendship, or love: {dgra de la rang gi snying du gces pa'i yid
'ong byams pa/} a love which cherishes one's enemy from the heart
(TRC 320), {snying grogs/} a good friend (TRC 228), {byams snying
ldan/} compassionate (DLP 3), {snying gi bu tsho snying nas rna ba
nyon/} my spiritual sons, listen with your hearts (KPU 17), {a ma'i
snying /} a mother's heart (KPU 29), {snying rje/} compassion; 3)
courage: {snying stobs/} courage, strength, determination (TCR 1);
4) the heart represents the pith or essence of a topic: {shes rab
kyi pha rol tu phyin pa'i snying po/} The Heart of Going to the Far
Side of Wisdom (Tibetan title of the Heart Sutra); {snying po'i lha
chos/} the essence of the sublime dharma (religion) (HTE 172),
{snying po med pa/} without meaning or essence (HTE 202).

     2) #{sems/}$  [hon. {thugs/}] ^Bib: mind, heart, soul: {nga'i
sems 'khrugs so/} my heart is troubled (Jn. 12:27), {nga sems
dga'/} my heart is glad (Acts 2:26), {khyed tsho'i sems gso ba/} to
encourage your hearts (Col. 4:8), {sems ma 'pham/} don't lose heart
(Heb. 12:5), {sems lhod der sdod cig,,/khyod kyi sdig pa sel ba
yin/} take heart; your sins are forgiven (Mt. 9:2), {'gyod pa mi
skyed ba'i sems/} an unrepentant heart (Rom. 2:5 SV), {khyed cag la
gdung sems chen po skyes so/} their hearts will go out to you (2
Cor. 9:14 SV), {sems drang por byos shig} work at it with all your
heart (Col. 3:23 SV).
     ^Bst. see MIND. Though the primary meaning of {sems/} is mind,
or consciousness, some compounds of {sems/} are used to express
mental or emotional states which in English are predicated of the
heart: 1) {sems sgyur ba/} to change one's heart as in coming to
believe in a new religion (AMD); 2) {sems dkrug pa/} a troubled or
confused heart; one that is not at peace (AMD); 3) {sems brlags/}
changed in heart to a bad person (AMD); 4) {sems bzang /} good or
kind heart; 5) {sems ha cang dga' nas/} from a happy heart (KTM).

     3) #{blo/}$  ^Bib: mind, heart: {blo dred po/} slow of heart
(Lk. 24:25), {da dung khyod tsho'i blo sgrib bam/} are your hearts
still hardened (Mk. 8:17), {blo mun pa ru gyur pas/} their hearts
were darkened (Rom. 1:21), {blo drang pos kha la nyon cig} obey
with sincerity of heart (Eph. 6:5), {blo mi bde ba/} an anguished
heart (2 Cor. 2:4), {blo gros gi mig} the eyes of your heart (Eph.
1:18 SV).
     ^Bst. see MIND. 

     Cognates: 1) {blo pham/} sad (DLP 1); 2) {blo yang bo/} light
hearted (KTM); 3) {blo g.yeng /} worry or fear (DLP 3); 4) {gzhan
phan gyi blo zhig} a spirit of cooperation (DLP 11); 5) {blo gtad/}
to trust (HTE 178); 6) {bsam blo/} thought (KPU 35).%

     4) #{yid/}$  ^Bib: mind, heart: {yid la bdeng gnang nas/}
encourage your hearts (2 Thes. 2:17), {yid kyi nang du mi 'gro
bas/} it doesn't go into his heart (Mk. 7:19), {yid kyi nang nas
'dod log} from out of the heart [come] evil desires (Mk. 7:21),
{khong gis bka' bkyon mdzad na yid ma 'pham/} do not lose heart
when he rebukes you (Heb. 12:5 SV), {thos pa rnams dang /,,de'i
nang la bris pa'i bya ba rnams yid la 'chang ba rnams bde'o/}
blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written
(Rev. 1:3 SV).
     ^Bst. see MIND. 
     ^Sec. {yid kyi rang sgra/} inner voice (title of a book of
poems by Victor Hugo) (SBC-1, p. 62).

     Cognates: 1) {yid mi bde ba/} unhappiness (KBT 39); 2) {yid
ches/} confidence, faith (TRC 74); 3) {yid brtan/} trust,
confidence (TRC 258).%

     Related Terms: 1) {g.yo ba med par/} sincerity of heart (Eph.
6:5 SV); 2) {steng gi dngos po rnams tshol zhig} set your hearts on
things above (Col. 3:1); 3) {mi zhig gis do dam pa'i las tshan 'dod
na/} if anyone sets his heart on being an overseer (1 Tim. 3:1
SV).%

!HEAVEN@  see also WORLD

     1) #{nam mkha'/}$  ^Bib: 1) the place where God dwells,
heaven: {nam mkhar bzhugs pa'i khyod tsho'i yab/} your Father in
heaven (Mt. 5:16), {nam mkha' ni dkon mchog gi bzhugs khri yin/}
heaven is God's throne (Mt. 5:34), {thugs nyid phug ron ltar nam
mkha' nas babs/} the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove (Jn.
1:32), {khong nam mkhar gdan drangs nas/,,dkon mchog gi phyag g.yas
su bzhugs so/} he was taken up into heaven and he sat at the right
hand of God (Mk. 16:19), {de rnams kyi pho nyas nam mkha'i nang /}
their angels in heaven (Mt. 18:10), {khyed kyi dgongs pa nam mkha'
la/,,/sgrub ltar sa la'ang sgrub par shog} your will be done on
earth as it is in heaven (Mt. 6:10); 2) the skies, the heavens,
outer space: {dkon mchog gis nam mkha' dang sa bkod do/} God
created the heavens and the earth (Gen. 1:1), {dkon mchog gis
dbyings kyi ming la nam mkha' btags so/} God called the expanse
"sky" (Gen. 1:8), {nam mkhar bltas bltas pa/} looking intently up
into the sky (Acts 1:10), {mi brgyud thams cad kyi nang nas/} from
every nation under heaven (Acts 2:5), {lha mo chen mo ar ti mi dang
nam mkha' las babs pa khong gi sku 'dra/} the great goddess Artemis
and of her image, which fell from heaven (Acts 19:35).
     Common phrases: {nam mkha'i rgyal srid/} the kingdom of heaven
(Mt. 3:2), {khyod tsho'i nam mkha'i yab/} your heavenly Father (Mt.
5:48), {nam mkha'i dpung tshogs/} the heavenly host (Lk. 2:13),
{nam mkha' ru khyed la rngan pa chen po yod/} great is your reward
in heaven (Lk. 6:23), {nam mkha' nas ltas shig} a sign from heaven
(Lk. 11:16), {nam mkha' nas bag leb/} bread from heaven (Jn. 6:31),
{nam mkha'i zhal gzigs/} the heavenly vision (Acts 26:19), {nam
mkha'i zhing khams/} the heavenly realms (Eph. 1:20), {nam mkha'
las kyang 'phags pa/} exalted above the heavens (Heb. 7:26), {nam
mkha'i ye ru sha lem/} the heavenly Jerusalem (Heb. 12:22), {nam
mkha' nas sgra/} a voice from heaven (2 Pet. 1:18).  
     ^Bst. see WORLD.

     2) #{gnam/}$  ^Bib: 1) the sky: {gnam nas skar ma lhung 'gyur
te/} the stars will fall from the sky (Mt. 24:29), {gnam nas char
pa babs/} rain fell from the sky (Jas. 5:18); 2) heaven: {gnam gyi
sprin gyi steng na 'byon pa/} coming on the clouds of heaven (Mt.
26:64), {gnam nas me dang mu zi babs nas/} fire and sulfur rained
down from heaven (Lk. 17:28,29), {gnam rnams khyed kyi phyag gis
mdzad pa yin/} the heavens are the work of your hands (Heb. 1:10). 
     Related Terms: 1) {gnam/} in modern usage means sky and has no
religious connotations (AMD); 2) {gnam gru/} airplane; 3) {gnam gru
thang /} [sky + boat + field] airport; 3) {gnam gshis/} weather or
climate (DLP 12).%

     3) #{mkha'/}$  ^Bib: heaven, sky: {mkha' nas 'byon pa khong ni
bla med do/} the one who comes from heaven is above all (Jn. 3:31),
{khong ni mka' dbyings 'byed de mar 'bab/} he parted the heavens
and came down (2 Sa. 22:10 NTV).
     ^Sec. {mkha' rlung /} air (SLR 13).

     4) #{mtho ris/}$  ^Bib: the heavens: {mtho ris na rang gi
g.yas su bzhag ste/} seated him at his right hand in the heavenly
realms (Eph. 1:20 SV), {mtho ris thams cad kyi gong du/} higher
than all the heavens (Eph. 4:10 SV), {nged rnams kyi spyod pa ni
mtho ris na yod/} but our citizenship is in heaven (Phil. 3:20 SV).
     ^Bst.: {mtho ris/} is higher rebirth, defined as better family
lineage, attractive physical features, long life, good health, good
luck, wealth, and wisdom (TRI 127).

     Related Terms: 1) {gnam sa/} heaven and earth: {gnam sa gnyis
'da' ba'i bar du/} until heaven and earth disappear (Mt. 5:18),
{gnam sa gnyis kyi gtso bo/} Lord of heaven and earth (Mt.
11:25,26); 2) {bde ris/} paradise: {dkon mchog gi bde ris su/} in
the paradise of God (Rev. 2:7); 3) compounds of {steng /} (above)
are used figuratively for "heaven": {steng gi gzi brjid/} the
Majesty in heaven (Heb. 1:3 SV); 4) compounds of {yar/} (above) are
used figuratively for "heaven": {yar nas 'od rnams kyi yab/} the
Father of the heavenly lights (Jas. 1:17), {yar nas 'byung ba'i
shes rab/} the wisdom that comes from heaven (Jas. 3:17 SV); 5)
{dga' ldan/} one of six Bst. heavens and the name of a famous
monastery outside Lhasa (TRI 42); 6) {bde ba can/} [Skt. sukhavati]
the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha.%

!HEBREW@  see ISRAEL

!HELL@  see also WORLD 

     #{dmyal ba/}$  [Gr. Gehenna, Hades] ^Bib: {lus hril po dmyal
bar dbyug pa/} one's whole body to be thrown into hell (Mt. 5:29),
{lus sems gnyis po dmyal ba'i nang tshar bcad nus pa khong la 'jigs
shig} be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul and body in
hell (Mt. 10:28), {dmyal ba'i chad pa las khyod ci ltar thar 'ong
/} how will you escape being condemned to hell (Mt. 23:33). 
     ^Bst. There are eight hot hells {tsha ba'i dmyal ba brgyad/}
(CNG 100), eight cold hells {grang ba'i dmyal ba brgyad/} (CNG
101), and two additional hells, the {nye 'khor ba/} and the {nyi
tshe ba/} making a total of eighteen.  Within the hot and cold
hells, the misery of each is double that of its predecessor, and
the lifespan of the inhabitants of each is exceedingly long. 
Rebirth in {dmyal ba'i me'i/} the fires of hell (TRC 286) is a
feared consequence of non-virtue: {mi dge ba'i las chen po byas pas
rnam smin dmyal ba/} through performance of a great non-virtue,
maturation is birth among the denizens of hell (TRC 245).  Even a
moment of anger towards a boddhisattva is a cause for rebirth in
hell (MTB 75). Perhaps not surprisingly, there are believed to be
more beings in hell than in any of the other possible rebirths (JPG
136). There are many colorful descriptions of the miseries of hell-beings (JPG 181).  For the place of the hells in Bst. cosmology,
see WORLD.

     Proverbs: {dge sbyong nyid du spyod nyes pas/,,dmyal ba dag to
nye bar 'dren/} the ascetic life, wrongly lived, leads to hell (DMP
156).


!HOLY@  see also CLEAN, HOLY SPIRIT, RIGHTEOUSNESS

     1) #{dam pa/}$  ^Bib: holy, sacred: 1) used of Jesus and God:
{nga ni dam pa yin pa'i phyir du khyod cag kyang dam pa yin par
dgos/} be holy, because I am holy (Lev. 11:45), {yis ra el gyi dam
pa/} the Holy One of Israel (Ps. 71:22), {khyed dkon mchog gi dam
pa de lags zhus so/} you are the Holy One of God (Mk. 1:24), {yab
dam pa lags/} holy Father (Jn. 17:11); 2) used of holy people:
{skyes bu drang po dang dam pa yin par shes te/} knowing him to be
a righteous and holy man (Mk. 6:20), {lung ston pa dam pa rnams/}
holy prophets (Acts 3:21), {sku tshab dam pa/} holy apostles (Eph.
3:5), {spun dam pa rnams/} holy brothers (Heb. 3:1).  Common
phrases: {gnas dam pa dang dam pa'i dam pa/} the holy place and the
Most Holy Place (Ex. 26:33), {grong khyer dam pa/} the holy city
(Mt. 4:5), {dam pa'i pho nya/} holy angels (Mk. 8:38), {byin brlabs
bden pa dam pa/} holy and sure blessings (Acts 13:34), {dam pa'i
mdo/} holy Scriptures (Rom. 1:2), {dam pa'i 'o/} a holy kiss (Rom.
16:16). 
     ^Bst.  A person who is {dam pa/} is either an enlightened
being like the Buddhas or someone famous who has achieved great
things. The Chinese could use this of Mao Tse Tung (AMD).  1)
ultimate, real, that which goes beyond mere appearances: {don dam
pa'i bden pa/} ultimate truth (KBT 44), {don dam pa'i chos dkon
mchog} the ultimate dharma jewel (TRC 75), {don dam pa dang kun
rdzob pa'i dge 'dun dkon mchog} ultimate and conventional jewels of
the monk body or sangha (TRC 75); 2) worthy, noble, supreme: {dam
pa'i chos kyi dbu tsam/} the starting point of the noble doctrine
(TRC 112), {dam pa khyed/} worthy friend (HTE 170); 3) may be used
as a term of respect for one who has died: {tshe stan phun tshogs
dam pa dgongs pa rdzogs so/} Mr. Tsetan Phuntsog died (DPD); 4)
material objects such as the Bst. scriptures are considered to be
holy; misplacing or inadvertently spoiling one is considered a
karmic cause of ignorance (JPG 220).%

     2) #{gtsang ma/}$  ^Bib: pure, clean, holy: {lag pa gtsang ma
yar btegs te smon lam 'debs par/} lifting up holy hands in prayer
(1 Tim. 2:8), {gtsang khang /} the Most Holy Place (Heb. 13:11).      ^Bst. see CLEAN.  Without the error of defilement or moral
fault; pure (KTM).  Also used of outwardly moral people who do not
steal, etc. (AMD).

     3) #{dag pa/}$  and  #{rnam par dag pa/}$  ^Bib: clean, pure,
holy: {khong gi drung du dag cing skyon med pa/} holy and blameless
in his sight (Eph. 1:4 SV), {lag pa dag pa bteg ste smon lam
'debs/} to lift up holy hands in prayer (1 Tim. 2:8 SV); {dkon
mchog gis nga rnams mi gtsang ba'i phyir du ma bos kyis/,,rnam par
dag par 'gyur ba'i phyir bos so/} God did not call us to be impure,
but to live a holy life (1 Thes. 4:7 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) {dag pa/} means purity rather than holiness.  Bsm. is
a path of progressive purification from wrong actions and ideas,
and the Buddhas are those who complete this process and become
perfectly pure beings.  Hence {dag pa/} implies purity of thought,
purpose, and behavior (KTM).  {dag pa bzhi/} the four purities of
a Buddha: {lus dag pa/} a pure body, {dmigs pa dag pa/} pure
objectives, {sems dag pa/} a pure mind, {ye shes dag pa/} pure
primordial wisdom (TRI 130); {btang snyoms yongs su dag pa/} pure
equanimity (KBT 105), {dran pa yongs su dag pa/} pure mindfulness
(KBT 105). {dag pa/} can also imply physical cleanliness or purity: 
{mar gtsang zhing spus tshad dag pa/} butter that is clean and of
pure quality (SLR 11); 2) {rnam par dag pa/} is a specialized sense
of {dag pa/} which implies the purity of enlightened beings whose
only concern is for the well being and peace of all sentient
beings, and never for themselves and their own well being.  In one
well-known story, the Buddha sacrificed his own body for a tigress
so that she could gain strength to feed her kittens.  This attitude
is {rnam par dag pa/}:  completely true, altruistic, and pure
(KTM).  {drin gzo 'dod kyi bsam pa rnam par dag pa/} the pure
thought which wishes to repay kindnesses (TRC 321), {rnam par dag
pa'i shes rab/} pure wisdom (GSL 30).  3) {yang dag pa/} may mean
either: 1) real or actual (in the sense of perfectly understood):
{yang dag kun rdzob/} real conventional truth (TRI 246); 2)
correct, right: used of the elements of the Eightfold Path, e.g.
{yang dag pa'i lta ba/} right view, {yang dag pa'i rtog pa/} right
thought, etc.; 3) perfect (used of the Buddhas and their
attributes: {yang dag pa'i ye shes/} perfect wisdom (KBT 45), {yang
dag pa'i spong ba bzhi/} the four perfect abandonments (KBT 51),
{yang dag par rig pa/} perfect understanding (KBT 70), {ston pa
yang dag pa/} the perfect teacher (TRC 73), {bla na med pa yang dag
par rdzogs pa'i byang chub/} unsurpassed, perfect, and complete
enlightenment (HSU 168).

     Cognates: 1) {bsam glo dag pa/} pure thought; 2) {yi ge dag
pa/} clean, crisp, well formed letters, 3) {smon lam dag pa/}
prayers which are pure (KTM).%

     4) #{byin rlabs dang ldan pa/}$ [lit. having blessing]  ^Bib:
holy: {de min khyed cag gi phru gu yang mi gtsang bar 'gyur
gyis/,,da ni byin rlabs dang ldan pa yin no/} otherwise your
children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy (1 Cor. 7:14
SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {lhad med pa/} without adulteration, not an
alloy; 2) {skyon gyis ma gos pa/} not clothed in fault; 3) {bzang
po/} good, holy: {khyed la spyod lam bzang po dang chos sems ji lta
bu zhig yod dgos/} you ought to live holy and godly lives (2 Pet.
3:11,12).%

!HOLY SPIRIT@

     #{thugs nyid/}$  [honorific of {sems nyid/} spirit] or {dam
pa'i thugs nyid/} ^Bib: the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit: {dkon
mchog gi thugs nyid chu rnams kyi steng du lding ba yin/} the
Spirit of God was hovering over the waters (Gen. 1:2), {stongs
grogs thugs nyid dam pa/} the Counselor, the Holy Spirit (Jn.
14:26), {thams cad la dam pa'i thugs nyid kyis khyabs/} they were
all filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 4:31), {khong gis khyod cag
la dam pa'i thugs nyid dang me'i khrus gnang bar 'gyur/} he will
baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire (Mt. 3:11), {dam pa'i
thugs nyid dang ldan par gyur to/} they received the Holy Spirit
(Acts 8:17), {dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi mchod khang /} a temple of
the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 6:19), {dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi gnang
sbyin/} gifts of the Holy Spirit (Heb. 2:4), {thugs nyid kyi 'bras
bu/} the fruit of the Holy Spirit (Gal. 5:22). 

     Related Terms: {sangs rgyas rnam dag sems/} the Holy Spirit
(ATM; 1762).%

!HONOR@  see also GLORY, PRAISE, WORSHIP

     1) #{bkur sti/}$  ^Bib: respect, homage: {lung ston pa la rang
yul du bkur sti mi 'byung /} a prophet has no honor in his own
country (Jn. 4:44), {rtag pa'i dpal dang bkur sti 'tshol mkhan/}
the one who persists in seeking glory and honor (Rom. 2:7), {dam pa
dang bkur sti dang ldan par/} holy and honorable (1 Thes. 4:4),
{khyed tsho la bkur sti dang /,,nga tshor smad pa thob bo/} you
receive honor, we are dishonored (1 Cor. 4:10).
     ^Bst. {bkur sti/} is respect or honor, especially that given
to the monk body.  Ideally {bkur sti/} is offered through the 
"three doors" of body {lus/} speech {ngag} and mind {yid/} by
prostrations, praise, and faith or trust (KTM).  {mchod pa dang
bkur sti bzang po mdzad/} [King Khri Ral] offered homage and
worship well (TRC 114), {pan chen rin po che mchog la bkur sti rtse
gcig tu byed pa/} the esteem and love offered to the Panchen Lama
(MHP 9-10).

     2/} #{bkur sti byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
^Bib: to show honor to someone: {rang gi pha ma la bkur sti byos
shig} honor your father and mother (Mt. 15:4), {nga la zhabs tog
byed pa de la/,,yab kyi bkur sti mdzad 'ong /} my Father will honor
the one who serves me (Jn. 12:26).

     3) #{bkur ba/}$  ^Bib: to show honor or reverence to someone:
{sde 'dis kha nas nga bkur/} these people honor me with their lips
(Mt. 15:8), {thams cad kyis bkur ba'i pha ru shi pa/} a Pharisee
who was honored by all the people (Acts 5:34), {yan lag gcig la
bkur na/} if one part is honored (1 Cor. 12:26).

     4) #{sti stang /}$  ^Bib: reverence, respect, honor: {mgron po
thams cad kyi mdun du sti stang 'byung 'ong /} you will be honored
in the presence of all your friends (Lk. 14:10), {sti stang dang
bstod pa/} honor and praise (1 Tim. 1:17), {bza' mi byed pa ni kun
nang sti stang 'os par rtsi/} marriage should be accounted worthy
of honor by all (Heb. 13:4).

     5) #{sti stang byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
^Bib: to show honor: {gcig gis gcig la sti stang byos shig} honor
one another (Rom. 12:10).

     6) #{zhe sa/}$  ^Bib: reverence, respect: {dkon mchog yab kyi
phyogs nas khong la zhe sa dang dpal byung dus su/} he received
honor and glory from God (2 Pet. 1:17), {zhe sa dang /,,dpal dang
/,,bstod pa 'bul bar 'os pa lags so/} worthy to receive honor and
glory and praise (Rev. 5:12).
     ^Bst: 1) {zhe sa/} respect which is given to others in
general; reverence, courtesy, or politeness (KTM); 2) honorific
speech.

     7) #{zhe sa byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}  ^Bib:
to show honor or respect to: {zhe sa byed 'os pa la zhe sa byos
shig} if honor is due, show honor (Rom. 13:7), {'di 'dra ba'i skyes
bur zhe sa byos shig} honor men like him (Phil. 2:29,30).

     8) #{rtsis/}$ [lit. to account] ^Bib: estimation, esteem,
value, respect: {lung ston pa la rang yul dang rang khyim na ma
gtogs par gar yang rtsis med mi 'byung /} only in his hometown and
in his own house is a prophet without honor (Mt. 13:57), {nga tshos
snang chung rtsi ba'i yan lag la lhag par rtsi ste/} the parts that
we think are less honorable we treat with special honor (1 Cor.
12:23). 

     9) #{mchod pa/}$  ^Bib: to honor, worship, revere, or respect:
{yab la mchod pa ltar thams cad kyis sras la mchod pa'i phyir/}
that all may honor the Son just as they honor the Father (Jn.
5:22,23), {glang bu zhig gi sku 'dra bzos nas/,,de la mchod pa
phul/} making an idol of a calf, they honored [or worshiped] it
(Acts 7:41). 
     ^Bst. see WORSHIP.

     Related Terms: 1) {mtho ba/} (high) place of honor: {chos
khang du khri stan mtho ba/} the most important seats in the
synagogues (Mt. 23:6); 2) {gral mgo} the place of honor at a table:
{mgron po rnams gral mgo la dga' ba gzigs pas/} when he noticed how
the guests picked the places of honor at the table (Lk. 14:7); 3)
{dpal/} honor, glory: {lus kyi sgo nas dkon mchog gi dpal ston
zhig} honor God with your body (1 Cor. 6:20); 4) {mtshan rgyas par
gyur ba/} [lit. name + increase] to gain a reputation: {gtso bo ye
shu'i mtshan rgyas par gyur to/} the name of the Lord Jesus was
held in high honor (Acts 19:17); 5) {grags pa/} reputation {khyed
rnams kyi grags pa che/,,nged rnams la grags pa med do/} you are
honored, we are dishonored (1 Cor. 4:10 SV); 6) {snyan grags/}
fame, reputation: {rang gi snyan grags 'tshol/} seeks honor for
himself (Jn. 7:18), {kho ni mi grangs sum cu'i nang nas snyan grags
che shos shig tu 'gyur te/} was he not held in greater honor than
the Three (2 Sam. 23:19 NTV); 7) {rgyan/} adornment, blessing:
{spun gzhan gnyis po chos tshogs kyi pho nya dang ma shi ka'i rgyan
yin/} as for our brothers, they are representatives of the churches
and an honor to Christ (2 Cor. 8:23); 8) {spyod bzang /} honorable
conduct: {nga tshor shes bzang gtsang ma dang rnam kun spyod bzang
yod pa la yid ches pas/} we are sure that we have a clear
conscience and desire to live honorably in every way (Heb. 13:18);
9) {gus pa/} to honor, show respect to: {rgyal po la gus shig}
honor the king (1 Pet. 2:17), also {gus zhabs byed/} to honor: {bud
med tshos nga la gus zhabs byed par 'gyur/} by these slave girls
you spoke of, I will be held in honor (2 Sam. 6:22 NTV), {gus zhabs
chen pos mgo bo sa la btung de/} fell with her face to the ground
to pay him honor (2 Sam. 14:4); 10) {bsnyen bkur/} veneration (see
WORSHIP); 11) {bstod pa/} praise: {sangs rgyas la bstod pa sogs
mchod brjod kyi dpe cha/} manuals of worship in praise of the
Buddha (TRC 2), {'jig rten las 'das bstod pa/} praise to the Buddha
(LKT), see PRAISE.%

!HOPE@

     1) #{re ba/}$  ^Bib: 1) Christian hope: {gshin po rnams lang
ba'i re ba/} hope in the resurrection of the dead (Acts 23:6), {gzi
brjid kyi re ba/} the hope of glory (Col. 1:26,27), {dad pa/,,re
ba/,,byams pa/} faith, hope, and love (1 Cor. 13:13); 2) worldly
hope: {nor thob pa'i re ba/} their hope of making money (Acts
16:19), {nga tsho'i srog thar ba'i re ba yongs su zad do/} we
finally gave up all hope of being saved (Acts 27:20), {re ba med
pa/} without hope (Eph. 2:12). 
     ^Bst. In Bsm. hope is most often expressed in the power of the
three jewels or triple refuge {dkon mchog gsum/} to deliver from
suffering and rebirth.  Hence {re ba bya yul/} is a refuge (KTM),
and  {yid ches brtan pos re ba shugs chen po byed pa/} is to hope
with strong, firm faith [that the three jewels can deliver from
suffering] (REF 114).
     ^Sec. {nga khyed rang la re ba rgab gyi yin/} I'm putting my
hope in you [i.e. trusting that you're going to do this for me].
Putting hope in someone is expressed as {re ba byed/} or {re ba
rgyab/} ; the latter in particular gives the sense that one has put
trust in someone to do something for them (KTM).  {rang nyid 'tsho
thabs la nyen ga byung ba de tsam yang sel thub pa'i re ba bya
thabs bral ba yin/} [without human understanding] we cannot hope to
overcome the dangers to our very existence (DLP 10), {rang res
yongs khyab dad mos gsar pa zhig gis da yod chos lugs khag ki tshab
bya rgyu'i re ba yang byed don med/} we cannot hope to replace the
existing religions by a new universal belief (DLP 21), {lan dang
rnam smin mi re ba/} without hope of return [for kindnesses done]
(GSL 22).

     2) #{re ba byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} [var.
{re/}]  ^Bib: to hope: {dkon mchog la re ba byed do/} [I] hope in
God (Acts 24:15), {skal ba thob pa'i re ba byed/} hope to get a
share [of the harvest] (1 Cor. 9:10), {dad pa ni re ba byas pa'i
dngos po rnams la blo gdeng dang /,,mig gis mi mthong ba rnams
nyams su myong ba de yin no/} faith is being sure of what we hope
for and certain of what we do not see (Heb. 11:1), {ye shu ma shi
ka mngon pa'i dus su khyed la gnang bar 'gyur ba'i thugs rje la kun
tu re ba byos shig} set your hope fully on the grace to be given
you when Jesus Christ is revealed (1 Pet. 1:13), {thams cad la yid
ches/,,thams cad re/,,thams cad bzod do/} [love] always trusts,
always hopes, always perseveres (1 Cor. 13:7 SV), {khyo shi ba'i
bud med yin pa de ni dkon mchog la re/} the widow puts her hope in
God (1 Tim. 5:5 SV).

     Cognates: 1) {re sa/} [lit. hope + place] the object of hope:
{re sa'i dkon mchog} the God of hope (Rom. 15:13), {ye shu nged
rnams kyi re sa/} Jesus Christ our hope (1 Tim. 1:1 SV); 2) {re
'dod/} hope: {yis ra el gyi re 'dod/} the hope of Israel (Acts
28:20).%

     Related Terms: {blo gdeng /} trust, confidence: {nor mi rtag
pa la blo gdeng ma byed/} not to hope in uncertain riches (1 Tim.
6:17 SV).%

!HOUSE OF GOD@  see also SYNAGOGUE, TEMPLE

     #{dkon mchog gi pho brang /}$ ^Bib: house of God: {dkon mchog
gi pho brang nang song nas/} he entered the house of God (Mt.
12:4), {dkon mchog gi pho brang skyong ba'i bla chen yod pas/}
since we have a great priest over the house of God (Heb. 10:21).
     ^Bst. {pho brang /} is a residence for a king or high lama,
and could be roughly translated "palace".  {yab rgyal po zas gtsang
gis rgyal sras don grub pho brang gi phyi rol du phebs ma bcug pa/}
[the Buddha's father] King Setsang did not allow Prince Dondrup
outside the palace (SGN 6), {bod gzhung dga' ldan pho brang /}
Ganden Potrang, seat of the former Tibetan government (DPD), {'dzam
gling yongs la snyan grags che ba pho brang po ta la/} the world-famous Potala Palace (DPD), {bskal bzang pho brang dang /,,spyan
bsal pho brang /} Kelsang Potrang and Chensel Potrang, two palaces
within the Norbulingka (DPD), {gong sa lnga pa chen po'i pho brang
'bras spungs la yod/} the residence of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama
was at Drepung (DPD), {brjid chags pa'i pho brang /} magnificent
palaces (SLR 7).

!HYPOCRITE@ 

     1) #{kha chos pa/}$ [lit. mouth + religion + person] ^Bib:
hypocrite: {kha chos pa khyod/} you hypocrite (Mt. 7:5).

     2) #{tshul 'chos byed pa/}$  ^Bib: to be hypocritical, to make
a show of religion without inward conviction: {yang kho rang mnyam
du ya hu da  pa gzhan ma rnams kyang tshul 'chos byed pas/} the
other Jews joined him in his hypocrisy (Gal. 2:13 SV).
     ^Bst. hypocritical or earning a living by cunning, one of the
{log 'tsho lnga/} or five wrong ways of making a living (TRI 270).

     3) #{sgyu zog can/}$ [lit. deception + fraud + person]  ^Bib:
a hypocrite or deceiver: {sgyu zog can dang mnyam du ngu 'bod dang
so khrig pa yod sar gtong bar 'gyur/} he will assign him a place
with the hypocrites, where there will be weeping and gnashing of
teeth (Mt. 24:51).

     Related Terms: 1) {kha gcig khog gnyis/} [lit. one mouth,two
hearts] to say one thing but do something else (TQP 35); 2) {kha
gcig lce gnyis/} one mouth, two tongues: hypocrisy, double dealing
(TQP 36).%

!IGNORANCE@

     1) #{gti mug}$  ^Bib: mental darkness, ignorance: {gti mug gis
blo gros mun par gyur te/} ignorance has darkened their
understanding (Eph. 4:18), {sngar gyi gti mug gi 'dod pa la ma nyan
cig} do not conform to the evil desires you had when you lived in
ignorance (1 Pet. 1:14), {blun po gti mug can gyi kha 'gegs pa/}
silence the ignorant talk of foolish men (1 Pet. 2:15). 
     ^Bst. {gti mug} or ignorance, is defined simply as the belief
that things are real (FLD 13) and thus it is a mental state that
obstructs the ultimate knowledge of reality (TRI 107). It leads to
non-virtuous actions that are the cause of rebirth and suffering: 
{gti mug gis gsod pa ni/,,sems can bsad nas mchod sbyin byas na dge
ba yin par bsams nas gsod pa lta bu red/} to kill on account of
ignorance is, say, to kill with the thought that it is a virtue if,
having killed a living creature, one makes of it a religious
offering (TRC 243).  Hence a goal of Bst. training is to remove
ignorance {sems pa'i yul na gti mug shul med bzos/} you must
eliminate ignorance from your mind (KPU 2), {thos pa de ni gti mug
gi mun pa sel ba la sgron me lta bu yin/} learning [lit. hearing]
is said to be like a lamp for clearing away the darkness of
ignorance (TRC 166).
     ^Sec. In ordinary life there are said to be three causes of
{gti mug}  or ignorance: 1) sleepy (as in a sleepy student), 2) due
to anger that inhibits learning, and 3) covetousness that inhibits
learning Bsm. - the so-called {gti mug gsum/} (AMD).

     2) #{shes pa/}$  ^Bib: to know, used in its negative form to
indicate ignorance: {khyed kyis kyang ma shes par de ltar byas pa
ngas shes so/} I know that you acted in ignorance (Acts 3:17), {kha
cig gis dkon mchog mi shes pas/} there are some who are ignorant of
God (1 Cor. 15:34), {ngas ma shes ma dad par de ltar byas pa yin/}
I acted in ignorance and unbelief (1 Tim. 1:13).  
     ^Bst. {mi shes pa/} is used more of ordinary ignorance rather
than the metaphysical ignorance of {gti mug} .  It is said to have
four causes: 1) {yul bskal pas mi shes pa/} distant location of the
object; 2) {dus bskal pas mi shes pa/} distance in time of the
object; 3) {ngo bo bskal pas mi shes pa/} subtle nature of the
object; 4) {zab cing mtha' yas pas mi shes pa/} profundity and
vastness of the object (TRI 206).  Its consequences are always
negative: {nang gi dgra dus kun tu blang dor gyi gnad gang yang mi
shes pa'i rmo ngas pa'i dgra chen po de blang dor gyi gnad thos
pa'i thos pa de nyid kyis 'joms par byed kyi red/}  the inner
enemy, the great enemy of ignorance of the points to cultivate and
relinquish, is overcome by the learning which studies what is to be
cultivated and avoided (TRC 167), {mi shes pa mthong nas/} once one
sees that one is ignorant (TRC 168), {'khor ba'i rtsa ba gcod tshul
mi shes pa/} ignorance of the way of cutting the root of rebirth
(TRC 289).

     3) #{rig pa/}$  ^Bib: to know, understand; used in its
negative form like {shes/} to indicate ignorance: {dkon mchog gis
ma rig pa'i dus la ma gzigs par/} in the past God overlooked such
ignorance (Acts 17:30). 
     ^Bst. {ma rig pa/} ignorance, especially of the basic
doctrines of Bsm: {ma rig pa ni/,,las rgyu 'bras la sogs pa mi shes
pa'i rmongs pa/} ignorance is the mental darkness that does not
recognize the [truth of] karma or other Bst. doctrines (TRC 284),
{bdag 'dzin ma rig pa/} the ignorance that believes in a self, said
to be the root of all non-virtue (TRC 285). In Bsm. it is one of
the six root afflictions and one of the 12 links of internal
dependent arising (KBT 34); as well as the source of all suffering:
{ston pa chen po rnams kyis rang gi rjes 'brangs slob ma rnams ma
rig pas kun nas bslangs pa'i sdig spyod kyi lam las skyabs te dge
ba'i lam bzang ston par mdzad pa yin/} the great teachers wanted to
lead their followers away from the paths of negative deeds caused
by ignorance and to introduce them to the paths of goodness (DLP
18).  Ignorance is believed to contaminate even the most intimate
relationships: {spyir btang gi brtse sems de rigs ni ma rig pa dang
/,,'dod sred/,,chags zhen 'di dag gi lhad zhugs pa zhig yin/} the
usual love that one has for friends or family, which is alloyed
with ignorance, desire, and attachment (DLP 14).

     Proverbs: {dri ma'i tha shal ma rig pa/} ignorance is the
worst of all faults (DMP 122).

     Related Terms: 1) {nyon mongs/} delusion {nyon mongs pa de
tsho thams cad kyi rtsa ba dang gtso bo lta bu bdag 'dzin ma rig pa
de red/} the delusion which apprehends a self is the chief and root
[of all the passions] (TRC 285); 2) {ha go ba/} to know: {khyed
tshos gsang ba 'di ha ma go bar gnas pa nga mi 'dod/} I do not want
you to be ignorant of this mystery (Rom. 11:25 SV); 3) {the tshom/}
doubt: {khyed rnams the tshom byed par mi dga'o/} I do not want you
to be ignorant [about spiritual gifts] (1 Cor. 12:1 SV); 4) {blo
gros med/} [lit. no intelligence] ignorant {mi blo gros med/}
ignorant men (1 Pet. 2:15 SV).%

!IMMANUEL@

     #{im ma nu el/}$  ^Bib: Immanuel, lit. "with us is God": {ming
ni im ma nu el du btags/} and will call him Immanuel (Is. 7:14).

!IMPERMANENCE@

     #{mi rtag pa/}$  ^Bib: that which is mortal, impermanent, or
perishable: {mi rtag pa'i mi/} mortal man (Rom. 1:23), {mi rtag
pa'i cod pan/} a crown which perishes (1 Cor. 9:25).  The Bib.
writers, like the Buddha, had a keen sense of the changeable,
transient, and impermanent nature of life and of the suffering this
imposes upon man: {'chi bar 'dren pa'i lus 'di las nga sus sgrol/}
who will rescue me from this body of death (Rom. 7:24), {shag khrag
dang ldan pa la dkon mchog gi rgyal srid kyi thob skal med/} flesh
and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God (1 Cor. 15:50).  Unlike
the Buddha, they looked beyond the impermanence of this life to an
eternal, unchanging inheritance from God: {mthong ba rnams mi rtag
pa yin cing /,,mi mthong ba rnams rtag pa yin/} what is seen is
temporary, but what is unseen is eternal (2 Cor. 4:18); and to the
hope of the renewal of all things at the last day: {bkod pa thams
cad kyang mi rtag pa de las bsgral/} the creation itself will be
liberated from its bondage to decay (Rom. 8:21 SV).  
     ^Bst. {mi rtag pa/} impermanence: change which causes
suffering (KBT 94).  In the Bst. view, {'dus byas thams cad mi rtag
pa/} everything that has a cause is impermanent (TRC 94), and it is
this impermanence which causes suffering.  {'chi ba mi rtag pa sgom
pa/} or meditation on the impermanence [caused by] death (TRC 226)
is used to focus novices' perception of {mi rtag pa rags pa/} or
gross impermanence.  The suffering caused by impermanence is the
subject of the first of the {bden pa bzhi/} or Four Truths; the
remainder of Bst. doctrine deals with the methods of escape from
such suffering.

     Proverbs: {ji ltar lbu ba mthong ba dang /,,ji ltar smig sgyu
mthong gyur pa/,,'jig rten de ltar mthong ba rnams/,,'chi bdag
rgyal pos mthong mi 'gyur/} those who view the world as if it were
a bubble or a mirage will not be seen by the lord of death (DMP
88).

!INNOCENT@  see also GUILT, RIGHTEOUSNESS

     1) #{drang po/}$  ^Bib: right, sincere, honest: {skyes bu
drang po 'di/} this innocent man (Mt. 27:19), {des nga drang po mi
'gyur/} that does not make me innocent (1 Cor. 4:4), {drang po de
khyed tshos khrims btang nas bsad/} you have condemned and murdered
innocent men (Jas. 5:6); see FAITHFUL.

     2) #{skyon med/}$ [lit. without fault] ^Bib: faultless,
innocent: {shab bad mi srung na'ang khong la skyon med do/} [the
priest] does not keep the Sabbath and yet is innocent (Mt. 12:5),
{skyon med la skyon ma bkal ba yin/} you would not have condemned
the innocent (Mt. 12:7); see FAULT.

     3) #{nongs med/}$ [lit. without error] var. {mnong /} ^Bib:
innocent: {ngas skyes bu nongs med cig btad/} I have betrayed
innocent blood [lit. man] (Mt. 27:4), {de'i nang khyed tsho rnam pa
kun tu mnongs med pa mngon to/} at every point you have shown
yourselves to be innocent in this matter (2 Cor. 7:11).

     4) #{gnod med/}$ [lit. without harm] ^Bib: harmless: {phug ron
ltar gnod med du gyur cig} be as innocent as doves (Mt. 10:16),
{rang gi khang par nyal nas bsdad yod pa'i mi gnod med cig bsad/}
killed an innocent man in his own house and on his own bed (2 Sam.
4:11 NTV).

     Cognates: {gnod skyon med/} [lit. harm + fault + not] without
the guilt of harming another: {eb ner bsad pa'i skor la nga'i
'bangs dang nga la gnod skyon sogs gang yang med pa de gtso bo dkon
mchog gis mkhyen gyi red/} I and my kingdom are forever innocent
before the Lord concerning the blood of Abner son of Ner (2 Sam.
3:28 NTV); see FAULT.%

     5) #{sdig med/}$ [lit. without sin] ^Bib: innocent: {nga la
skyes bu drang po 'di'i srog sdig med/} I am innocent of this man's
blood [life] (Mt. 27:24); see SIN.

     6) {nyams chung /} ^Bib: [lit. mind + small] inexperienced:
{ngan pa'i phyogs su nyams chung yin par 'dod do/} I want you to be
innocent about what is evil (Rom. 16:19 SV)

     7) {dag pa/}  [lit. pure]  ^Bib: innocent: {rnam pa thams cad
du khyod cag ni las de la dag pa yin pa'i rtags bstan pa yin no/}
at every point you have proved yourselves to be innocent in this
matter (2 Cor. 7:11 SV); see HOLY, RIGHTEOUS.

     Cognates: {sems pa rnam dag} [lit. mind + pure] innocent:
{sems pa rnam dag gis kho'i rjes su phyin pa red/} they went quite
innocently (2 Sam. 15:11 NTV).%

!INTERCEDE@ 

     1) #{zhu sna mdzad pa/}$  [lit. request + various + do] ^Bib:
to make a request on behalf of, advocate, or plead: {nga tsho'i
phyir zhu sna mdzad do/} [the Spirit] intercedes for us (Rom.
8:26), {dam pa tsho'i phyir zhu sna mdzad pas/} [the Spirit]
intercedes for the saints (Rom. 8:27), {nga tsho'i phyir zhu sna
mdzad pas/} [Christ Jesus] is interceding for us (Rom. 8:34),
{khong rgyud nas dkon mchog dang nye bar phyin pa rnams kyi phyir
du zhu sna mdzad cing rgyun du bzhugs pas/,,de rnams yongs su skyob
nus so/} he is able to save completely those who come to God
through him, because he always lives to intercede for them (Heb.
7:25). 
     ^Sec. {zhu sna/} the leader of a group presenting a request or
petition (TDC 2394).

     2) #{bar mi mdzad pa/}$ [lit. middleman, mediator + do]  ^Bib:
1) to intercede: {nga tsho'i don du bar mi yang mdzad do/} [Christ]
is also interceding for us (Rom. 8:34 SV); 2) {bar mi byed pa/} to
mediate: {spun gcig la gcig gis rtsod na bar mi byed par shes mkhan
gcig kyang med/} no one to judge a dispute between believers (1
Cor. 6:5 SV).
     ^Sec. {bar mi/} one who arranges for settlement of a dispute
or makes peace (TDC 1822).

     3) #{ngo chen mdzad pa/}$  [lit. face + large + do]  ^Bib:
advocate, intercede: {khong gis de dag gi don du ngo chen mdzad
pa'i phyir rtag tu gson por bzhugs pas/} he always lives to
intercede for them (Heb. 7:25 SV).
     ^Sec. {ngo chen/} is an influential patron, protector or
helper [also known as a {mgo 'dren/} or {'go dren/}] (TDC 661). 

     Related Terms: {smon lam 'debs/} pray for: {mi dam pa rnams
kyi don du smon lam 'debs so/} [the Spirit] intercedes for the
saints (Rom. 8:27 SV).%

!ISAAC@

     #{i sag}$  ^Bib: Isaac, the son of Abraham: {ab ra ham las i
sag chad/} Abraham was the father of Isaac (Mt. 1:2).

!ISRAEL@  see also JEW

     1) #{yis ra el/}$ [var. {i si ra el/} (NTV), Ch. {yi se le/}
(JFS), {dbyi si le/} (DLS 112)]  ^Bib: 1) the people of Israel in
either a physical or spiritual sense: {g.yo sgyu med pa'i yis ra el
pa/} a true Israelite (Jn. 1:47), {yis ra el gyi sde khag bcu
gnyis/} the twelve tribes of Israel (Mt. 19:28), {yis ra el gyi bu
brgyud yin tshad yis ra el min/} not all who are descended from
Israel are Israel (Rom. 9:6), {yis ra el pa thams cad thar bar
'gyur/} all Israel will be saved (Rom. 11:26), {mi brgyud ni yis ra
el pa/,,sde ni ben ya min pa/,,ib ri pa nas chad pa'i ib ri pa/} of
the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews
(Phil. 3:5); 2) the land of Israel: {yis ra el yul du song ngo /}
went to the land of Israel (Mt. 2:21).

     common phrases: {yis ra el gyi grong khyer/} the cities of
Israel (Mt. 10:23), {yis ra el gyi ston pa/} Israel's teacher (Jn.
3:10), {yis ra el gyi rgyal po/} Israel's king (Jn. 12:13), {yis ra
el gyi khyim/} house of Israel (Acts 7:42), {yis ra el gyi khyim
gyi lug stor ba rnams/} the lost sheep of the house of Israel (Mt.
10:6), {yis ra el gyi dkon mchog} the God of Israel (Mt. 15:31).

     Related Terms: 1) {ib ri pa/} Hebrew: {de rnams ib ri pa yin
nam/} are they Hebrews (2 Cor. 11:22); 2) {pa le si than/}
Palestine (DLS 112); 3) {su'u li ya/} Ch. Syria (DLS 113); 4) {yo
tan/} Ch. Jordan (DLS 113); 5) {yo tan chu bo/} Jordan River (DLS
113); 6) {li pa nun/} Ch. Lebanon (DLS 113); 7) {a la po mi/} Ch.
Arabs (DLS 114); 8) {yug thi'i mi/} Jews (DLS 114); 9) {yug thi'i
chos lugs/} Ch. Judaism (DLS 114); 10) {ye lu sa ling /} Ch.
Jerusalem (DLS 114); 11) {gar tshwa rgya mtsho/} Ch. the Dead Sea
(DLS 114).%

!JACOB@

     #{ya kob/}$  ^Bib: Jacob, patriarch of Israel: {i sag las ya
kob chad/} Isaac was the father of Jacob (Mt. 1:2).

!JEALOUS@  

     1) #{phrag dog}$  ^Bib: 1) jealousy, usually in a sinful
sense: {ra hel gyis a che la phrag dog byas/} Rachel became jealous
of her sister (Gn. 30:1), {phrag dog dang rtsod pa yod ring /}
while there is jealousy and quarreling (1 Cor. 3:3), {rtsod pa dang
/,,phrag dog dang /,,khro ba/} quarreling and jealousy and anger
(Gal. 5:20); 2) used also of "godly" jealousy, although not
directly of God's jealousy: {khyed tsho'i phyir du nga la dkon
mchog gi lugs su phrag dog skye'o/} I am jealous for you with a
godly jealousy (2 Cor. 11:2).
     ^Bst. {phrag dog} to be upset at the good fortune of another,
is one of the 20 secondary afflictions (KBT 22).  It is repeatedly
condemned in the Bst. scriptures: {nang chos la gus bkur rgya che
zhus pas phrag dog gis mi bzod pa/} through envy could not endure
the wide respect and service being paid to the Buddhist doctrine
(TRC 114), {mi 'ga' zhig gis sangs rgyas la phrag dog langs te/}
some men became jealous of the Buddha (SGN 16), {phrag dog byed
mkhan gtso bo rang gi phu bo lhas byin yin/} the one most jealous
of him was his cousin Devadatta (SGN 19), {lha'i nang nas phrag dog
che ba/} among the gods, their jealousy is greater (TRC 272).

     Proverbs: 1) {phrag dog pa'i mi ni zhe sdang me ltar sbar ro/}
the hate of a jealous man burns like fire (CTL 277); 2) {phrag dog
yul rjes ma 'brang /} don't follow after the object of jealousy
(HTE 196).

     2) #{'gran sems/}$  [lit. contend, strive + mind]  ^Bib:
contention, jealousy, strife due to envy; the root meaning appears
to be an intolerance of rivals: {ya ho wa khyod kyi dkon mchog ni
za ba'i me lta bu dang /,,dkon mchog 'gran sems can zhig lags/} the
Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God (Dt. 4:24), {dkon
mchog ni 'gran sems can zhig yin te/} I, the Lord your God, am a
jealous God (Dt. 5:9).
     ^Bst. competitiveness, the thought of competing with a rival
(TDC 510), {dgra gshed dang 'gran sems/} aggression and
competitiveness (DLP 13).

     3) #{'khren pa/}$   ^Bib: to look on with envy or jealousy:
{nga ya ho wa khyod kyi dkon mchog ni 'khren can zhig yin/} I the
Lord your God, am a jealous God (Ex. 20:5), {ya ho wa'i mtshan ni
thugs 'khren can yin te/} the Lord, whose name is Jealous (Ex.
34:14), {dkon mchog dam pa 'khren can lags pas/} he is a holy God,
he is a jealous God (Jos. 24:19).
     ^Bst: {'khren pa/} an archaic term meaning to long for, be
attached to, or desire emotionally (TDC 332).

     Related Terms: 1) {thugs sad/} to tempt {yang na nged rnams ni
gtso bo'i thugs sad par bya'am/} are we trying to arouse the Lord's
jealousy? (1 Cor. 10:22 SV); 2) {don du gnyer/} to be concerned
for, to mind: {dkon mchog gi don gnyer gyi shugs kyis nga khyed cag
la don du gnyer ro/} I am jealous for you with a godly jealousy (2
Cor. 11:2 SV); 3) {chags/} passion for, attachment to: {ye ru sha
lem dang tsi yon gyi phyir chags dang chen pos chags so/} I am very
jealous for Jerusalem and Zion (Zec. 1:14).%

!JERUSALEM@

     #{ye ru sha lem/}$  [var. Ch. {ye lu sha ling /}] ^Bib:
Jerusalem.

!JESUS CHRIST@  see also CHRIST

     #{ye shu ma shi ka/}$  [var. {ye shu kri sto/} term used in
ATM; 1762]  ^Bib: Jesus Christ: {da bid kyi sras ye shu ma shi ka'i
gdung rabs/} the genealogy of Jesus Christ the son of David (Mt.
1:1).
     ^Bst. The Buddhas are believed to manifest as great teachers
of non-Bst. religions.  Doctrinal differences in major religions
are felt to be differences in methods of teaching beings with
different needs (JPG 224).
     
!JEW@  see also ISRAEL, CIRCUMCISION

     #{ya hu da pa/}$ [var. Ch. {yug thi'i mi/}] ^Bib: a Jewish
person: {ya hu da pa'i rgyal po/} the king of the Jews (Mt. 2:2),
{ya hu da pa'i rgan po/} elders of the Jews (Lk. 7:3). 

!JONAH@  

     #{yo na/}$  ^Bib: 8th century B.C. prophet of Israel: {yo na
ni ya ho ba'i spyan drung nas 'bros/} Jonah fled from the presence
of the Lord (Jon. 1:3).
     ^Bst. The story of Jonah has a parallel in the story of {gu ru
mi na pa/} a layman who was swallowed by a fish, miraculously heard
the dharma at the bottom of the sea, remained 12 years in
meditation inside the fish, and was finally released onto the land
to proclaim the Bst. dharma.  His story is told in the {grub thob
brgyad cu rtsa bzhi'i lo rgyus/} (BLI 47).

!JOSEPH@

     #{yo seb/}$  ^Bib: 1) Joseph the patriarch of Israel: {bu'i
ming yo seb btags/} [she] named him Joseph (Gen. 30:24), {mes po de
tshos phrag dog gis yo seb mi ser yul du btsongs/} the patriarchs
were jealous of Joseph and they sold him in Egypt (Acts 7:9); 2)
Joseph the husband of Mary mother of Jesus: {khong gi yum mir yam
ni yo seb dang khyim thab byed pa thag chod nas/} His mother Mary
was pledged to be married to Joseph (Mt. 1:18).

!JOY@ 

     1) #{dga' ba/}$  ^Bib: joy 1) a characteristic of the Gospel:
{dga' ba chen po'i phrin bzang po ngas khyed la 'chad do/} I bring
you good news of great joy (Lk. 2:10); 2) a gift of God: {dga' ba
dang zhi bdes 'khengs par mdzod cig} may [God] fill you with joy
and peace (Rom. 15:13), {khyod dga' zhing yi rang bar 'gyur/} he
will be a joy and a delight to you (Lk. 1:14); 3) human joy: {dga'
ba ni yi mug tu sgyur zhig} change your joy into gloom (Jas. 4:9). 
     ^Bst. joy in the spiritual accomplishments of oneself and
others is an important Bst. practice (JPG 78); hence {dga' ba/} joy 
is an element of the four concentrations of advanced Bst. practice
(KBT 104), {dga' ba yang dag byang chub/} the joy of perfect
enlightenment (KBT 58), {rab tu dga' ba/} perfect joy - one of the
ten boddhisattva grounds (KBT 66), {dga' ba bzhi/} the four joys of
tantric practice: a) {dga' ba/} joy, b) {mchog dga'/} great joy, c)
{khyad dga'/} exalted joy, d) {lhan skyes kyi dga' ba/} innate joy
(TRI 43), {dga' ba tshad med/} immeasurable joy, a Bst.
meditational exercise (TRI 43).

     2) #{dga' ba/}$  ^Bib: to be glad, happy, joyful: {dga' zhing
mchongs shig} rejoice and leap for joy (Lk. 6:23), {mag pa'i skad
thos nas shin tu dga'o/} rejoices when he hears the bridegroom's
voice (Jn. 3:29), {rtag tu dga' bar gyur cig} be joyful always (1
Thes. 5:16), {nged dga' zhing yi rang bar 'gyur ba/} let us rejoice
and be glad (Rev. 19:7 SV). 
     ^Bst.  1) to please or be pleased:  {le lo la dga' ba'i glen
chos/} a foolish doctrine which pleases laziness (TRC 166), {rang
gi sku mched gzhon pas rgyal sa 'dzin pa la mi dga' ba/} displeased
at his younger brother's having the kingdom (TRC 114), {gzhan gyi
srog gcod pa la dga' ba/} to take pleasure in killing another (TRC
245); 2) to be happy: {dga' skyo dga' gnyis ldan gnang thugs rje
che zhu rgyu/} thank you with both happiness and sadness (RRT 282
n. 17), {ha cang dga' ba yang med/} neither too happy nor too
unhappy (TRC 321), {sems ha cang dga' nas gad mo chen po dgod pa/} 
to laugh much from a very happy heart (KTM); 3) to appreciate, or
feel close to: {byams brtse dang snying rje byung bar dga' tshor mi
byed mkhan su yang med/} there is no one who does not appreciate
love and compassion (DLP 15), {'gro ba mi tshang mar dga' nye'i 'du
shes/} a feeling of closeness for all human beings (DLP 15); 4) to
be better to take a certain course of action: {da ni brjod med
ngang la gnas na dga'/} now you'd better just keep silent (HTE
202), {so so'i bsam blo so sos btang ba dga'/} it is better to make
one's own plans (KPU 7); 5) to be glad: {dga' ba dang dad pa shugs
drag po skyes te/} he was glad and great faith arose (SGN 15), {de
nas nga sems dga' po byung ngo /} then I was very glad (DPD); 6) to
love: {bu mo de nga la sems dga' bas na/,,nga yang mo la dga' po
byung /} she loved me and I also loved her (DPD).

     Proverbs: {dpon po phal cher ngo bstod la dga'/,,bla ma phal
cher 'bul ba la dga'/,,byis pa phal cher rtsed mo la dga'/} masters
usually like open flattery, lamas usually like gifts, and children
usually like games (KTM).

     Cognates: 1) {dga' ldan/} Ganden, one of the heavens of the
worldly gods (KBT 117), also a famous monastery near Lhasa (DPD),
not to be confused with {dga' ldan chos 'khor/} another famous
monastery in Namling, near Shigatse (DPD), {dga' ldan khri pa/} the
throne-holder, or abbot, of Ganden Monastery near Lhasa, {se 'bras
dga' gsum/} Sera, Drepung, and Ganden Monasteries, near Lhasa (TRC
24), {dga' ldan pho brang /} seat of the former Tibetan government
in Lhasa (DPD); 2) {dga' rab dbang phyug} the god of desire, lord
of the {gzhan 'phrul/} heaven (SGC 106); 3) {dga' su zhu/} to
welcome: {phran gyis dga' bsu zhu bzhin yod/} I welcome it (DLP
21), {dga' su legs par gnang /} gave a warm welcome (DPD); 4) {dga'
bde/} peaceful (SGN 13); 5) {kun dga' bo/} Ananda [lit. Happy] one
of the Buddha's disciples (SGN 22); 6) {bya dga'/} a prize or
reward (DPD); 7) {nyams dga' ba/} comfortable {shin tu mdzes shing
nyams dga' ba/} very beautiful and comfortable (SLR 14); 8) {thugs
dgyes pa/} to be pleased (KTM), 9) {sems dga'/} to be happy, to
have a joyful heart: {bka' thos ma thag tu sems dga' zhing blang
yang /} the man who hears the word and at once receives it with joy
(Mt. 13:20).%

     3) #{dga' spro/}$  [lit. happy + joy]  ^Bib: 1) joy,
happiness: {nga'i dga' spro 'di tshang ngo /} my joy is now
complete (Jn. 3:29), {mi zhig skyes pa'i dga' spro/} her joy that
a child is born (Jn. 16:21), {nye gnas rnams la dga' spro dang
thugs nyid kyis khyab par gyur to/} the disciples were filled with
joy and with the Holy Spirit (Acts 13:52), {thugs nyid kyi 'bras bu
ni/,,byams pa dang /,,dga' spro dang /} the fruit of the Spirit is
love, joy . . (Gal. 5:22); 2) gladness: {de yis rmo mkhan dang rnga
mkhan gnyis kar dga' spro byung /} so that the sower and the reaper
may be glad together (Jn. 4:36). 

     5) #{spro ba/}$ p. {spros/}  ^Bib: 1) to be joyful: {re ba la
spro/} joyful in hope (Rom. 12:12); 2) to be cheerful: {snying rje
can yin na sems spro bas/} if [one's gift is] showing mercy, [let
him do it] cheerfully (Rom. 12:8). 
     ^Bst. joy, gladness: {dge slong gi cha byad can zhig gzigs pas
thugs la spro ba tshad med skyes nas/} seeing a man in monk's
robes, he [the Buddha] felt limitless joy (SGN 7).

     Cognates: {yul skor spro 'cham/} tourism (SLR 10), {lha sa ni
yul skor spro 'cham gtong sa'i grong khyer zhig yin/} Lhasa is a
tourist city (SLR 10-11), {spro gseng gtong bar phebs mkhan/}
tourists (SLR 11), {spro gseng gtong mkhan mang ba'i skabs/} the
tourist season (SLR 11), {yul skor spro 'cham khang /} travel
agency.%

     6) #{yi rangs/}$ or {yi rang /}  ^Bib: joy, gladness: {gtso
bos kho la thugs rje chen po mdzad pa thos nas yi rangs so/} after
hearing that the Lord had shown her great mercy, they shared her
joy (Lk. 1:58), {gtso bo'i phyir yi rang zhing khor bsu ba gyis
shig} welcome him in the Lord with great joy (Phil. 2:29,30), {nged
dga' zhing yi rang bar 'gyur ba/} let us rejoice and be glad (Rev.
19:7 SV).
     ^Bst. to be pleased: {gzhan gyi bde ba la yi rang ba/} to be
pleased with the well being of another (KTM), {gzhan gyi gsung pa
la yi rang ba/} to trust/be pleased with what another says (KTM).

     7) #{skyid/}$  ^Bib: happiness, joy: {khyed tsho'i skyid rogs
byed pa'i phyir/} [we work] with you for your joy (2 Cor. 1:24). 
     ^Bst. 1) comfort, especially when considered as an obstacle to
the practice of religion: {tshe 'di rkyang gi bde ba dang skyid
po/} the happiness and comfort of this life (TRC 216); 2)
happiness: {skyid dus mi 'dug} there's no time to be happy (HTE
178), {skyid skyid zer bas phyogs kun khyab par shog} may happiness
spread to all directions (KPU 35); 3) gladness: {zla ba kha shas
sdad nas skyid po byung /} I was glad to stay for a few months
(DPD).

     Cognates: 1) {lus sems skyid po/} bodily comfort (TRC 288); 2)
{bde skyid/} happiness or comfort {zhi bde dang /,,bde
skyid/,,srung skyob/} peace, comfort, and security (DLP 8); 3) {lha
sa'i skyid chu/} Lhasa's Kyi Chu River (SLR 8); 4) {skyid tshal/}
a park or garden (SLR 12).%

     Proverbs: {skyid sdug ci 'ong sdon las btsan pos shes/}
whatever happiness or suffering comes, recognize it as the power of
your past actions (HTE 178).

     8) #{dga' mgu rang /}$  ^Bib: a classical term for rejoicing: 
{dkon mchog la yang dga' mgu rang ngo /} we also rejoice in God
(Rom. 5:11 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {yid tshim pa/} to be satisfied or content
(KTM); 2) {'dod pa gang ba/} [lit. desire + filled] to be content
(KTM); 3) {yi rang ba/} pleased and trusting (KTM); 4) {mgu ba/} to
be filled to the point of contentedness with happiness (KTM).   

!JUDGE@  (JUDGEMENT)   see also CONDEMNATION, LAW

     1) #{khrims/}$ [lit. law]  ^Bib: {khrims/} and compounds are
used to describe many aspects of the legal process: 1) {khrims
dpon/} 1) used of God as Judge: {sa gzhi'i khrims dpon khyed nyid
yar bzhengs mdzod/} Rise up, O Judge of the earth (Ps. 94:2), {bka'
khrims gnang mkhan dang khrims dpon ni gcig lags/} there is only
one Lawgiver and Judge (Jas. 4:12), {thams cad kyi khrims dpon lags
pa'i dkon mchog} God, the judge of all men (Heb. 12:23); 2) also
used of human judges: {chos med pa'i khrims dpon/} the unjust judge
(Lk. 18:6), {kho khrims dpon gyi khri la bsdad yod dus su/} while
Pilate was sitting on the judge's seat (Mt. 27:19).
     ^Bst. Legal terms are not part of the central doctrines of
Bsm., since there is no god or other being to serve as judge.  All
sins and moral faults are believed to be punished through the
action of karma.
     ^Sec. {khrims dpon/} is the modern term for judge (AMD),
{khrims khang /} court (DPD), {khrims ra/} a literary term for
court (KPU 27).

     2) #{khrims gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/}  to make a legal
judgement: {yis ra el la khrims bcad de/,,dmag la yang thon pa/} he
judged Israel and went to war (Jud. 3:10), {phyi pa la ngas khrims
ci'i phyir gcod/} what business is it of mine to judge those
outside the church (1 Cor. 5:12), {ma shi ka pas 'jig rten la
khrims gcod 'ong /} the saints will judge the world (1 Cor. 6:2).

     Cognates: 1) {khrims zhu ba/} judgement: {drang po mi byed
pa'i mi rnams kyi drung du khrims zhu bar/} to take the case before
the ungodly for judgement (1 Cor. 6:1 SV); 2) {khrims su lhung /}
to fall under judgement: {nga rgyal bskyed nas thoms te bdud kyi
khrims su lhung gis dogs/} become conceited and fall under the same
judgment as the devil (1 Tim. 3:6 SV); 3) {khrims log par gcod/} to
judge unjustly: {khyed rang gi nang na dbyen 'byed cing khrims log
par mi gcod dam/} have you not discriminated among yourselves and
become judges with evil thoughts? (Jas. 2:4 SV); 4) {khrims 'phog
pa/} [lit. law + hit] judgement: {snying rje ma byas pa la snying
rje med pa'i khrims kyang 'phog par 'gyur/} judgment without mercy
will be shown to anyone who has not been merciful (Jas. 2:13 SV).%

     3) #{zhal chad/}$  ^Bib: 1) legal decision or judgement: {zhal
che gcad 'os/} subject to judgment (Mt. 5:22), {zhal che'i zhag
la/} on the Day of Judgment (Mt. 10:15), {khong gi zhal che rtogs
pa las 'das/} how unsearchable his judgments (Rom. 11:33); 2) {zhal
che pa/} [hon.] used of God as Judge: {'jig rten thams cad kyi zhal
che pas 'os 'tsham mi mdzad dam/} will not the judge of all the
earth do right (Gen. 18:25), {khong ni zhal che pa'o/} he is the
judge (Jn. 8:50).

     4) #{zhal chad gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/} var. {zhal lce/}
[hon.]  to make a legal decision or judgement: {khyod kyis smras pa
kho na bzhin zhal che gcod do/} I will judge you by your own words
(Lk. 19:22), {yab kyis su la'ang zhal che mi mdzad/} the Father
judges no one (Jn. 5:22,23), {dkon mchog gis 'jig rten gyi zhal che
ci ltar gcod par 'gyur/} how could God judge the world (Rom. 3:6).
     ^Bst. {zhal che pa/} is a term for a judge in the classical
literature, while {khrims dpon/} is the modern term for a courtroom
judge (AMD).

     5) #{chad pa 'phog pa/}$ p. {phog} ^Bib: to be judged: {rgol
ba rnams la chad pa 'phog par 'gyur ro/} those who rebel will bring
judgement on themselves (Rom. 13:2 SV), {rang la chad pa 'phog pa
zhig za zhing 'thung ngo /} eats and drinks judgment on himself (1
Cor. 11:29 SV)

     6) #{gshags 'byed/}$ [lit. justice, righteousness + do]  ^Bib:
to judge, make a legal decision: {khyed kyis mi'i lugs su gshags
byed/} you judge by human standards (Jn. 8:15), {khyed tsho'am mi'i
khrims ras nga la gshags byed na/} if I am judged by you or by any
human court (1 Cor. 4:3), {nga'i gshags byed mkhan ni gtso bo lags
so/} it is the Lord who judges me (1 Cor. 4:4).

     7) #{mtshang 'bru ba/}$ p. {brus/} [lit. fault + irritate]
^Bib: to pick out the flaws of others in an irritating fashion, to
pass judgement on other people: {rang mtshang mi 'bru ba'i phyir
gzhan mtshang ma 'bru/} do not judge, or you too will be judged
(Mt. 7:1 & Lk. 6:37), {ji ltar khyod kyis gzhan mtshang 'bru
ba/,,de ltar khyod kyi mtshang yang 'bru bar 'gyur/} in the same
way you judge others, you will be judged (Mt. 7:2).

     8) #{dbye ba byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} ^Bib:
to make a distinction, to distinguish, to discriminate: {khyed tsho
rang gi nang la dbye ba byed mkhan dang bsam pa ngan pa'i gshags
byed mkhan la ma gyur tam/} have you not discriminated among
yourselves and become judges with evil thoughts (Jas. 2:4), {de
rnams kyis bden rdzun dbye bar 'gyur ro/} they will judge between
lies and truth (Mt. 12:27). 

     Related Terms: 1) {rtog pa/} to judge by forming an opinion,
to evaluate: {sems nyid kyi mis dngos po thams cad rtog par nus/}
the spiritual man makes judgements about all things (1 Cor. 2:15
SV), {snying gi bsam pa dang 'dod pa rnams rtogs pa lags so/} [the
Spirit] judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart (Heb. 4:12
SV); 2) {bar mi byed pa/} to mediate: {spun gcig la gcig gis rtsod
na bar mi byed par shes mkhan gcig kyang med/} no one to judge a
dispute between believers (1 Cor. 6:5 SV); 3) {mthong lugs/}
judgement, estimation, viewpoint: {nga'i mthong lugs la/} in my
judgement (1 Cor. 7:40 SV); 4) {zhib dpyod/} [var. {zhib dpyad/}]
to investigate, examine, test:  {rang gi rang dbang ba de gzhan gyi
'gal mthun shes pa'i sgo nas ci'i phyir zhib dpyod/} why should my
freedom be judged by another's conscience? (1 Cor. 10:29 SV); 5)
{rtsi/} p. {brtsis/} f. {brtsi/} to form an opinion, to account
something as true: {sems bzang gting nas dkar kyang skyon du rtsi/}
if your mind is truly good and pure, they will judge it a defect
(HTE 176); 6) {rang re'i legs nyes blang dor 'byed pa'i rnam dpyod
de nyams brlag tu 'gro ba ma zad/} not only do we lose our sense of
judgement (DLP 17).%

!JUST@  see RIGHTEOUS

!JUSTICE@

     1) #{drang ba/}$  ^Bib: 1) just, fair: {khyed kyi gshegs lam
rnams drang zhing bden pa lags so/} just and true are your ways
(Rev. 15:3 SV); 2) {drang ba nyid/} truthfulness, justice: {de dag
gis dad pa'i sgo nas rgyal khams rnams 'bangs su bcug,,/drang ba
nyid kyi las rnams bsgrubs/} who through faith conquered kingdoms,
administered justice (Heb. 11:33 SV); 3) {thugs drang ba/} [hon.]
God's justice: {de ltar dus 'di la khong rang gi thugs drang ba
mngon par mdzad/} he did it to demonstrate his justice at the
present time (Rom. 3:26 SV), {khong ni rang gi bka' las mi 'gal
zhing thugs drang po lags pas/} he is faithful and just (1 Jn. 1:9
SV).
     ^Bst. 1) straight: {'gro lam drang po/} a straight road, {ka
ba drang po/} a straight pillar (KTM); 2) truthful: {skad cha drang
po smra ba/} to speak truthfully, {las ka drang po/} honest work
(KTM), {sems drang ba/} one whose heart is pure and true (AMD); 3)
just or fair: {byams snying ldan zhing /,,drang bden dang /,,'dra
mnyam/} compassionate, just, and equitable (DLP 3); 4) honest:
{gtam la drang ba'i mi de sems nas drang /} the one who speaks
honestly is honest from the heart (KPU 19), {drang bden/} honesty
(DLP 2).


     2) #{gshags/}$  ^Bib: righteousness, justice: {gshags myur du
mdzad do/} [he will] give them justice quickly (Lk. 18:8), {khong
la gshags ma byung /} he was deprived of justice (Acts 8:33),
{gshags drang po dang /,,dkon mchog la byams pa ni spong ngo /} you
neglect justice and the love of God (Lk. 11:42).
     ^Bst. {gshags ngan mi rgod/} do not reply to verbal abuse (UCO
150).

     Cognates: {kha gshags byed mkhan/} one who disputes, an
adversary (Lk. 18:3).%

     3) #{khrims gcod drang po/}$  ^Bib: honest judgement: {ngas
kho la khrims gcod drang po bcad pa yod/} I would see that he gets
justice (2 Sam. 15:4 NTV), {rang gi mi 'bangs la dus kun tu khrims
gcod drang po thob pa'i 'bad brtson nges gtan byas pa red/} doing
what was just and right for all his people (2 Sam. 8:15 NTV).

     Related Terms: 1) {zhal che/} judgement: {khong gis mi brgyud
rnams la zhal che bsgrag} he will proclaim justice to the nations
(Mt. 12:18); 2) {las 'bras/} [lit. deed + result; karma]
retributive justice or karma: {las 'bras kyis gson por mi 'jog go}
justice has not allowed him to live (Acts 28:4); 3) {chos dang
mthun pa/} just, in accordance with religion: {chos dang mthun par
zhal che gcod mkhan la btad do/} he entrusted himself to him who
judges justly (1 Pet. 2:23 SV); 4) {kyog kyog min pa/} not crooked
(KTM); 5) {bden pa/} truth; 6) {gzu bo/} straightforward, honest.%

!JUSTIFICATION@ (JUSTIFY) see also SAVE

     1) #{rnam dag 'gyur ba/}$ p. {gyur/} [lit. very pure, clean] 
^Bib: 1) to become very pure or morally clean; used by extension in
the NT to mean becoming right with God, or being justified: {ab ra
ham las kyi sgo nas rnam dag tu gyur pa yin na/} if Abraham was
justified by works (Rom. 4:2), {bka' khrims kyi thabs kyis rnam dag
'gyur bar 'dod pa khyed tsho/} you who are trying to be justified
by law (Gal. 5:4), {dad pa'i sgo nas mi ni rnam par dag par 'gyur
ba/} a man is justified by faith (Rom. 3:28 SV); 2) {rnam dag
mdzad/} to make pure, to make right with God, to justify: {khong gi
sku khrag gis rnam dag mdzad pas/} we have now been justified by
his blood (Rom. 5:9), {dkon mchog ni rnam par dag par mdzad mkhan/}
those whom God has justified (Rom. 8:33 SV)
     ^Bst. see RIGHTEOUS/RIGHTEOUSNESS.

     Cognates: {mchod rten rnam dag} Namdag Stupa, where the Buddha
cut off his hair before becoming an ascetic (SGN 8).%

     2) #{thar ba/}$  [lit. to save] ^Bib: release from worldly
existence; used by extension in the NT to mean saved, absolved from
sin, or justified: {nga tsho dad pa'i sgo nas thar zhing /} we have
been justified through faith (Rom. 5:1), {bka' khrims kyi thabs
kyis su'ang mi thar ba/} through the law no one is justified (Gal.
3:11), {dad pa de kho'i thar pa'i rgyur rtsi'o/} his faith is
credited as righteousness (Rom. 4:5), {nga tsho thar 'jug pa'i
phyir khong sku gson por bslangs pa yin no/} for our justification,
he was raised to life (Rom. 4:25), {gnang sbyin gyi sgo nas sdig pa
mang por thar pa byung /} through the gift, many received
justification (Rom. 5:16), {thar bar mdzad mkhan dkon mchog lags
pas/} it is God who justifies (Rom. 8:33).
     ^Bst. see SAVE.

     3) #{drang po 'gyur/}$ p. {gyur/} [lit. honest, true + become] 
^Bib: made true, right, or honest; used by the NT to mean
justified: {khyed tsho gtsang bar yang gyur/,,dam par yang
gyur/,,drang por yang gyur to/} you were washed, you were
sanctified, you were justified (1 Cor. 6:11), {bka' khrims kyi las
kyis drang por ma 'gyur/} a man is not justified by observing the
law (Gal. 2:16).
     ^Bst. see JUSTICE.

     Related Terms: 1) {sgrol/} save, deliver: {dad pa'i sgo nas
dkon mchog gis phyi pa'ang sgrol bar 'gyur/} God would also justify
the Gentiles by faith (Gal. 3:8); 2) {thugs rje zhal che/} [lit.
merciful judgement] used to mean justification: {snying nas dad pa
byed pa la thugs rje'i zhal che thob/} it is with your heart that
you believe and are justified (Rom. 10:10); 3) {khul/} [lit.
pretend] to attempt to justify oneself when there are not grounds
for doing so; to behave as though other circumstances were true:
{'on kyang khos shes khul gyis/} [lit. however, pretending as
though he knew] "but he wanted to justify himself" (Lk. 10:29),
{khong gis de tshor/,,khyed mi'i mdun du yin khul ston kyang /} you
are the ones who justify yourselves in the eyes of men (Lk.
16:15).%

!KARMA@  see FRUIT

!KEEP@ (OBSERVE, OBEY)

     1) #{srung ba/}$  ^Bib: to keep or observe a law, ceremony, or
custom: 1) observing the Jewish law: {sus kyang bka' khrims mi
srung ngo /} not one of you keeps the law (Jn. 7:19), {mi 'dis shab
bad mi srung /} this man does not keep the Sabbath (Jn. 9:16),
{dkon mchog gi bka' srung ba/} keeping God's command (1 Cor. 7:19);
2) obeying instructions: {nga'i bka' bsrung ba/} the one who keeps
my word (Jn. 8:51), {khrims 'di srung zhig} keep these instructions
(1 Tim. 5:21), {rgan po'i gtam rgyud srung /} holding to the
tradition of the elders (Mk. 7:2,3,4); 3) to guard: {ye shu srung
mkhan/} those who were guarding Jesus (Mt. 27:54).
     ^Bst. 1) to keep or observe monastic vows or rules:  {tshul
khrims bsrung ba rgyal sras lag len yin/} to keep the law is the
practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 22), {mi dge bcu spod gi
tshul khrims ma srung pa/} avoiding [lit. not observing] the ten
non-virtues (TRC 165), {gsang sngags kyi sdom pa'i bsrung bya
rnams/} tantric vows (TRC 52); 2) to observe a festival, retreat,
or custom: {dbyar gnas srung gnang gi red/} the summer retreat is
observed [on certain dates] (TRC 50); 3) to maintain a principle:
{'gro ba mi'i rigs kyi thun mong ma yin pa'i khyad chos de phyi
dngos po dang nang lta ba las khyad du 'phags par brtsi srung byed
dgos/} the supremacy of humanity over matter and ideology must
always be maintained (DLP 6), {ma bu bde srung gi las/} [lit.
mother + child + health + maintain] maternal child health care (BFT
19); 4) to secure by posting guards: {nyin mtshan med par rgyal
sras bsrungs kyang /} though the prince was guarded day and night
(SGN 8), {srung mkhan/} guards (SGN 8); 5) to catch or seize: {lu
gu ma 'khyer gong la spyang ki srungs/} before the lamb is taken
away, you must catch the wolf (KPU 11).

     Cognates: 1) {srung ma/} deities who defend their worshippers
from evil spirits, help them practice religion, and generally
protect Bsm. (KTM); 2) {srung bya/} a term used in written Tibetan
for laws, vows, rules, or commandments (AMD); 3) {srung skyob/}
protection, security (TRC 330); 4) {srung thabs/} ways of guarding
one's moral discipline (TRI 289); 5) {srung mdud/} strings blessed
by lamas and given to their followers as a means of protection (TRI
289).%

     2) #{sgrub/}$ p. {bsgrubs/} f. {bsgrub/} imp. {sgrub/} [lit.
to accomplish, perform, achieve]  ^Bib: 1) to keep a vow or an
oath: {mna' skyel ba de sgrubs shig} keep the oaths you have made
(Mt. 5:33); 2) to observe the Jewish law: {bka' de yang dag par
bsgrub na/} if you keep the law perfectly (Jas. 2:8), {mdo nang yod
pa thams cad sgrub/} keeps all that is in the Scriptures (Gal.
3:10).
     ^Bst. 1) to achieve or accomplish: {rang gzhan gyi don phun
sum tshogs pa sgrub ba/} to accomplish the noble aims of oneself
and others (TRC 74), {sems can gyi don rgya chen po sgrub pa'i
byang chub sems dpa'/} the boddhisattva who accomplishes the vast
aim of living creatures (TRC 166), {bde skyid kyi bya ba sgrub pa
la/} in order to do work for happiness (TRC 168), {'de ba sgrub
pa'i thabs/} ways to gain merit or accomplish virtuous deeds (TRC
218), {'phrul bzo rig gnas kyis phyogs gang sar ngo mtshar che ba'i
bya ba mang po bsgrubs/} technology has worked wonders in many
fields (DLP 1), {'gro ba mis rang gi bde skyid sgrub phyir/} in
order to achieve human happiness (DLP 9); 2) to perform or
practice: {chos kyi bya ba rgya chen po sgrub pa/} to perform the
great action of the doctrine (TRC 167), {'di sgrub pa'i tshul/} the
way of practicing this (TRC 332), {sgrub lugs/} a method or system
of religious practice (TRC 333), {chos yang dag pa zhig sgrub pa/}
the right practice of religion (SGN 7), {bshad sgrub gnyis/}
teaching and practice (TRC 138); 3) to fulfill: {gzhan don sgrub
pa/} to fulfill the wishes of others (GSL 22), {rang 'gan sgrub/}
to fulfill one's responsibilities (KTM), {dmangs gtso'i las 'gan
gang yang sgrub mi dgos pa/} not having to fulfill any democratic
responsibilities (RRT 282-3 n. 24).

     Related Terms: 1) {'dzugs/} or {dzug} to establish, set up:
{rang gi gtam rgyud 'dzug pa'i phyir/} in order to observe your own
traditions (Mk. 7:9); 2) {'bangs byed pa/} to be subject to: {khyod
kyis bka' khrims la skyon 'dogs na/,,bka' khrims kyi 'bangs mi byed
kyis de'i zhal che pa byed do/} when you judge the law, you are not
keeping it [lit. subject to it], but sitting in judgment on it
(Jas. 4:11 SV).%

!KILL@  see also DEAD, DEATH, DIE

     1) #{gsod pa/}$ p. {bsad pa/} f. {gsad pa/} imp. {sod/}  ^Bib:
to kill, 1) literally: {khong bzung nas gsod pa'i thabs/} a way to
arrest and kill him (Mk. 14:1); 2) figuratively: {bka' khrims kyi
yi ges ni gsod/} the letter of the law kills (2 Cor. 3:6). 
     ^Bst.  1) Killing other living beings, from insects to humans,
is regarded as a serious moral offence, and a cause of rebirth in
the hell realms (KTM).  {ra de bsad na srog bcad pa'i nyes pa yod/}
if I kill the goat, that's the sin of killing (DPD), {dge 'dun pa
mang po bsad pa/} many monks were killed (TRC 114), {zhe sdang gis
gsod pa/} to kill on account of hatred (TRC 243), {nya bsad nas za
gi yod pa red/} killing and eating fish (TRC 258); 2) to remove or
to blot out: {dka' ngal khyad bsad/} removing particularly
difficult problems (KTM); 3) as a figure of speech: {mda' gcig gis
shwa ba gnyis bsad/} [lit. kill two deer with one arrow] same as
English "kill two birds with one stone"; accomplish two things at
once (TQP 121).

     2) #{'grongs pa/}$ or {'grong /} or {bkrongs/} p. {'grong /}
[hon.] ^Bib: to die: {khong 'grong bar 'gyur/} they will kill him
[lit. make him dead] (Mt. 17:23), {he ro des khyed 'grong bar
'dod/} Herod wants to kill you. (Lk. 13:31). 

     3) #{srog gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/}  [lit. life + cut]
^Bib: to kill or murder: {srog skyob chog gam gcod chog} to save
life or to kill (Mk. 3:4), {rang srog rang gis gcod dam/} will he
kill himself (Jn. 8:22). 
     ^Bst. {srog gcod pa/} is to take life. It is one of the ten
non-virtues and implies the moral offense of murder.  Its
punishment is rebirth in the lower realms (TRC 245).

     Cognates: {srog gtong /} to sacrifice (KTM).%

     4) #{med par byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}  ^Bib:
destroy, do away with: {khong med par byed pa'i thabs btsal to/}
they looked for a way to kill him (Mk. 11:18), {kho'ang med par
byas pa'i rjes su/} after he too was killed (Acts 5:37). 

     5) #{tshar gcod/}$ p. {bcad/} f. {gcad/}  ^Bib: destroy,
annihilate: {rgun tshal mkhan de rnams tshar bcad/} he will destroy
those vineyard workers (Lk. 20:16). 

!KINDNESS@  see also COMPASSION, MERCY

     1) #{snying rje/}$  [hon. {thugs rje/}] ^Bib: 1) God's
kindness, mercy, or compassion: {khong gi thugs rje dang /,,thugs
bzod dang /} [God's] kindness and patience (Rom. 2:4), consider
therefore the kindness and sternness of God (Rom. 11:22), {dkon
mchog gi thugs rje dang byams thugs/} the kindness and love of God
(Tit. 3:4); 2) human kindness: {yu li 'us pa'u lu la thugs rjes
bskyangs nas/} Julius, in kindness to Paul (Acts 27:3), {thugs nyid
kyi 'bras bu ni/,,snying rje dang /,,bzang po/} the fruit of the
Spirit is . . kindness and goodness . . (Gal. 5:22).
     ^Bst.  One who {thugs rje/} thinks of the benefit and well
being of infinite sentient beings (KTM). see COMPASSION.

     2) #{drin/}$ [hon. {bka' drin/}] ^Bib: kindness: {khong gis
bka' drin mdzad/} he has shown kindness (Acts 14:17), {ma shi ka ye
shu'i sgo nas nga tsho la bka' drin mdzad pa/} his kindness to us
in Christ (Eph. 2:7), {snying rje dang /,,bka' drin dang /,,dman
sems dang /} compassion, kindness, humility (Col. 3:12), {drin dang
/,,dman sa bzung ba'i sems/} kindness and humility (Col. 3:12 SV).
     ^Bst. Kindness is a major theme in Bst. doctrine, and a common
subject for meditation. In one such meditation {mar shes dang
/,,drin dran/,,drin gzo gsum/} one meditates on another being's
having been one's mother in previous births, remembers her
kindnesses, and wishes to repay those kindnesses in order to
generate boddhicitta, the mind of enlightenment (TRC 321).  The
Buddhas show {bka' drin che/} when they give refuge to beings
caught in the cycle of rebirth (KTM).  {drin dran/} mindfulness of
kindnesses (TRC 319), {drin gzo/} repayment of kindnesses (TRC
321), {gzhan gyi bka' drin la brten dgos pa/} to be dependent on
the kindnesses of others (DLP 15), {kun la bka' drin che bar
bsgom/} to meditate on the great kindnesses of others (UCO 148).

     Related Terms: 1) {thugs brtse/} loving kindness (2 Sam. 2:6
NTV); 2) {brtse sems/} love (2 Sam. 9:1 NTV); 3) {byams sems/}
loving kindness (DLP 14); 4) {byams skyong /} care and kindness
(DLP 15); 5) {blo nye ba/} agreement, friendship, affection; hence
kindness: {ngang ring ba dang /,,blo nye ba/} patience and kindness
(2 Cor. 6:6 SV), {sems nyid kyi 'bras bu ni/,,ngang ring ba dang
/,,blo nye ba/} the fruit of the Spirit is . . patience and
kindness (Gal. 5:22 SV).%

!KINGDOM@

     1) #{rgyal srid/}$  ^Bib: kingdom: 1) the kingdom of God:
{dkon mchog gi rgyal srid khyed kyi rtsar bslebs zin to/} the
kingdom of God has come upon you (Mt. 12:28), {sras kyi rgyal
srid/} the kingdom of the Son (Col. 1:13,14); 2) the kingdom of
heaven: {nam mkha'i rgyal srid nye bar bslebs/} the kingdom of
heaven is near (Mt. 3:2); 3) other kingdoms: {ta zig gi rgyal
srid/} the kingdom of Persia [lit. of the Tajiks] (2 Chron. 36:20),
{nga tsho'i yab da bid kyi rgyal srid/} the kingdom of our father
David (Mk. 11:10). 
     ^Bst. 1) kingdom: {spyi lo 836 lor glang dar gyis rgyal srid
bzung /} in the year 836, Glang Dar Ma held the kingdom (TRC 114);
2) national, state: {rgyal srid 'dzin skyong gi 'gan khur ldan pa/}
one responsible for running national affairs (DLP 17), {rgyal srid
spyi khyab khang /} the State Council [of China] (MHP 7), {rgyal
srid gzhung /} the national government (BFT 21).

     2) #{rgyal khams/}$  ^Bib: country, realm, dominion: {og gi
rgyal khams/} Og's kingdom (Deut. 3:10), {ye shu ma shi ka'i mtha'
med pa'i rgyal khams/} Christ's eternal kingdom (2 Pet. 1:11). 

     Related Terms: 1) {srid/} kingdom: {drang ba nyid kyi mtshan
rtags khyed kyi srid kyi mtshan rtags yin/} righteousness will be
the scepter of your kingdom (Heb. 1:8 SV); 2) {chos srid/} the
administration of a monastery (AMD), also a theocracy; 3) {srid
skyong byed/} to rule over: {ha dad e zer gyis srid skyong byed
pa'i grong khyer/} cities that Hadad Ezer ruled (2 Sam. 8:8 NTV).% 

!KNOW@

     1) #{shes pa/}$ [hon. {mkhyen/}]  ^Bib: know, understand: 1)
to be acquainted with someone (see also {ngo shes/}): {khyed su yin
ngas shes/} I know who you are (Mk. 1:24), {khyed kyis nga shes na
nga'i yab kyang shes/} if you knew me, you would know my Father as
well (Jn. 14:7), {skyes bu drang po dang dam pa yin par shes te/}
knowing him to be a righteous and holy man (Mk. 6:20), {dkon mchog
la gces par 'dzin mkhan de/,,dkon mchog gis kho mkhyen no/} the man
who loves God is known by God (1 Cor. 8:3); 2) to know facts: {bka'
de rnams khyod kyis shes so/} you know the commandments (Mk.
10:19), {ngas mi shes mi go'o/} I don't know or understand (Mk.
14:68), {ngas mi shes te/,,dkon mchog gis mkhyen no/} I don't know,
God knows (2 Cor. 12:2), {khong gis thams cad mkhyen no/} [God]
knows everything (1 Jn. 3:20), {ye shus de tsho'i bsam pa mkhyen/}
Jesus knew their thoughts (Lk. 9:47), {dkon mchog gis khyed kyi
snying mkhyen pas/} God knows your hearts (Lk. 16:15); 3) to
inform, let someone know: {lag pa g.yas pas ci byed pa lag pa g.yon
pa la'ang shes ma chug} do not let your left hand know what your
right hand is doing (Mt. 6:3,4), {/ye shus 'di sus kyang mi shes
pa'i phyir nan gyis bskul/} he gave strict orders not to let anyone
know (Mk. 5:43); 4) to have a skill or ability, to know a trade:
{song la shes pa bzhin srung zhig zhes bsgo bas/} go, make the tomb
as secure as you know how (Mt. 27:65). 
     ^Bst. The root meaning of {shes pa/} is to know or understand
1) to know or be acquainted with a person: {ha lam ngo mi shes mdog
mdog byed/} to pretend to be almost unacquainted (TRC 167); 2) to
know facts: {dbyar gnas grol ba'i dus tshod mi shes na/} if one
does not know the time of release from the summer retreat (TRC 50);
3) to recognize: {sdug bsngal shes par bya/} recognize suffering
(TRC 165), {ma rig pa ni/,,las rgyu 'bras la sogs pa mi shes pa'i
rmongs pa/} nescience is the ignorance that does not recognize the
[truth of] karma (TRC 284); 4) to understand: {bden pa bzhi'i gnas
tshul shes pa'i sgo nas/} by means of understanding the realities
of the Four Truths (TRC 165), {dmangs gtso'i ngo bo gsal po shes/}
one must clearly understand the essence of democracy (RRT 282-3 n.
24); 5) to know how to: {ngo la 'khor ba'i sbrang ma dkrog mi
shes/} they don't even know how to chase a fly from their face (KPU
31); 6) to be aware of; awareness, consciousness: {shes pa'i mtshan
nyid yod/} there is a definition of consciousness (TBT 498).

     Cognates: 1) {ngo shes/} [hon. {ngo mkhyen/}] to recognize or
be acquainted with someone or something:  {ji ltar yab kyis nga ngo
mkhyen/,,/yab kyi zhal ngo ngas shes ltar/,,/nga yi yin pa ngas ngo
shes/,,/de tshos nga la ngo shes pas/} I know my sheep and my sheep
know me--just as the Father knows me and I know the Father (Jn.
10:14,15), {nye gnas de bla chen gyi ngo shes yin/} that disciple
was known to the high priest (Jn. 18:15); 2) {shes bzhin/}
introspection: {shes bzhin gyis de shes par byas/} to recognize by
introspective awareness (TRC 201); 3) {nges shes/} confidence,
certain knowledge: {rig pa dwangs pas chos la nges shes skye/} as
wisdom shines, our confidence in the dharma grows (GSL 6).%

     2) #{rtog}$ p. {brtags/} f. {brtag} imp. {rtogs/}  ^Bib: to
know, understand: {khong drang po lags par rtogs na/} if you know
that he is righteous (1 Jn. 2:29), {khong nyid dang gshin po las
sku gson por bzhengs pa'i mthu nus rtogs pa/} I want to know Christ
and the power of his resurrection (Phil. 3:10), {gang gsungs pa'i
don de rnams kyis ma rtogs so/} they did not understand the meaning
of what was said (Lk. 18:34).
     ^Bst. to perceive: {bdag med pa'i don mngon sum du rtogs pa'i
lam gyi bden ba/} the truth of the path which directly perceives
the absence of a self (TRC 96). see THOUGHT.

     Related Terms: 1) {go ba/} understand: {rang gis zer ba'i gtam
yang mi go,,/dngos po'i don yang mi go'o/} they do not know what
they are talking about or what they so confidently affirm (1 Tim.
1:7 SV);  2) {ston/}  p. {bstan/} to show, make known: {khyed kyis
nga la gson lam ston par mdzad/} you have made known to me the
paths of life (Acts 2:28); 3) {'chad/}  p. {bshad/} f. {shod/}  to
explain, proclaim, or make known: {khyed la 'chad par 'gyur ro/}
the Spirit will make it known to you (Jn. 16:15), {khyed la sdig
sel gyi chos 'chad pa ma zad/} not only is forgiveness of sins
proclaimed to you (Acts 13:38), {ngas phrin bzang gi gsang ba spobs
pas 'chad phyir/} that I may boldly proclaim the mystery of the
gospel (Eph. 6:19); 4) {mngon du byung /} apparent or made known:
{rjes la ci yin par 'gyur ba da rung mngon du ma byung /} what we
will be has not yet been made known (1 Jn. 3:2 SV); 5) {ngo
'phrod/} [lit. face + receive] to know a person: {khyed kyis mngags
pa'i ye shu ma shi ka ngo 'phrod pa ni/} to know Jesus Christ, whom
you have sent (Jn. 17:3), {khong gi bka' rgya srung ba 'ba' zhig gi
sgo nas/,,nga tshos khong ngo 'phrod pa gsal lo/} we know that we
have come to know him if we obey his commands (1 Jn. 2:3), {khong
ngo 'phrod zer/} the man who says, "I know him," (1 Jn. 2:4); 6)
{ngo sprod byed/} [lit. face + give]  p. {sprad/}  to introduce,
make known: {sdig bshags gnang ba'i thar pa'i ngo sprod phyir/} to
make known the salvation that forgives sins (Lk. 1:77), {de tshor
khyed kyi mtshan ngo sprad de/,,da dung 'ang ngo sprod par bya'o/}
I have made you known to them, and will continue to make you known
(Jn. 17:26); 7) {grags pa/}  fame, reputation; {i ta li par grags
pa'i dmag tshogs/} known as the Italian Regiment (Acts 10:1), {a
kha ya ru grags pa/} became known in Achaia (1 Thes. 1:8); 8)
{snyan grags/} [hon.]  fame, reputation: {ye shu'i snyan grags
rgyas pas/} Jesus' name had become well known (Mk. 6:14); 9) {cha/} 
news, information: {cha med par/} without news, not knowing what
happened (Acts 5:7), {khyed la cha yod/} you already know (1 Thes.
2:2); 10) {zhes/} [hon. {zhus/}] known as: {mthu chen po zhes bya
ba de/} known as "the great power" (Acts 8:10), {pe tro zhu ba'i
shi mon/} Simon known as Peter (Acts 10:18); 11) {zer/} to call, be
known as: {ya hu da skad du gab ba tha zer/} known in Aramaic as
Gabbatha (Jn. 19:13); 12) {rgyu med/} don't know: {nga la rgyus
med/} I don't know (Jn. 9:12), {rgyus med pa'i dkon mchog} an
unknown god (Acts 17:23); 13) {ngo rtogs/} to know certainly:
{khyed ni dkon mchog gi dam pa de yin par nga tshos dad cing ngo
rtogs pa yin/} we believe and know that you are the Holy One of God
(Jn. 6:69). see KNOWLEDGE.%

!KNOWLEDGE@  see also MIND, THOUGHT, WISDOM

     1) #{shes bya/}$  ^Bib: a general term for knowledge: {skul
zhing shes bya thams cad la slob cing /} admonishing and teaching
everyone with all wisdom [lit. knowledge] (Col. 1:28).
     ^Sec. the ordinary term for knowledge: {ma bu bde srung gi
shes bya/} knowledge of maternal-child health care (BFT 20), {rig
gnas shes bya/} cultural knowledge (TCR 1).

     Cognates: {shes rig slob sbyong /} education (DLP 1).%

     2) #{shes rab/}$  ^Bib: higher knowledge, especially of
spiritual things: {shes rab kyi lde mig} the key to knowledge (Lk.
11:52), {gsang ba dang shes rab thams cad shes nas/} if I know all
mysteries and all knowledge (1 Cor. 13:2), {shes rab bam/,,lung
bstan/} knowledge or prophecy (1 Cor. 14:6), {khyed rnams ye shes
dang shes rab/} wisdom and understanding (Col. 1:9), {gang la shes
rab ces 'khrul nas 'bod pa/} what is falsely called knowledge (1
Tim. 6:20), {khyed tsho'i dad pa la dge ba dang /,,dge ba la shes
rab/} add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge (2
Pet. 1:5).  
     ^Bst. {shes rab/} is knowledge which is higher than others;
sublime knowledge, or wisdom (KTM).  The Buddhas are believed to
have such knowledge of all knowable things, including the thoughts
of all human beings.  See WISDOM.

     3) #{rig pa/}$  ^Bib: knowledge: {shes rab dang rig pa'i
gter/} treasures of wisdom and knowledge (Col. 2:2,3), {nga tsho
thams cad la rig pa yod par shes so/} we know that we all possess
knowledge (1 Cor. 8:1), {rig pa nub par 'gyur/} knowledge will pass
away (1 Cor. 13:8). 
     ^Bst. 1) intelligence: {mkhas pa yongs kyi rig pa/} the
intelligence of the learned (KPU 4); 2) area of knowledge or field
of study: {tshan rig pa/} scientist (DLP 7), {nang pa sangs rgyas
pa'i sems khams rig pa/} Tibetan Buddhist psychology (DLP 13), {rig
pa'i gnas lnga/} five classical studies {nang rig pa/} secret
knowledge; esp. of the {bon/} Bon, {gtan tshigs rig pa/} logic,
{sgra rig pa/} linguistics, {gso ba rig pa/} medicine, {bzo rig
pa/} technology (CNG 63).

     Cognates: {yang dag par rig pa/} perfect knowledge, an
attribute of the Buddhas (KBT 70).%

     4) #{rtogs pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) sure, certain religious knowledge:
{khyed ni dkon mchog gi dam pa de yin par nga tshos dad cing ngo
rtogs pa yin/} we believe and know that you are the Holy One of God
(Jn. 6:69), {nam mkha'i rgyal srid kyi gsang ba rtogs pa/} the
knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven (Mt. 13:11),
{gtso bo lags pa'i ye shu ma shi ka rtogs pa/} knowing Jesus Christ
as Lord (Phil. 3:8), {dkon mchog gi rtogs pa 'phel ba/} growing in
the knowledge of God (Col. 1:10); 2) understanding or insight: {ma
shi ka'i gsang ba'i gting rtogs pa/} [my] insight into the mystery
of Christ (Eph. 3:4); 3) conscience: {rtogs pa zhan pa zhig}
someone with a weak conscience (1 Cor. 8:10).
     ^Bst. religious knowledge or realizations gained from
meditation: {chos thams cad mngon sum du rtogs pa mthar phyin pa'i
ye shes/} the wisdom which perceives directly all phenomena (TRC
74), {nyid kyi rtogs pa gzhan la 'pho min te/} they do not transfer
their realizations to others (TRC 77), {bdag med pa'i don mngon sum
du rtogs pa/} direct perception of the absence of a self (TRC 96),
{rtogs pa'i nyams myong bdag la med/} I have no experience of
realizations (HTE 208).

     5) #{yon tan/}$  ^Bib: good qualities; knowledge: {bka' khrims
kyi nang na yon tan dang bden pa nyid kyi dbyibs yod pas/} you have
in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth (Rom. 2:20 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) a body of knowledge acquired through study or
education: {yon tan kun gyi rtsa ba yi ge dang /,,yon tan yongs kyi
rgyal po yi ge red/} reading is the foundation of all education; it
is the king of all learning (KPU 27), {yon tan mthar phyin pa slob
dgos/} one must study to be perfect in knowledge (KTM); 2) good
qualities: {yon tan brjod pa/} to praise the good qualities of
one's teacher (GSL 14).

     6) #{blo gros/}$  ^Bib: wisdom, understanding, knowledge:
{khyed rnams kun nas brtson 'grus rtsoms la dad pa la snying stobs
dang /,,snying stobs la blo gros dang /} make every effort to add
to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge (2 Pet. 1:5 SV).
     ^Sec. if a student has wide and deep knowledge his {blo gros/}
is good (AMD), {blo gros dang 'jon thang /} knowledge and expertise
(MHP 9).

     7) #{mngon shes/}$  ^Bib: see {sngar mkhyen/} below.
     ^Bst. extra-sensory perception involving knowledge of others'
thoughts {sems kyi rnam grangs shes pa/}, remembering past lives
{sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa/} etc. (TRI 71).  It is grouped
with other supernormal mental powers: {bsam gtan dang /,,mngon
shes/,,rdzu 'phrul/} trances, clairvoyances, and psychic powers
(TRC 202).

     Related Terms: 1) {dkon mchog ngo shes pa/} the knowledge of
God: {de dag gis dkon mchog ngo shes pa rang gi nang na yod par mi
dga' bas/} since they did not think it worthwhile to retain the
knowledge of God (Rom. 1:28 SV); 2) {sngar mkhyen/} foreknowledge:
{dkon mchog yab kyis sngar mkhyen pa ltar/} according to the
foreknowledge of God (1 Pet. 1:2 SV).%

!LAW@  see also TEACHER (OF THE LAW)

     1) #{khrims/}$  ^Bib: the religious law [{chos khrims/}] of
the OT: {khyo shi na khrims las thar bas/} if he dies, she is
released from the law (Rom. 7:3), {tshul khrims ni pha ru shi pa/}
in regard to the law, a Pharisee (Phil. 3:5).
     ^Bst. Several compounds of {khrims/} describe religious or
moral law: 1) {bslab khrims/} precepts (see below); 2) {chos
khrims/} monastic rules or laws (see below); 3) {tshul khrims/} a)
the Bst. ethical law, which is believed to be one of the seven
noble treasures: {'phags pa'i nor bdun ni/,,1,,dad pa/,,2,,tshul
khrims,,3,,thos pa/} the seven noble treasures are: faith, the law, 
hearing . . (SGN 16).  Keeping the ethical law has an important
place in Bst. conduct: {tshul khrims bsrung ba rgyal sras lag len
yin/} to keep the moral law is the practice of the sons of the
Buddha (GSL 22); although advanced Bst. practitioners and
boddhisattvas are considered exempt from any moral law (MTB 159);
b) {tshul khrims/} is also right conduct, which may be of three
major types: i) {nyes spyod sdom pa'i tshul khrims/} conduct which
avoids evil actions, non-virtues, and breaking of vows, ii) {dge ba
chos sdud kyi tshul krims/} conduct which trains the mind in
virtuous qualities, and iii) {sems can don byed kyi tshul khrims/}
lawful conduct which benefits living creatures, e.g. teaching Bsm.
to others.  Such behavior leads to a higher rebirth:  {mngon mtho'i
rgyu ni tshul khrims las gzhan med/} the cause of a high condition
is no other than right conduct (TRC 165); 4) {'dul khrims/} the
vinaya {'dul ba/} rule of the Sangha; the code of conduct for
monastic life (TRC 3).
     ^Sec. 1) {khrims lugs/} legal customs {gdug rtsub can gyi
khrims lugs/} cruel legal customs (SBC-1, p. 62); 2) {khrims khang
/} court of law: {mi dmangs khrims khang /} People's Court; 3)
{rtsa khrims/} [root + law] constitution (RRT 282 n. 23).

     Cognates: 1) {khrims 'chal/} lawlessness: {khrims 'chal gyi
gsang ba/} the secret power of lawlessness (2 Thes. 2:7); 2)
{khrims la mkhas pa/} lawyer: {khrims la mkhas pa'i zi na/} Zenas
the lawyer (Tit. 3:13).%

     2) #{bka' khrims/}$ [lit. spoken + law = precepts]  ^Bib: the
religious and ceremonial law of the Jews: {nga tshor bka' khrims
yod/} we have a law (Jn. 19:7), {bka' khrims dang lung ston pa
rnams/} the Law and the Prophets (Mt. 5:17), {mo she'i bka'
khrims/} the Law of Moses (Lk. 2:22), {gtso bo'i bka' khrims/} the
Law of the Lord (Lk. 2:23).  Common phrases: {bka' khrims dang mi
mthun pa/} against the law (Acts 18:13), {bka' khrims bzhin du/}
according to the law (Acts 23:3), {bka' khrims sgrub pa tsho/}
those who obey the law (Rom. 2:13), {bka' khrims 'chal/} break the
law (Rom. 2:23), {bka' khrims stongs par byed/} to nullify the law
(Rom. 3:31), {bka' khrims brtan par byed/} to uphold the law (Rom.
3:31), {bka' khrims las so sor/} apart from the law (Rom. 3:21),
{bka' khrims kyi 'og} under the Law (Rom. 6:15), {khyed kyang bka'
khrims la brten nas shi ba/} you also died to the law (Rom. 7:4),
{bka' khrims kyi thabs kyis rnam dag 'gyur bar 'dod pa khyed tsho/}
you who want to be justified by the law (Gal. 5:4), {sdig pa ni
bka' khrims las 'gal ba yin/} sin is lawlessness (1 Jn. 3:4). 
     ^Bst. {bslab khrims/} [hon. {bka' khrims/}] is a precept,
either ethical: {tshul lugs bzang ba/,,bslab khrims ldan pa/,,shes
rab che ba/} disciplined, ethical, and wise (DLP 19), or moral:
{spyod bzang bslab khrims/} moral precepts (DLP 18).

     Cognates: 1) {bka' khrims shes pa/} an expert in the law (Mt.
22:35); 2) {bka' khrims kyi ston pa/} a teacher of the law (Acts
5:34); 3) {bka' khrims med pa rnams/} lawless men (2 Pet. 3:17); 4) 
{bka' khrims gnang mkhan/} Lawgiver (Jas. 4:12).%

     3) #{chos khrims/}$  ^Bib: religious law: {chos khrims shes pa
rnams/} experts in the law (Lk. 7:30), {nga tsho'i pha mes kyi chos
khrims/} the law of our fathers (Acts 22:3).  
     ^Bst. religious rules, rules of conduct in a monastery: {lo
gsar gyi skabs su dgon par chos 'khrims gu yangs yin pas/} because
the rules of the monastery were more liberal at New Year (DPD).

     Proverbs: {rgyal khrims gser gyi gnya' shing /,,chos khrims
dar gyi mdud pa lta bu yin/} the state law is like a golden yoke;
the religious law like a silken knot.

     4) #{bka'/}$  ^Bib: law: {rgyal ba'i bka'/} the royal law
(Jas. 2:8).
     ^Bst. the teachings of the Buddha recorded in the Bst.
scriptures. see SCRIPTURE.

!LEVITE@

     1) #{le wi pa/}$   ^Bib: a member of the tribe of Levi: {le wi
pa yo seb/} the Levite Joseph (Acts 4:36), {le wi'i bla brgyud/}
the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7:11), {le wi pa'i bla ma'i brgyud/}
the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7:11 SV).

     2) #{mchod g.yog pa/}$ [lit. offering + servant]  ^Bib: one
who serves in the temple; a Levite: {bla ma dang mchod g.yog pa/}
priests and Levites (John 1:19), {mchod g.yog cig sa cha der bslebs
pas/} when a Levite arrived (Luke 10:32).

!LIBERATE@  see also JUSTIFICATION, SAVE

     1) #{thar ba/}$  ^Bib: to be justified, absolved from sin,
liberated, released, or set free: {snod bcud kyang mi rtag pa'i
dbang las thar te/} liberated from its bondage to decay (Rom.
8:21), {khyo shi na khrims las thar bas/} if her husband dies,
[she] is released from the law (Rom. 7:3).
     ^Bst. see JUSTIFY, SAVE.

     2) #{sgrol/}$  p. {bsgral/} [save, deliver from] deliverance,
rescue, freedom (from)  ^Bib:  {bkod pa thams cad kyang mi rtag pa
de las bsgral nas/} the creation itself will be liberated from its
bondage to decay (Rom. 8:21 SV).
     ^Bst. see SAVE.

!LIFE@ 

     1) #{tshe/}$  ^Bib: 1) ordinary, outwardly visible life;
lifespan or length of life:  {tshe 'di'i sems khral/} the worries
of this life (Lk. 8:14), {tshe ring ba/} long life (Eph. 6:3),
{'tsho ba'i tshe/} the life [you once] lived (Col. 3:7); 2) the
life to come: {tshe phyi ma/} the next life [in heaven] (Lk.
18:30); 3) used figuratively in the RV for spiritual life: {tshe
mtha' med pa thob pa'i phyir sems 'gyur ba/} repentance unto life
(Acts 11:18), {tshe'i zhal chad/} the promise of life (2 Tim. 1:1),
{tshe mtha' med pa'i cod pan/} the crown of life (Jas. 1:12),
{tshe'i ljon shing /} the tree of life (Rev. 2:7),  {tshe mtha' med
pa'i mdo/} the book of life (Phil. 4:3), {tshe'i chu/} the water of
life (Rev. 22:17), {tshe'i bag leb/} the bread of life (Jn. 6:35),
{tshe'i 'od/} the light of life (Jn. 8:12). 
     The Revised NT uses only compounds of {tshe/} for "eternal
life": {tshe mtha' med pa/} (Mt. 19:16) or {mtha' med pa'i tshe/}
(Ti. 1:2); while the SV uses {srog mtha' med pa/} (Rom. 2:7) and
{mtha' med pa'i srog} (1 Jn. 3:15).  The term {tshe mtha' med pa/}
implies eternal length of life with God, while {srog} emphasizes
the life that is lived with God.  In this context the two terms
have similar meanings, but {srog} also implies the Hindu and Bst.
concept of an impersonal "life-force" (see {srog} below).
     ^Bst. life, lifetime, the duration of life [compare {srog/}
below]. Length of life is considered an important blessing in Bst.
culture: {tshe ring /} long life (a common name), {tshe ring drug
skor/} the six symbols of longevity (TRI 218), {tshe lha rnam
gsum/} three longevity deities (TRI 219).  Certain tantric rituals
are believed to have the power to prolong life (JPG 164).  1)
natural human life, one's present life: {tshe 'di'i bde skyid/} the
happiness of this life (TRC 167), {tshe la dbang ba/} the ability
to control the length of one's own life (KBT 79), {nyin re'i mi
tshe/} everyday life (DLP 19), {tshe 'dir mi dge bcu spod gi tshul
khrims ma srung pa/} to avoid the ten non-virtues during this
lifetime (TRC 165); 2) future lives or rebirths: {tshe phyi ma/} a
future life, a future rebirth (TRC 277), {tshe 'dir dge ba byas pa
las tshe phyi ma bde ba dang /,,tshe 'dir mi dge ba byas pa las
sdug bsngal byung ba mi bden zer ba la sogs pa'i lta ngan de zer
gyi red/} wrong view is . . a bad viewpoint stating that the
happiness of future lives does not arise from good deeds done in
this life, and that the bad deeds done in this life will not cause
suffering in the future (TRC 245), {mi lta bu la skye na'ang tshe
thung ba yong gi yod pa red/} even though one is born as a human,
one will have a short life (TRC 245), {tshe gcig lus gcig} one body
for each life time (KTM); 3) earlier or later lives or births:
{tshe snga ma/} earlier lives (TRC 287), {tshe gzhan/} other
(former) lives (TRC 258), {tshe stod la bsags pa'i las kyi 'bras bu
tshe smad la smin pa lta bu la zer/} like the fruition in later
life of the results of works accumulated in earlier life (TRC 287);
4) lifespan, length of life: {tshe ha cang ring po red/} the
lifespan [of the worldly gods] is extremely long (TRC 230).

     Cognates: 1) {tshe rabs/} a past or future series of lives
(HTE 170); 2) life expectancy: {bod mi rnams kyi sku tshe/} the
lifespan of the Tibetan people (BFT 19).%

     2) #{srog}$  ^Bib:  1) physical or biological life:  {nga
tsho'i phyir nyid kyi sku srog gnang bas/} [Jesus Christ] laid down
his life for us (1 Jn. 3:16), {srog la brngams pa rnams/} those who
sought the child's life (Mt. 2:20), {srog skyob chog gam gcod/} to
save life or to kill (Mk. 3:4); 2) one's conduct, daily affairs:
{srog gi phyir ma tsher zhig} do not worry about your life (Lk.
12:22), {rang srog skyob mkhan des brlag par 'gyur/} the one who
saves his life will lose it (Mt. 10:39), {rang srog gtong ba/} to
lay down one's own life (Jn. 15:13); 3) life in an abstract sense:
{srog gi bdag po/} the Lord of life (Acts 3:15), {srog gi bka'/}
the Word of life (1 Jn. 1:1,2).  
     ^Bst. 1) According to the Bst. scriptures, {srog} is the
impersonal life-force [Skt. prana] that enables a person to live,
do things, and think.  The {srog} maintains the connection between
the mind and the body (JPG 342), and is compared to the wick of a
butter-lamp, the {tshe/} to the butter in the bowl, and the {bla/}
to the flame. Just as the lamp will burn only as long as the butter
in the bowl lasts, so there is life only during the {tshe/} or
lifespan.  Just as the wick supports the flame, so the life force
makes it possible for the {bla/} to exist.  If the {srog} is cut
off (to kill = {srog gcod/}) then there is no {tshe/} (TRI 289). 
{lus srog} = life force: {tshe 'di'i lus srog bral bar byed thub
pa/} able to separate the life-force from the body (TRC 286), {tshe
'di'i lus srog bral bar byed thub pa/} being able to deprive the
vital force of this life (TRC 286), {srog 'dzin gyi rlung /} a
"life-supporting energy wind" that makes memory and intelligence
possible (TRI 290); 2) life as opposed to death; one's existence:
{rang gi srog las kyang gces par byas/} holding [it] dearer than
one's own life (TRC 330), {rang rang gi rtsa che'i srog la'ang
srung skyob med pa/} one's precious life is not safe (DLP 1), {srog
la gnod pa'i 'jigs nyen/} dangers that threaten life (DLP 8), {srog
la bab kyang /} even if one's life is at stake (GSL 10); 3) the
astrological life-pattern of a person  (TRI 289).

     Related Terms: 1) {srog chags/} [lit. "having life"] animals,
living creatures: {srog chags kyi rigs ha cad mang po yod/} there
are very many kinds of living creatures (TRC 50); 2) {lus srog}
life force (TRC 286); 3) {lus srog gtong ba/} to ransom: {nga lus
srog blos gtong gi yin/} I will ransom you (TRC 153).%

     3) #{gson pa/}$  [lit. to live]  ^Bib: 1) life, existence,
living: {khong gi nang na gson pa ste/,,/gson pa mi yi 'od de yin/}
in him was life, and that life was the light of men (Jn. 1:4),
{lang ba dang gson pa nyid ni nga yin/} I am the resurrection and
the life (Jn. 11:25), {thugs nyid kyis ni gson par mdzad do/} the
Spirit gives life [lit. makes alive] (2 Cor. 3:6), {gson pa nyid
gnang ba'i thugs nyid/} a life-giving spirit (1 Cor. 15:45), {'chi
ba nas gson pa la phyin to/} gone from death to life (Jn. 5:24),
{gson pa nyid kyi shing /} the tree of life (Gen. 2:9), {gson pa
nyid kyi bka'i gtam/} the Word of Life (1 Jn. 1:1); 2) lifetime,
lifespan: {rang nyid gson por yod dus/} during his lifetime (2 Sam.
18:18 NTV). 
     ^Bst. Having life ({srog}); one who is alive or who has
physical life (AMD); living: {gson pa'i tshe/} during this life
(TRC 270), {su yang gson por 'tsho sdod thub thabs med/} no way for
anyone to remain alive (DLP 7), {shi yang gson yang /} whether one
lives or dies (HTE 180).

     Related Terms: 1) {'tsho mdzad pa/} give life to {dngos po
thams cad kyi 'tsho mdzad lags pa'i dkon mchog} God who gives life
to everything (1 Tim. 6:13); 2) {spyod lam/} way of life {sngon gyi
spyod lam/} your former way of life (Eph. 4:22), {snying po med
pa'i spyod lam/} empty way of life (1 Pet. 1:18).%

!LIGHT@

     #{'od/}$  ^Bib: light: 1) physical light: {'od de'i gzi
brjid/} the light's brilliance (Acts 22:11), {mar me'i 'od/} the
light of a lamp (Rev. 18:23); 2) light in figurative senses: {dkon
mchog ni 'od lags/} God is light (1 Jn. 1:5), {'od de mun pa'i nang
du shar/} the light shines in the darkness (Jn. 1:5), {khyod tsho
'jig rten gyi 'od yin/} you are the light of the world (Mt. 5:14),
{nam mkha' nas 'od cig} a light from heaven (Acts 9:3), {phrin
bzang gi 'od/} the light of the gospel (2 Cor. 4:4), {'od kyi pho
nya/} angel of light (2 Cor. 11:14); 3) {'od gsal/} [lit. clear
light] is used as a metaphor for spiritual understanding: {bden
pa'i 'od gsal/} the true light (Jn. 1:9), {'od gsal du gyur pa'i
rjes su/} after [you] received the light (Heb. 10:32).
     ^Bst: 1) Light is also a frequent metaphor for knowledge and
understanding in Bsm.  It is often associated with gods and
boddhisattvas, e.g. in the third, fourth, and tenth of the ten
boddhisattva grounds: {'od byed pa/} "illuminating", {'od 'phro
ba/} "radiant", {kun tu 'od/} "omnipresent light" (KBT 66), {snying
rje'i mtsho mo 'od kyis khengs/} the sea of compassion, full of
light (KPU 2); 2) {'od gsal/} or "clear light" is a type of
consciousness employed in advanced tantric meditation (TRI 244) and
a common name.

     Related Terms: 1) {nyi 'od/} sunshine (SLR 9); 2) {nyin mo'i
dus su/} [lit. daytime] in broad daylight (2 Pet. 2:13 SV).%

!LORD@

     1) #{gtso bo/}$  ^Bib: 1) lord, an honorific title applied to
God and Jesus: {gtso bo ye shu/} the Lord Jesus (Mk. 16:19), {rang
gi dkon mchog gtso bo/} the Lord your God (Mt. 4:10), {nga la gtso
bo lags/,,gtso bo lags/,,zer mkhan/} those who say to me "Lord,
Lord" (Mt. 7:21), {gtso bo'i g.yog mo/} the Lord's servant (Lk.
1:38); 2) chief, leader, or prince: {'gong po'i gtso bo/} the
prince of demons (Mt.9:34).
     Common phrases: {gnam sa gnyis kyi gtso bo/} Lord of heaven
and earth (Mt. 11:25,26), {shab bad kyi gtso bo/} Lord of the
Sabbath (Mt. 12:8), {thams cad kyi gtso bo/} Lord of all (Acts
10:36), {gzi brjid kyi gtso bo/} the Lord of glory (1 Cor. 2:8),
{zhi bde'i gtso bo/} the Lord of peace (2 Thes. 3:16), {gtso bo
rnams kyi gtso bo/} Lord of lords (1 Tim. 6:15), {sa gzhi'i gtso
bo/} Lord of the earth (Rev. 11:4), {gtso bo'i thugs nyid/} the
Spirit of the Lord (Lk. 4:18), {gtso bo'i bka'/} the word of the
Lord (Acts 8:25), {gtso bo la 'jigs/} the fear of the Lord (Acts
9:31), {gtso bo ye shu'i mtshan/} the name of the Lord Jesus (Acts
19:17), {gtso bo dkon mchog gi pho nya/} an angel of the Lord God
(Mt. 1:20), {gtso bo'i nyin mo/} the day of the Lord (Acts 2:20),
{gtso bo'i thugs dgongs/} the mind [or will] of the Lord (1 Cor.
2:16), {gtso bo'i sku lus dang sku khrag} the body and blood of the
Lord (1 Cor. 11:27), {gtso bo'i las/} the work of the Lord (1 Cor.
16:10), {gtso bo ye shu'i thugs rje/} the grace of the Lord Jesus
(1 Cor. 16:23).  
     ^Bst. 1) an honorific applied to accomplished Bst. masters:
{gtso bo rje btsun mi la ras pa/} the venerable lord Milarepa (TRC
137); 2) chief, main, best, principal: {nyon mongs pa de tsho thams
cad kyi rtsa ba dang gtso bo/} the root and chief of all the
passions (TRC 285), {nor kun gyi gtso bo/} the best of all wealth
(SGN 16), {pan chen rin po che mchog gi gdan sa gtso bo/} the main
residence of the Panchen Lama (MHP 8), {lam gyi gtso bo rnam pa
gsum/} the three principal aspects of the path (CNG 22).

     Related Terms: 1) {gtso 'dzin mi sna/} a leading figure (SBC
61); 2) {nged rnams kyi dpon po rin po che/} Jesus Christ our Lord
(ATM; 1762).%

     2) #{jo bo/}$  ^Bib: 1) lord, an honorific title applied to
God or Jesus: {des jo bo/,,yid ches lags zhus/} "Yes, Lord, we
believe" (Mt. 9:28), {jo bo lags/,,de ma srid cig} "Never, Lord"
(Mt. 16:22), {kye jo bo/} "O Lord" (Lk. 2:29), {rin gyis blus pa'i
jo bo/} the Lord who ransomed them (2 Pet. 2:1); 2) other spiritual
powers or authorities: {lha dang jo bo mang po yod/} there are many
"gods" and many "lords" (1 Cor. 8:5).
     ^Bst. lord; an honorific used of Bst. teachers and of the
Buddha himself, or occasionally of their images: {jo bo rje dpal
ldan a ti sha/} the lord Atisha (TRC 152), {jo bo sha kya mu ni/}
the lord Shakyamuni [Buddha] (DPD) or his image (TRI 85).

     3) #{bdag po/}$  ^Bib: master, owner, lord: {ston thog gi bdag
po/} the Lord of the harvest (Mt. 9:38), {bdag po'i lcog tse/} the
masters' table (Mt. 15:27). 
     ^Bst. master, owner: {dge lugs pa'i bstan pa'i bdag po/} the
master of the Gelugpa teachings (TRC 53), {tshig gi bdag po/}
master of words (LKT 4), {ngang pa'i bdag po/} the owner of the
goose (SGN 4), {sman khang de'i bdag po/} the owner of the hospital
(DPD), {khyi ngan smyo yang bdag po ngos kyis 'dzin/} even if a dog
becomes mad, it still knows its master (KPU 33).

     4) #{mgon/}$ [or {mgon po/}] ^Bib: lord {nged mgon ye shu/}
our Lord Jesus (Eph. 1:3). 
     ^Bst. 1) {mgon/} is a patron or savior (AMD); 2) a member of
a class of fierce tantric or Bon gods or spirits who are considered
guardians of Bsm. (SGC 121); 3) a title applied to major figures in
Bsm: {rje btsun byams mgon/} the venerable savior Maitreya Buddha
(TRC 24), {rtsa ba'i bla ma mgon po spyan ras gzigs/} the root
teacher, lord Chenresi (HTE 180), {'jam mgon bla ma tsong kha pa
chen po/} the venerable Tshong Khapa (DPD), {sems nyid mgon/} the
lord of mind nature (HTE 186).

     Related Terms: 1) {kun dbang /} [lit. all power] {kye kun
dbang /,,dam pa dang drang po/} Sovereign Lord, holy and true (Rev.
6:10), (see ALMIGHTY); 2) {srid byed pa/} to "lord it over", or
control: {phyi pa'i dpon pos mi sde la srid byed/} the rulers of
the Gentiles lord it over them (Mt. 20:25); 3) {dbang byed pa/}
"lord it over", exercise authority over: {dbang mi byed par/}
without lording it over [them] (1 Pet. 5:3); 4) {mnga' mdzad/} to
rule: {gson po dang gshin po gnyis la mnga' mdzad pa'i phyir ro/}
so that he might be the Lord of [lit. rule] both the dead and the
living (Rom. 14:9 SV); 5) {mnga' bdag} Sovereign Lord  {kye mnga'
bdag dam pa dang drang po/} O holy and true Lord (Rev. 6:10 SV).%

!LOVE@  see also COMPASSION, JOY, MERCY

     1) #{byams pa/}$  ^Bib: Christian love and a term for love in
general: 1) God's love for man: {dkon mchog gi nyid kyi byams pa
nga tshor bstan par mdzad do/} God demonstrates his own love for us
(Rom. 5:8); 2) brotherly love; Christians' love for each other: 
{khyed thams cad la ma shi ka ye shu'i nang nga'i byams pa gnas
so/} my love to all of you in Christ Jesus (1 Cor. 16:24), {byams
pas gzhan la ngan mi byed/} love does no harm to its neighbor (Rom.
13:10); 3) abstract or ideal love: {byams pas yar skyed skyed do/}
love builds up (1 Cor. 8:1), {dkon mchog ni byams pa'o/} God is
love (1 Jn. 4:16), {thugs nyid kyi 'bras bu ni/,,byams pa/} the
fruit of the Spirit is love (Gal. 5:22).
     ^Bst. 1) {byams pa/} is the wish for all sentient beings to be
happy regardless of their past actions toward us, i.e. it is an
unconditional wish for the happiness of others.  It is an essential
element in boddhicitta ({byang chub sems/} see ENLIGHTENMENT) and
for progress in Bst. spiritual life:  {sems can thams cad la byams
pa/} to have love for all sentient beings (TRC 218), {yid 'ong
byams pa 'di ni sems can sdug bsngal las 'bral 'dod kyi snying rje
chen po dang /,,bde ba dang ldan 'dod kyi byams pa chen po gnyis
ka/} affectionate love is both the great compassion which wishes
living beings to be free of misery and the great love which wishes
them to have happiness (TRC 332), {rang la gnod 'tshe byed mkhan
gyi dgra bo la'ang byams pa dang brtse ba'i sems skyed pa de 'dra
zhig dgos/} we need the love and care which you can have even for
someone who has done harm to you: your enemy (DLP 14).  Meditation
on love for just one moment is said to create more merit than
feeding all living beings three times a day (JPG 416); 2) love,
care, or affection: {yid 'ong byams pa/} affectionate love (TRC
319), {pu gu de pang du 'khyer nas gang min tshad kyis byams po
byas te bsdad yod pa red/} they fondled the child affectionately on
their lap endlessly (TRC 259), {nga rang tshos byams po dang gces
po byas te nyar ba'i khyi phrug} a puppy which we treat with love
and affection (TRC 288), {byams dang brtse ba can gyi drin chen
ma/} a loving, affectionate kindly mother (KPU 29); 3) the Buddha
Maitreya ({rje btsun byams mgon/}) (TRI 185).

     Proverbs: {zhes sdang dgra bo byams pa'i mtshon gyis thul/}
overcome your enemy, hatred, with the weapons of love (HTE 186). 

     Cognates: 1) {byams snying /} compassion {rang re'i spyi
tshogs 'di sngar las lhag pa'i byams snying ldan/} [to make] our
societies more compassionate (DLP 3); 2) {byams brtse/} love for
humans or animals: {khyod ni nga'i don ji ltar byams brtse che/}
your love for me was wonderful (2 Sam. 1:26 NTV), {gzhan la byams
brtse'i bya ba/} to act kindly towards others (DLP 15), {byams
brtse'i bsam tshul/} ideals of love (DLP 18), {sems can tshang mar
byams brtse chen pas skyong bar mdzad pa/} [the Buddha] treated all
animals with love and compassion (SGN 3).%

     2) #{byams pa/}$  ^Bib: to love: 1) Christian love in general:
{byams pa ni nga tshos dkon mchog la byams pa de min/,,dkon mchog
gis nga tshor byams/} not that we loved God, but that he loved us
(1 Jn. 4:10), {dkon mchog gis nga tshor de tsam byams na/,,nga
tshos kyang phan tshun byams par rigs so/} since God so loved us,
we also ought to love one another (1 Jn. 4:11); 2) the love of God
for man: {'jig rten la byams par mdzad do/} [God] loved the world
(Jn. 3:16), {yab kyis nga la byams pa ltar/,,ngas khyed la byams
so/} as the Father has loved me, so have I loved you (Jn. 15:9),
{yab nyid kyis khyed la byams pa mdzad to/} the Father himself
loves you (Jn. 16:27); 3) love of the Father for Jesus: {yab kyis
sras la byams pa mdzad pas/} the Father loves the Son (Jn. 3:35);
4) love of others: {rang la byams pa la byams na/} if you love
those who love you (Mt. 5:46), {dgra la byams pa byos/} love your
enemies (Mt. 5:44), {chung ma la byams pa byos shig} love your
wives (Eph. 5:25); 5) love of Jesus for particular people: {ye shus
mar tha dang de'i nu mo dang la zar la byams par mdzad do/} Jesus
loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus (Jn. 11:5); 6) to adhere
to, to be consistent: {khyed ni drang por byams kyang ngan par
sdang /} you have loved righteousness and hated wickedness (Heb.
1:9). 

     Proverbs: {byams po byas na dgra yang gnyen la 'gro/} if you
show love, even your enemy will become a friend (KPU 21).

     3) #{byams sems/}$ [lit. love + mind] [hon. {byams thugs/}]
^Bib: 1) God's love for man: love {dkon mchog gi thugs rje dang
byams thugs/} God's kindness and love (Tit. 3:4); 2) Christian love
in a general sense: {byams sems med na/} if I have not love (1 Cor.
13:1), {byams sems la bzod pa dang snying rje yod/} love is
patient, love is kind (1 Cor. 13:4), {byams sems kyis bden pa
smra/} speaking the truth in love (Eph. 4:15), {thugs nyid las
byung ba'i khyed kyi byams sems/} your love in the Spirit (Col.
1:8), {byams sems gcig pa/} having the same love (Phil. 2:2),
{snying rje dang zhi bde dang byams thugs/} mercy, peace, and love
(Jude 2).

     4) #{gces pa/}$  ^Bib: to love: 1) man's love for others:
{khyim mtshes la rang dang 'dra bar gces pa/} to love your neighbor
as yourself (Mk. 12:33), {gtso bo'i nang na nga'i gces pa/} the one
I love in the Lord (Rom. 16:8), {chung ma la gces shig} love your
wives (Col. 3:19), {rang la gces 'dzin byed mkhan rnams la sdangs
sems byed pa/} you love those who hate you (2 Sam. 19:6 NTV); 2)
the love of man for God: {rang gi gtso bo dkon mchog ni/,,snying
hril po dang /,,sems hril po dang /,,yid hril po dang /,,shed hril
po gces par zungs shig} love the Lord your God with all your heart
and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your
strength (Mk. 12:30), {khyod kyis nga la gces na/,,nga'i bka' srung
bar 'gyur/} if you love me, you will obey what I command (Jn.
14:15), {dkon mchog la gces par 'dzin mkhan/} the man who loves God
[lit. holds God dear] (1 Cor. 8:3); 3) the love between God and
Jesus: {ngas yab la gces pa/} that I [Jesus] love the Father (Jn.
14:31), {khong rang gi gces pa'i sras/} His own beloved Son (Eph.
1:6); 4) the love of God for man: {ngas ya kob la gces par 'dzin
te/} Jacob I loved (Rom. 9:13), {dkon mchog yab kyi gces pa/} those
who are loved by God (Jude 1), {rgyal sa gces pa/} the city [he]
loves (Rev. 20:9), {gtso bo dkon mchog gis phru gu de la thugs
brtse gnang gi yod/} the Lord loved him (2 Sam. 12:24 NTV).
     ^Bst. 1) to consider highly, or to value: {mi dmangs kyi rgyal
khab la mi dmangs rang gis gces pa/} the people themselves love
their country (KTM), {a mas pu gur rang gi srog las kyang gces par
skyong /} a mother values her children more highly even than their
own life (TRC 330); 2) to take care of, as a parent takes care of
a child and looks after its well being, or a teacher gives special
attention and care to a student, fostering his abilities, attending
to his needs, and watching over him (KTM).  {gzugs po'i bde thang
la gces pa/} to take care of the well being of the body (KTM); 3)
to hold dear, to cherish, to show affection: {gces pa'i grogs po/}
dear friends (TRC 167), {nga rang tshos byams po dang gces po byas
te nyar ba'i khyi phrug} a puppy which we treat with love and
affection (TRC 288), {snying du gces pa'i yid 'ong byams pa/} love
which cherishes [even an enemy] from the heart (TRC 320), {phrug
gces par byas te/} to cherish children (TRC 218). 

     Cognates: 1) {gces pa/} beloved, dear: {gces pa'i am pa li a/}
beloved Ampliatus (Rom. 16:8), {nyid kyi gces pa'i sras/} his
beloved Son (Col. 1:13,14), {dkon mchog gi gces pa'i spun rnams/}
brothers beloved by God (1 Thes. 1:4); 2) {rang gces 'dzin/} [lit.
holding oneself dear] selfishness (DLP 17).%

     5) #{dga' ba/}$  [hon. {thugs mnyes/}]  ^Bib: 1) to have
strong attachment to: {su zhig 'tsho bar rab dga'/} whoever would
love life (1 Pet. 3:10), {rdzun la dga'/} those who love falsehood
(Rev. 22:15); 2) to be pleased or delighted with: {nga'i sems dga'
ba'i gces pa/} the one I love, in whom I delight (Mt. 12:18), {sems
dga' bzhin sbyin pa la dkon mchog thugs mnyes so/} God loves a
cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7), {'di ni nga dga' ba'i nga'i sras gces
pa yin/} his is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased
(Mt. 3:17), {ma shi ka pa rnams dga' ba'i phyir/} [that it] may
please the saints (Rom. 15:30,31); 3) as hyperbole for "to like":
{smon lam 'debs pa la dga' ba'i kha chos pa/} the hypocrites who
love to pray (Mt. 6:5), {khrom du phyag la dga' bas/} [Pharisees]
love greetings in the marketplaces (Lk. 11:43).
     ^Bst. 1) to be happy or joyful (see JOY): {sems ha cang dga'
nas gad mo chen po dgod pa/} to laugh much from a very happy heart
(KTM); 2) love which is conditional or from which one gets
benefits: {dpon po phal cher ngo bstod la dga'/,,bla ma phal cher
'bul ba la dga'/,,byis pa phal cher rtsed mo la dga'/} masters
usually like praise, lamas usually like offerings, and common
people usually like games (KTM); 3) to like; to be pleased with or
take pleasure in: {le lo la dga' ba'i glen chos/} a foolish
doctrine which pleases laziness (TRC 166), {gzhan gyi srog gcod pa
la dga' ba/} pleasure in killing another (TRC 245), {rang gi sku
mched gzhon pas rgyal sa 'dzin pa la mi dga' ba/} displeased at his
younger brother having the kingdom (TRC 114); 4) to favor, be
partial to: {bon gyi chos lugs la dga' ba'i blon po/} ministers who
favored the Bon religion (TRC 114).

     6) #{chags pa/}$  ^Bib: to love or be attached to, usually in
a negative sense: 1) to lust for, to have strong attachment to:
{dngul la chags pa/} love of money (Lk. 16:14), {'od las mun par
lhag par 'chags/} men loved darkness more than light (Jn. 3:19),
{mi rnams rang la chags mkhan/} lovers of themselves (2 Tim. 3:2),
{de ma 'jig rten la chags te/} Demas, who loved this world (2 Tim.
4:9,10), {mi rigs pa'i 'bras bu la chags pas/} loved the wages of
wickedness (2 Pet. 2:15), {'jig rten nang yod pa'i dngos po la ma
chags shig} do not love the things in the world (1 Jn. 2:15), {de
tsho dkon mchog gi bkur sti las/,,mi'i bkur sti la lhag par chags/}
they loved praise from men more than praise from God (Jn. 12:43);
2) used in SV for man's love of God: {dkon mchog la chags pa
rnams/} those who love God (1 Cor. 2:9 SV), {de dag gis bden pa
nyid la chags pa/} they did not love the truth (2 Thes. 2:10 SV),
{dkon mchog la chags pa ni khong gi bka' rgya srung ba de yin no/}
this is love for God: to obey his commands (1 Jn. 5:3 SV).
     ^Bst. In a religious context {chags pa/} is an undue love for
someone or something, the desire to have an excess, or to have an
undue attachment.  It is one of the chief causes of rebirth (KTM). 
{bdag tu chags pa/} attachment to the idea of a self (KBT 31),
{sngar nya la chags pa'i dbang gis/} on account of his former
attachment to [eating] fish (TRC 258), {mi 'bral bar 'dod pa'i
chags pa gcig} a desire not to be separated [from its object] (TRC
284), {chags pa spong ba rgyal sras lag len yin/} to abandon
attachment is the practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 26).

     Cognates: 1) {sems chags/} to be in love with: {mo la sems
chags yod/} [Amnon] loved her (2 Sam. 13:1 NTV), {ta mar la sems
chags yod/} I'm in love with Tamar (2 Sam 13:4 NTV); 2) {'dod
chags/} strong attachment, lust.%

     7) #{brtse ba/}$  ^Bib: affectionate or relational love: {dkon
mchog gis rang gi thugs brtse ba nga tsho la mngon par mdzad do/}
God demonstrates his own love for us (Rom. 5:8 SV). 
     ^Bst. {brtse ba/} may be of two types: 1) love of parents for
children: {phru gu la brtse ba/} love for children (KTM), {byams
dang brtse ba can gyi drin chen ma/} a most affectionate and loving
mother (KPU 29); 2) altruistic love: In Bsm. one cultivates the
desire for the welfare of all beings ({byams pa/}).  From this
attitude one then generates a feeling of compassion ({snying
rje/}), affection, or fondness for those beings which is {brtse
ba/} (KTM), e.g. the love of a lama for people (AMD), {brtse sems
ngo ma ni chags zhen gyi gzhi las byung ba ma yin/} real love is
not based on attachment (DLP 14), {rang res brtse sems ji lta bu
zhig skyed dgos zer na/,,rang la gnod 'tshe byed mkhan gyi dgra bo
la'ang byams pa dang brtse ba'i sems skyed pa de 'dra zhig dgos/}
the kind of love we should advocate is this wider love that you can
have even for someone who had done harm to you: your enemy (DLP
14), {bod kyi nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos lugs kyi thog nas sems
can thams cad rang gi snying nas brtse ba'i ma lta bur blta dgos pa
dang /,,de dag tshang mar brtse sems ldan pa'i sgo nas drin gzo bya
dgos pa'i slob ston byed srol yod/} the Tibetan Buddhist tradition
teaches us to view all sentient beings as our dear mothers and to
show our gratitude by loving them all (DLP 15), {gzhan la brtse
zhing phan pa sgrub pa'i bya ba/} loving and serving others (DLP
16), {gzhan la brtse sems dang /,,brtsi bkur byed pa/} love and
respect for others (DLP 22), {nad par rjes su brtse ba/} compassion
and love for the sick (KTM).

     8) #{brtse/}$ p. {brtses/} [hon. {thugs brtse/}] ^Bib: 1) to
love others: {nga tshor brtse ba/} those [Christians] who love us
(Tit. 3:15); 2) to love one's parents: {nga las pha'am ma la lhag
par brtse ba/} the one who loves father or mother more than me (Mt.
10:37); 3) God's love for man: {ye shus de la gzigs shing thugs
brtser dgongs nas/} Jesus looked at him and loved him (Mk. 10:21).

     Cognates: 1) {brtse gdung /} affectionate love for others
{spun gyi brtse gdung /} brotherly love (Rom. 12:10); 2) {brtse
sems/} love {brtse sems med pa/} without love (2 Tim. 3:3).%

     9) #{thugs su byon pa/}$ [hon.] ^Bib: used of God's love for
various individuals: {ye shu'i thugs su byon pa'i nye gnas/} the
disciple Jesus loved (Jn. 21:7), {gtso bo'i thugs su byon pa'i
spun/} brothers loved by the Lord (2 Thes. 2:13).
     ^Bst. {thugs su byon pa/} to think highly of, to approve
(KTM).

     Related Terms: 1) {gdung /} to enjoy or be attached to an
activity {u ko rtsom rig la shin tu dungs/} Hugo loved poetry (SBC-1 61); 2) {brnab sems/} covetous love {nor brnab/} love of money
(Heb. 13:5); 3) {dgyes pa/} [hon. {thugs dgyes pa/} to be pleased
with; used of: a) God's pleasure in man's right actions: {blo bde'i
sbyin bdag la dkon mchog thugs dgyes pa/} God loves a cheerful
giver (2 Cor. 9:7 SV); b) man's love of principle: {khyed ni drang
ba nyid la dgyes shing khrims min gyi las la sdang /} you have
loved righteousness and hated wickedness (Heb. 1:9 SV); 4) {sha
tsha rnam dag} pure love, as of adults for children or teachers for
students (TQP 232).%

!MARY@

     1) #{mir yam/}$  [Heb. Miriam, Gr. Maria or Mariam] ^Bib: 1)
Miriam the sister of Aaron: {a ron gyi sring mo lung ston ma mir
yam/} Aaron's sister, Miriam the prophetess; 2) Mary the mother of
Jesus: {khong gi yum mir yam ni yo seb dang khyim thab byed pa thag
chod nas/} His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph (Mt.
1:18).

     2) #{ma li ya/}$  Ch. Mary (JFS).

!MEDIATOR@

     #{bar mi/}$  [lit. between + person] ^Bib: a mediator, an
intermediary or go-between: {dkon mchog dang mi'i bar la bar mi'ang
gcig yod/} there is one mediator between God and men (1 Tim.
2:5,6/}, {khong ni zhal chad gsar pa zhig gi bar mi lags so/}
[Christ] is the mediator of a new covenant (Heb. 9:15). 

     Cognates: {bar mi byed pa/} to mediate: {spun gcig la gcig gis
rtsod na bar mi byed par shes mkhan gcig kyang med/} no one to
judge a dispute between believers (1 Cor. 6:5 SV).%

!MEDITATE@

     #{sgom pa/}$  p. {bsgoms/}  f. {bsgom/}  imp. {sgoms/}  ^Bib:
to contemplate, consider, think about: {nyin mtshan med par sgom
zhig} meditate on [the Law] day and night (Jos. 1:8), {khyed nyid
kyi byams thugs nged cags gis sgom par byed/} we meditate on your
unfailing love (Ps. 48:9), {khyed kyi phyags las kun la sgom bya
zhing /,,khyed kyi mdzad pa rnams ngas bsam blo gtong /} I will
meditate on all your works and consider your mighty deeds (Ps.
77:12).
     ^Bst. Several types of mental activity are important in Bst.
practice: {chos mthar phyin pa byed pa la thos bsam sgom gsum ga
gal chen po red/} for perfecting the [practice of] religion,
learning, reflection, and meditation are important (TRC 164). 
Meditation is of two basic types: {zhi gnas kyi phyogs sgom pa/}
placement or "calm abiding" meditation, intended to pacify or
settle the mind on one point; and {lhag mthong gi phyogs sgom pa/}
or insight meditation (TRC 185).  Within these types are analytic
meditation or {dpyad sgom/} and fixative meditation or {'jog sgom/}
. Analytic meditation investigates its object, while fixative
meditation concentrates the mind on a single object without
conceptual thought (TRC 187) and is thus farthest from the Biblical
concept of meditation.

     Cognates: 1) {sgom pa/} meditation: {nga'i kha'i zhu gleng
dang ni snying gis sgom pa de/,,khyed kyi spyan gi drung du thugs
su 'bab par shog} may the words of my mouth and the meditation of
my heart be pleasing in your sight (Ps. 19:14); 2) {sgom spang /}
delusion (TRI 58).%

!MERCY@  see also COMPASSION, KINDNESS, LOVE

     1) #{snying rje/}$  [hon. {thugs rje/}] ^Bib: compassion,
mercy, or love: {thugs rje dang snying rje dang zhi bde/} grace,
mercy, and peace (1 Tim. 1:2), {snying rje med par/} without mercy
(Heb. 10:28), {snying rje can rnams bde'o/} blessed are the
merciful (Mt. 5:7), {nga ni snying rjer dga'/} I desire mercy (Mt.
9:13), {thugs rje'i sgo nas/} through God's mercy (2 Cor. 4:1).
     ^Bst. see COMPASSION.

     Cognates: 1) {snying rje mdzad/} [lit. mercy + do] have mercy
on {nged la snying rje mdzod cig} have mercy on us (Mt. 9:27),
{snying rje mdzad pa'i dkon mchog} God, who has mercy (Rom. 9:16),
{des snying rje byed mkhan/} the one who had mercy on him (Lk.
10:37); 2) {snying rje gzigs/} [lit. mercy + hon. see] have mercy
on: {kye dkon mchog,,/nga sdig can la snying rje gzigs shig} God,
have mercy on me, a sinner (Lk. 18:13), {kho'i khyim la gtso bos
thugs rje gzigs shig} may the Lord show mercy to [his] household (2
Tim. 1:16).%

     2) #{brtse/}$ p. {brtses/}  [hon. {thugs brtse/}]  ^Bib: to
have mercy on, show love to: {ngas thugs brtse dgongs pa de la
thugs brtse bya/} I will have mercy on whom I have mercy (Rom.
9:15), {nged la thugs brtse bar dgongs/} have mercy on us (Mt.
20:30), {brtse bar gzigs pa shod/} tell how [God] has had mercy on
you (Mk. 5:19), {khong ni ha cang thugs brtse chen po yin no/} [the
Lord's] mercy is very great (2 Sam. 24:14 NTV). 
     ^Bst. see COMPASSION.

!MERIT@  see also WORKS

     #{bsod nams/}$ ^Bst. merit, good deeds, or virtuous works
which must be accumulated {bsod nams kyi tshogs/} (TRC 345) to
reach a better rebirth.  Actions may be classified as either
meritorious or non-meritorious: 1) {bsod nams kyi las/} meritorious
actions which lead to rebirth as a human, demigod, or god, i.e.
{bde 'gror skye ba'i las/} (TRC 287); 2) {bsod nams ma yin pa'i
las/} non-meritorious actions that lead to rebirth as an animal,
hungry ghost, or hell being: {ngan song du skye ba'i las/} (TRI
297).  Merit may be gained by practical acts of charity, but giving
to Buddhas and the monk body is held to be more meritorious (JPG
456).  Even whispering mantras into the ears of animals creates
merit (JPG 460). While the laity must expend effort to make merit,
the lamas and their students may do so effortlessly: {byang chub
kyi sems skyes pa de nas bzung ste gang zag de gnyid log pa dang
/,,lto chas za ba dang /,,'gro ba dang /,sdod pa la sogs pa'i spyod
lam thams cad kyi skabs su'ang bsod nams rgyun mi chad par 'phel
ba/} beginning with the development of the mind to enlightenment,
that person during sleeping, eating food, walking, sitting etc.
increases merits without interruption (TRC 318-9).  Reliance on
one's spiritual teacher is said to generate the same merit in one
moment as a thousand aeons of virtuous works (JPG 99).  Merit can
even be made unconsciously, as in the case of a fly who unknowingly
flew around a stupa and in a later life became one of the Buddha's
disciples (JPG 237).

     Related Terms: {dge ba'i las/} works of virtue, good works.%

!MIND@  see also HEART, SPIRIT, SOUL

     1) #{sems/}$  [hon. {thugs/} Skt. chitta]  ^Bib: 1) the human
mind or  heart: {snying sems gcig tu gyur/} one in heart and mind
(Acts 4:32), {mi re res rang gi sems nang /} each in his own mind
(Rom. 14:5), {nga'i sems ma bde ba/} I had no peace of mind (2 Cor.
2:13), {'jig rten 'di'i lhas sems ldongs su bcug pa yin/} the god
of this age has blinded their minds (2 Cor. 4:4); 2) the divine
mind: {gtso bo'i thugs sus brtags/} who has known the mind of the
Lord (Rom. 11:34), {nga tshor ma shi ka'i thugs yod/} we have the
mind of Christ (1 Cor. 2:16); 3) mind, soul, or spirit: {sems sgyur
ma btub pas ma thob pa/} he could bring about no change of mind
(Heb.12:17), {lus srog sems gsum/} body, spirit, and soul (1 Thes.
5:23), {nga'i sems khyed tsho'i rtsar yod/} I am with you in spirit
(1 Cor. 5:3), {rang gi snying hril po dang /,,sems hril po dang
/,,yid hril po nas/} with all your heart and with all your soul and
with all your mind (Mt. 22:37).
     ^Bst. The terms {blo/,,yid/,,sems/} are said to be
indistinguishable in common speech (KTM, AMD) and to denote the
mind or the (non-physical) heart (AMD). Mind is the agent of
awareness and consciousness. In Bst. psychology the mind is not
localized to any particular bodily organ (BTT 42) and may include 
what in English are called the senses (TRI 283).  1) the mind,
thought life: {sems pa'i las/} [lit. mind + work] mental actions;
{sems la skyon yod med kyi brtag dpyad/} a test of whether one's
mind has any defects (TRC 5), {sems rang gi dmigs pa la gnas/} the
mind remains on its object of concentration (TRC 186), {sems la mun
pa babs pa lta bu'i rmugs pa/} to have torpor fall like darkness on
the mind (TRC 186); 2) the attitudes or intentions which arise in
the mind; which may be: a) wholesome: {byang chub sems/} the mind
of enlightenment or the wish that all living creatures may be freed
from misery (CNG 149), {brtse sems/} love; b) unwholesome: {gnod
sems/} the wish to harm others, {'gran sems/} jealousy or
competitiveness (DLP 13); c) neutral: {sems pa/} intention (KBT
13), anxiety: {sems kyi sdug bsngal/} mental anguish (TRC 272); 3)
the agent which operates in rational thoughts, e.g.: concentration:
{sems rtse gcig pa nyid/} single-pointed mind; one of the four
concentrations (KBT 104); will: {sems pa/} intention, one of the 51
psychic factors (KBT 13); discipline: {sems 'dul thabs/} mental
training (DLP 8); concern: {sems khur chen po/} a great concern
(DLP 8), {'dzam gling zhi bde'i don la sems khur ldan pa'i chos pa
tsho/} religious practitioners who are concerned with world peace
(DLP 21); worry: {pha ma gnyis dang spun tshang mas sems khral mang
po byas so/} my family was very worried about me (DPD); forming
opinions: {kho tsho'i sems la/} in their opinion, thinking that
something is true (SLR 10); 4) the seat of emotions: a) fear: {sems
la 'jigs dngangs skye ba/} frightening (DLP 7); b) tenderness, love
(DLP 14), {gzhan phan sems/} altruism (DLP 14), {byams pa'i sems/}
kindness (GSL 14); c) comfort: {sems gso ba/} to comfort, encourage
(SGN 23); d) gladness: {sems dga' ba/} to be glad (DPD); e)
happiness {sems skyid/} happiness (KPU 5); f) peace: {nang sems kyi
bde ba/} inner peace (DLP 8); g) sensitivity: {skye bo sems bag
srab pa/} a sensitive person (DLP 1), h) greed:  {brnab sems/}
covetousness; i) sympathy: {gdung sems/} sympathy (DLP 11); j)
devotion: {chos sems/} devout (DPD); k) sincerity: {g.yo sgyu med
pa'i sems/} (HTE 170).

     Proverbs: 1) {sems ni g.yo zhing 'khyug pa dang /,,bsrung bar
dka' zhing zhi dka'/} the mind is unstable and cunning, hard to
tame or pacify; 2) {chu yi khyim du skyes pa'i nya/,,thang la
'phang ba ji bzhin du/,,bdud kyi yul sa bskyur ba la/,,sems 'di
yongs su 'dar bar 'gyur/} as the sea-born fish [trembles when]
thrown onto the land, so the mind, cast into the devil's realm,
thrashes about (DMP 18).

     Related Terms: 1) {sems nyid/} [lit. mind only, mind nature]
spirit: {pho nya dang /,,sems nyid med/} neither angels nor spirits
(Acts 23:8), {dkon mchog thug snyid lags/} God is spirit (Jn.
4:24), {sems nyid/} mind nature (HTE 186); 2) {sems can/} [lit.
having a mind] a living being with a mind, a sentient being, an
animal (TRI 284); 3) {sems pa/} thought, intention (TRI 286); 4)
{sems rgyud/} mental continuum (TRI 284); 5) {sems rten/} an object
of meditation (TRI 285); 6) {sems sgyur/} change one's mind: {sems
sgyur ma btub pas ma thob pa/} he could bring about no change of
mind (Heb. 12:17), {'phru gu brgyad sems 'gyur nas ma shi ka pa
'byung ngo /} eight children became Christians (DPD); 7) {sems
dkrug pa/} to trouble another's mind, agitate someone: {khyed kyi
sems dkrug pa'i gtam thos pas/} we have heard [they] troubled your
minds [by what they said] (Acts 15:24); 8) {sems brlags/} [lit.
mind + lost] depraved mind: {sems brlags shing dad pa zog po'i mi/}
men of depraved minds and false faith (2 Tim. 3:8); 9) {sems khams
rig pa/} psychology: {nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i sems khams rig pa/}
Buddhist psychology (DLP 13); 10) {rnam shes sems/} consciousness
(HTE 198).%

     2) #{blo/}$  ^Bib: mind, understanding: {blo las 'das pa'i
dkon mchog gi zhi bde/} the peace of God, which passes
understanding (Phil. 4:7), {blo snying gcig tu/} united in mind and
thought (1 Cor. 1:10), {rang gi blo gsar du bsgyur bas gshis kyang
sgyur zhig} be transformed by the renewing of your mind (Rom.
12:2).
     ^Bst. 1) mental faculty, mind: {blo sbyong /} mental training,
study (TRI 188); {blo rgya che chung dang /,,bsam pa'i khur che
chung gi sgo nas gzhag gi red/} he is categorized according to the
stature of his mind or the small or great burden of his thought
(TRC 216), {blo'i zur cig nas/} from a corner of the mind (TRC
200),  {blo shugs chen po/} [lit. strong mind] great determination
(TRC 256); 2) perception or awareness: {blo rig bdun/} the seven
awarenesses (CNG 90), {blo rig bzhi/} the four types of awareness
(TRI 189); 3) wisdom [Skt. buddhi]: {blo gros/} intelligence or
wisdom, {legs pa'i blo gros/} excellent wisdom, one of the 10
boddhisattva grounds (KBT 66).

     Cognates: 1) {blo la 'dzin/} to memorize (TRC 2); 2) {blo
khengs/} to be satisfied (TRC 154); 3) {blo yul/} imagination (DLP
7); 4) {'dod blo/} ideal, wish, aim (DLP 22); 5) {blo rig}
intelligence (DLP 23); 6) {blo gros/} understanding, mind,
intelligence, wisdom: {nga'i blo gros la 'bras bu med do/} my mind
is unfruitful (1 Cor. 14:14), {'jig rten gyi blo gros/} worldly,
unspiritual mind (Col. 2:18), {log pa'i blo gros/} depraved mind
(Rom. 1:28), {sems dang blo gros gnyis pos/} with both mind and
spirit (1 Cor. 14:15), {de tsho'i blo gros dang /,,bshes bzang /}
both their minds and their consciences (Tit. 1:15), {blo gros kyi
ska rags bcings nas/} gird up your minds (KJV) (1 Pet. 1:13).%

     3) #{yid/}$  mind, heart: {yid gsar par gyur cig} made new in
the attitude of your minds (Eph. 4:23), {de tsho'i yid nang nga'i
bka' khrims/} I will [put] my laws in their minds (Heb. 8:10) or
hearts (Heb. 10:16), {rang gi snying hril po dang /,,sems hril po
dang /,,yid hril po nas/} with all your heart and with all your
soul and with all your mind (Mt. 22:37).
     ^Bst. the seat of consciousness and perception, which in Bst.
metaphysics extends to the whole world; hence: {chos rnams yid kyi
rang bzhin te/} all things have the nature of mind (DMP 2). 
Specifically, {yid/} is: 1) the seat of emotions: {yid 'ong byams
pa/} affectionate love (TRC 321), {yid du 'ong ba/} attractive,
pleasant (TRC 260), {yid la 'bab pa/} pleasing (SLR 15); 2) the
rational mind: {yid kyi skyabs 'gro/} taking refuge mentally (TRC
73), {lus ngag yid gsum/} body, speech, and mind (TRC 244), {yid
byed/} attention, {yid ches/} faith; 3) consciousness: {yul shes
pa'i cha nas bzhag pa'i rnam shes te/,,sems rnams so/} the
consciousness on the basis of which objects are known; thoughts
(TDC 2570).

     4) #{bsam pa/}$  [hon. {thugs bsam/}] ^Bib: 1) mind: {khyed
tsho'i snying dang bsam pa rnams/} your hearts and minds (Phil.
4:7); 2) an attitude of mind: {thugs nyid kyi bsam pas tshe mtha'
med pa dang zhi bde/} the mind controlled by the Spirit is life and
peace (Rom. 8:6), {'jig rten pa'i bsam pas dkon mchog gi bka'
khrims la mi nyan/} the worldly mind does not obey God's law (Rom.
8:7); 3) change one's mind: {bsam pa bsgyur te khong ni lha zhig go
zer ro/} they changed their minds and said he was a god (Acts
28:6); 4) thought: {ye shus de rnams gyi bsam pa mkhyen nas/} Jesus
knew their thoughts (Mt. 9:4); 5) will: {lung bstan gang yang mi'i
bsam pa las ma byung /} prophecy never had its origin in the will
of man (2 Pet. 1:20,21).
     ^Bst. 1) attitude: {snying thag pa nas re ltos 'cha' ba'i bsam
pa/} the attitude which relies on them from the heart (TRC 73),
{bsam pa de 'dras shig dang ldan pa/} with this kind of attitude
(TRC 73), {grogs po'i bsam pa/} a friendly attitude (TRC 167); 2)
reflection, consideration: {bsam pa zer ba de sangs rgyas kyi bka'
la sogs pa thos nas de'i don la tshul bzhin du brtag dpyad legs par
byas pa'i sgo nas nges shes rnyed par byed pa'i bsam pa zhig la zer
gyi yod pa red/} reflection is the faculty which examines well the
teaching of the scriptures and their commentaries and finds valid
knowledge (TRC 184), {bsam pas brtag dpyad yag po byas/} having
done a good examination by way of reflection (TRC 185), {bsam pa
dang /,,sgom pa/} reflection and meditation (TRC 242); 3) rational
thought, thinking: {bsam pa'i sgo nas skyes bu chung ngu'i mchog de
las kyang lhag pa red/} the so-called middle individual is superior
also to the best small individual from the point of view of his
thinking (TRC 217), {snying rje'i bsam pa/} the thought of
compassion (TRC 218), {phyi ma phan chad la bde ba'i bsam pa/} a
thought of happiness for the future (TRC 227), {ngos kyi bsam par/}
in my opinion (DLP 8); 4) moral action: {sems pa'i las dang /,,bsam
pa'i las/} mental actions and deliberative actions (TRC 287); {bsam
pa'i las zer ba ni/,,sems pa des kun nas bslangs pa'i lus ngag gi
bya ba dge mi dge lung ma bstan gsum po de la zer gyi yod pa red/}
deliberative action signifies the three, virtuous, non-virtuous,
and indeterminate acts of body and speech (TRC 287), {mi rnams kyis
'dod rngams dang /,,phrag dog gis kun nas bslangs pa'i bsam pa
shugs cher 'khyer ba yin na/} when people are motivated mainly by
thoughts of greed and jealousy (DLP 11), {snying rje'i bsam pa/} a
sense of compassion (DLP 16), {bsam pa la yang nang gses kyis nyon
mongs pa dang /,,kun slong /,,'du shes bcas gsum yod pa red/}
within the thought there are the three: the passion, the
motivation, and the singling out (TRC 243).

     Cognates: {bsam pa zhan/} [lit. the quality of the heart is
poor] not having religious knowledge, or not living up to the
knowledge one has (AMD).%

     Related Terms: 1) {sems/} p. {bsams/} f. {bsam/} imp. {soms/}
to think or have one's mind set on: {'jig rten pas 'jig rten gyi
bya ba sems/,,thugs nyid pas thugs nyid kyi bya ba sems so/} those
who live according to the sinful nature have their minds set on
what that nature desires; but those who live in accordance with the
Spirit have their minds set on what the Spirit desires (Rom. 8:5);
2) {shes pa/} understanding: {de tsho'i shes pa gsal bar mdzad de/}
he opened their minds (Lk. 24:45), {'on kyang de rnams kyi shes pa
'thug por gyur to/} but their minds were made dull [lit. "thick"]
(2 Cor. 3:14); 3) {rang gi las la don gnyer/} "mind your own
business": {rang gi las la don gnyer/} mind your own business (1
Thes. 4:11,12); 4) {dgongs pa/} [hon. {thugs dgongs/}] desire,
intention, or will, especially the will of God: {gtso bo'i thugs
dgongs su yis shes/} who has known the mind of the Lord (1 Cor.
2:16), {nyid kyi thugs dgongs mi 'gyur/} [the Lord] will not change
his mind (Heb. 7:21), {thugs nyid kyi dgongs pa mkhyen no/} knows
the mind of the Spirit (Rom. 8:27); 5) {thag bcad/} to make up
one's mind; decide, resolve: {slar khyed tsho skyo ba'i mjal phrad
ngas mi byed par thag bcad pa yin/} I made up my mind that I would
not make another painful visit to you (2 Cor. 2:1); 6) {smyo/} to
be "out of one's mind", insane: {khyod smyo'o/} you're out of your
mind (Acts 12:15), {khong smyo'o zer/} they said, "He is out of his
mind" (Mk. 3:21).%

!MINISTRY@ (ADMINISTRATION, MINISTER, SERVICE)

     1) #{zhabs tog}$ [hon.]  ^Bib: ministry, service: {bka' sgrog
pa'i zhabs tog} the ministry of [preaching] the word (Acts 6:4),
{nyid kyi zhabs tog gi sgo nas/} through his ministry (Acts 21:19),
{thugs nyid kyi zhabs tog} the ministry of the Spirit (2 Cor. 3:8),
{sdum pa 'di'i zhabs tog} the ministry of reconciliation (2 Cor.
5:18).
     ^Bst. {zhabs tog} is service offered to the monk body or one's
spiritual teacher in order to show honor or respect.  Such service
may include material offerings, actual physical service, or
offering one's religious practice - the so-called {zhabs tog rnam
gsum/} or threefold service (TRI 229).  {zhabs byi shu/} offering
service [to the monks] (KTM), {bram ze dang slob dpon mang pos
gzhon nu don grub la gus bsu dang /,,sne len/,,zhabs tog rgya chen
po zhus/} many Brahmins and teachers greeted [the Buddha] and
offered him generous hospitality and service (SGN 9).

     Cognates: 1) {zhabs tog byed/} to serve, minister: {mar ku ni
zhabs tog byed du nga la phan pas/} Mark is helpful in ministering
(2 Tim. 4:11), {zhal chad gsar pa zhig gi zhabs tog byed nus par
mdzad/} he made us competent as ministers of a new covenant (2 Cor.
3:6); 2) {zhabs phyi/} servant, minister: {ma shi ka ye shu'i zhabs
phyi yin pas/} being a minister of Christ Jesus (Rom. 15:15,16); 3)
{zhabs tog pa/} a minister: {ma shi ka'i zhabs tog pa drang po
yin/} a faithful minister of Christ (Col. 1:7), {gur mchog gi zhabs
tog pa rnams/} ministers at the tabernacle (Heb. 13:10).%

     2) #{las tshan/}$  ^Bib: ministry: {rang gi las tshan 'di
stod/} I make much of my ministry (Rom. 11:13 SV), {sdum pa de
sgrog pa'i las tshan/} the ministry of reconciliation (1 Cor. 5:18
SV).
     ^Sec. {las tshan/} work department or section; specialized
field of work (TDC 2776).

     Related Terms: 1) {g.yog po/} servant: {nged kyi gces pa'i
g.yog grogs/} our dear fellow servant (Col. 1:7 SV); 2) {grogs byed
du mngags pa'i sems nyid/} ministering spirits (Heb. 1:14 SV); 3)
{gnyer pa byed/} administer: {dkon mchog gi gnang sbyin sna tshogs
kyi gnyer pa legs par byos shig} faithfully administer God's
various gifts (1 Pet. 4:10 SV); 4) {kha lo sgyur ba/} gifts of
administration (1 Cor. 12:28 SV); 5) {bya ba/} service: {dkon mchog
gi bya ba la brten nas ye shu ma shi ka'i ngang na nga'i snyan
grags yod/} I glory in Christ Jesus in my service to God (Rom.
15:17 SV).%

!MIRACLE@

     1) #{ltas/}$  ^Bib: miracle, miraculous sign:  {ltas shig
mthong bar 'dod/} we want to see a miraculous sign (Mt. 12:38),
{lung ston pa yo na'i ltas/} the sign of the prophet Jonah (Mt.
12:39), {ngo mtshar che ba'i ltas/} wondrous signs [done by false
prophets] (Mt. 24:24), {ltas dang ngo mtshar rnams/} great signs
and wonders [miracles] (Acts 8:13). 
     ^Bst. 1) an omen, e.g. a cup accidentally broken before a
journey as a sign of ill luck ahead (AMD), {mtshan ltas byung ba
red/} a dream-omen appeared (TRC 112); 2) a sign, mark, or
characteristic: {'chi ltas lnga/} the five signs of death (TRC
272).

     Proverbs: {ngan pa'i rjes la ltas ngan gtam ngan yod/} bad
omens and bad news follow a bad man (KPU 21).

     2) #{ltas ston/}$ p. {bstan/} [hon. {ltas mdzad/}]  ^Bib: to
do a miracle, perform a miraculous sign: {ltas mang po ma bstan
tam/} did we not perform many miracles (Mt. 7:22), {ngo mtshar che
ba'i las dang ltas bstan/} [Stephen] did great wonders and
miraculous signs (Acts 6:8), {ltas bstan pa'i lung ston pa rdzus
ma/} the false prophet who had performed miraculous signs (Rev.
19:20), {khyed tsho'i dkyil du ltas mdzad pa/} [God] works miracles
among you (Gal. 3:5).

     Cognates: {ltas ston pa/} workers of miracles (1 Cor. 12:28).%

     3) #{ngo mtshar/}$  [lit. wonder]  ^Bib: a wonder; a
miraculous sign: {mthu che ba dang /,,ngo mtshar dang /,,ltas/}
miracles, wonders, and signs (Acts 2:22), {ltas dang ngo mtshar
mang po/} many miraculous signs and wonders (Acts 5:12), {ltas dang
ngo mtshar dang mthu yis bzod pa chen pos sku tshab dngos ma'i
rtags/} the things that mark an apostle--signs, wonders and
miracles (2 Cor. 12:12).
     ^Bst. a miracle (AMD) or wonder: {'phrul bzo rig gnas kyis
phyogs gang sar ngo mtshar che ba'i bya ba mang po bsgrubs yod/}
technology has worked wonders in many fields (DLP 1), {ngo mtshar
rin chen rnam gsum/} wondrous three jewels (HTE 170). Miracles and
wonders are quite common in the Bst. scriptures; some of them
parallel to stories found in the Bible; e.g. Shantideva's feeding
of a multitude from a single bowl of rice (MTB 3) or Minapa's
sojourn in the stomach of a large fish (see JONAH).

     4) #{mthu stobs/}$  ^Bib: strength, might, miraculous power:
{mi 'di la shes rab dang mthu stobs 'di 'dra gang nas brnyed/}
where did this man get this wisdom and these miraculous powers (Mt.
13:54), {nga las mthu stobs che/} one who is more powerful than I
(Mt. 3:11).
     ^Bst: 1) natural power or strength; normally used of kings,
heroes, etc. (AMD); 2) supernatural powers, e.g. of the gods to
change into other forms (AMD) or magical or occult powers: {thogs
pa med pa'i mthu/} the power of the Buddha to act without
obstruction (TRC 74), {sangs rgyas dang /,,chos/,,dge 'dun gsum nus
mthu che'ang /} although the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha are
powerful (TRC 77), {rdzu 'phrul ston pa'i mthu rtsal med/} lacked
the capacity to do miracles (TRC 16).

     Cognates: 1) {mthu che ba/} [lit. great power] miracle: {mthu
che ba dang /,,ngo mtshar dang /,,ltas kyi sgo nas/} by miracles,
wonders, and signs (Acts 2:22); 2) {nus pa mthu can/} potential
(TRC 288).%

     5) #{rdzu 'phrul/}$  ^Bib: miracle, sign, wonder; also
illusion, counterfeit miracle: {rdzu 'phrul dang /,,las ngo mtshar
che ba/} counterfeit miracles, signs, and wonders (2 Thes. 2:9,10). 
     ^Bst. {rdzu 'phrul/} miracle, sign, wonder.  The capacity to
do miracles is believed to be acquired through meditation, karmic
forces, or tantric practices (TRI 226) and is one of the marks of
a Buddha or boddhisattva: {rdzu 'phrul la dbang ba/} the capacity
to do miracles (KBT 79), {bsam gtan dang /,,mngon shes/,,rdzu
'phrul/} trances, clairvoyances, and psychic powers (TRC 202),
{rdzu 'phrul gyi rkang ba bzhi/} the four causes [lit. legs] of
miracles (qualities gained by boddhisattvas) (CNG 42), {mthu dang
rdzu 'phrul sogs la thogs pa med pa/} [the great tantric master
Padmasambhava], who was without impediment in his capacity and
power to work wonders (TRC 136); {rdzu 'phrul ston pa'i mthu rtsal
med/} lacked the capacity to do miracles (TRC 16), {rdzu 'phrul
mang po bstan pas/} because [the Buddha] did many miracles (SGN
16).

     Related Terms: 1) {las/} [lit. work] wonders, miracles: {ngo
mtshar che ba'i las dang ltas bstan to/} did wonders and miraculous
signs (Acts 7:36), {ngas las gcig byas pas/} I did one miracle (Jn.
7:21), {las bzang mang po bstan pa yin/} many great miracles from
the Father (Jn. 10:32), {phrin las khyad par can rnams/}
extraordinary miracles (Acts 19:11), {ya mtshan che ba'i las/}
[lit. amazing works] miracles (Gal. 3:5 SV); 2) {bya ba/}  [lit.
works, the meaning "miracle" comes from the context] miracle: {bya
ba la yid ches shig} believe the miracles (Jn. 10:38); 3) {rtags/}
sign, token: {ya hu da pas rtags 'dod/} Jews demand miraculous
signs (1 Cor. 1:22).%

!MOSES@

     #{mo she/}$  ^Bib: Moses, lawgiver of ancient Israel: {mo shes
bka' gnang ba'i mchod pa/} the gift that Moses commanded (Mt. 8:4).

!MOTHER@ 

     1) #{ma/}$  ^Bib: 1) biological mother: {pha ma la bkur sti
byos/} honor your father and your mother (Mt. 15:4), {mi zhig gis
rang gi pha dang ma gnyis bor nas/} a man will leave his father and
mother (Eph. 5:31 SV); 2) figurative mother: {nga'i ma su
yin/,,nga'i spun su yin/} who is my mother, and who are my brothers
(Mt. 12:48).
     ^Bst. {bod kyi nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos lugs kyi thog nas
sems can thams cad rang gi snying nas brtse ba'i ma lta bur blta
dgos pa dang /,,de dag tshang mar brtse sems ldan pa'i sgo nas drin
gzo bya dgos pa'i slob ston byed srol yod/} "the Tibetan Buddhist
tradition teaches us to view all sentient beings as our dear
mothers and to show our gratitude by loving them all" (DLP 15). 
This is carried out in a meditation called {mar shes/} or
"understanding as mother"; a set meditation in which all living
beings are recognized as having been one's mother in previous
births (TRC 319). {rje btsun sgrol ma'i sprul pa brag srin mo mi
rnams kyi ma yin/} the rock-demoness, an emanation of the goddess
Dolma, is the mother of the Tibetans (DPD), {ma rgan/} an old
mother (TRC 331).

     Cognates: {ma mo/} a class of ugly and terrifying goddesses
believed to be protectors of Bsm. (TRI 201).%

     2) #{a ma/}$  ^Bib: 1) biological mother: {khyed kyi rmo lo is
dang /,,a ma e'u ni ke/} your grandmother Lois and in your mother
Eunice (2 Tim. 1:5 SV); 2) figurative mother: {sa gzhi'i zhen log
rnams kyi a ma/} mother of the abominations of the earth (Rev.
17:5).
     ^Bst. {gnyen gyi rtsa ba lta bu ni a ma yin/} one's mother is
one's best friend (TRC 321), {nga'i a ma byed myong yod pa ma red/}
she was never my mother (TRC 329).

     3) #{yum/}$  [hon.] ^Bib: mother: {khong gi yum mir yam/} his
[Jesus'] mother Mary (Mt. 1:18), {khong gi yum dang sku mched
rnams/} [Jesus'] mother and brothers (Mk. 3:31), {nga yi gtso bo'i
yum/} the mother of my Lord (Lk. 1:43).
     ^Bst. 1) a tantric consort or female aspect of a male deity
(TRI 249); 2) an honorific title for mothers of respected persons:
{yum sgyu ma lha mdzes/} the mother of the historical Buddha (SGN
2); 3) {yum rgyas 'bring bsdus gsum/} a title for the Perfection of
Wisdom [Skt. prajnaparamita] Sutras (DCC).

     related concept: {sgyug mo/} mother in law: {de'i sgyug mo
tsha ba'i nad kyis nyal yod pa gzigs te/} saw Peter's mother-in-law
lying in bed with a fever (Mt. 8:14); 2) {rmo} grandmother (2 Tim.
1:5 SV).%

!NAME@

     1) #{ming /}$  ^Bib: the ordinary term for name: {khyod kyi
ming la ci zer/} what is your name (Mk. 5:9), {khyod kyis de'i ming
yo ha nan zhes thogs/} you are to give him the name John (Lk.
1:13), {rang gi lug ming nas 'bod/} he calls his own sheep by name
(Jn. 10:3), {pa'u lu'i ming nang khrus thob bam/} were you baptized
into the name of Paul (1 Cor. 1:13), {de'i ming la sel rgyab par mi
bya bar/} will not blot out his name (Rev. 3:5).
     ^Bst. 1) In Tibetan culture, a person often receives a name at
birth from a lama, and a new name on entering a monastery: {ming
gnyis/} two types of name: {dngos ming /} real name, and {btags
ming /} given name (TRI 206), {mkhan pos nga la ming gnang nas
nga'i ming nyi ma chos thar yin/} then the abbot gave me my new
name - Nyima Chothar (DPD); 2) conferring the geshe title is also
referred to as naming: {dge bshes kyi ming btags go rim de so so 'i
dgon pa rang nas sprod kyi red/} they are given their Geshe status
from their own monasteries (TRC 26); 3) the names of the different
Bst. schools often originated from local place-names: {ming 'dogs
stangs kyi sgo nas chos lugs mang tsam byung yod pa red/} often,
denominational systems arose by being designated by names (TRC
135), {sa skya dgon pa zer ba'i ming thogs/} received the name
Sakya monastery (TRC 137); 4) {ming dang gzugs/} name and form, one
of the twelve links of internal dependent-arising (KBT 36).

     2) #{mtshan/}$ [hon.]  ^Bib: name: {mtshan rnams yongs las
mtho ba'i mtshan/} the name that is above every name (Phil. 2:9),
{khyed mtshan 'chad par bya/} I will declare your name (Heb. 2:12),
{ma shi ka'i mtshan gyi rkyen gyis/} because of the name of Christ
(1 Pet. 4:14), {khong gi mtshan la dad pa byas pas/} by faith in
the name of Jesus (Acts 3:16), {ye shu ma shi ka'i mtshan gyi
mthus/} in the power of the name of Jesus Christ (Acts 3:6), {gtso
bo ye shu'i mtshan gyi sgo nas khrus gsol thob/} been baptized into
the name of the Lord Jesus (Acts 8:15,16).
     ^Bst. 1) name: {mtshan bdud rtsi/} the nectar of your name
(HTE 170), {mtshan snyan/} a good reputation (TRC 153); 2)
conferring the geshe title is referred to as naming (see also {ming
/} above): {mtshan btags bzhes gnang grub nas/} having done one's
geshe degree (TRC 48); 3) mark or sign: {mtshan bzang po sum cu
rtsa gnyis/} the thirty two signs or auspicious marks on the body
of a Buddha (TRC 74).

     Cognates: 1) {mtshan brjod/} [lit. name + say] is used in the
sense of calling on the name of, or invoking the power of: {khyed
kyi mtshan brjod pas srung bar mdzod cig} protect them by the power
of your name (Jn. 17:11), {gtso bo'i mtshan nas brjod tshad thar
bar 'gyur/} everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be
saved (Acts 2:21), {yab dang sras dang dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi
mtshan rjod cing khrus gsol zhig} baptizing them in the name of the
Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Mt. 28:19), {nga'i
mtshan brjod cing 'gong po skrod pa/} in my name they will drive
out demons (Mk. 16:17); 2) {mtshan gsol ba/} to give a name to:
{khong gi mtshan ye shu gsol zhig} you are to give him the name
Jesus (Mt. 1:21); 3) {mtshan nyid/} the study of Buddhist logic or
philosophy: {mtshan nyid kyi 'dzin grwa/} philosophy classes (TRC
5); also the study of definitions (TRI 221); 4) {mtshan ltas/} an
omen or sign (see MIRACLE); 5) {rgyu mtshan/} cause or reason: {de
la khro mi rigs pa'i rgyu mtshan/} the reason why anger towards him
is improper (TRC 348); 6) {ya mtshan/} ironic, surprising (DLP 1);
7) {mtshan/} night: {nyin mtshan/} day and night (HTE 204); 8)
{phyag mtshan/} the implements of a deity (MHP 10); 9) {rgyu mtshan
brjod pa/} to make an argument [lit. reason + say]: {chos lugs
gzhan dag gi ched du'ang nga tshos gong dang 'dra ba'i rgyu mtshan
brjod thub/} we can make similar arguments for other religions as
well (DLP 20).%

     Related Terms: 1) {bya ba/} to be called, known as, named: {yo
seb bya ba zhig} a man named Joseph (Lk. 1:27), {le wi bya ba'i sho
gam pa/} a tax collector by the name of Levi (Lk. 5:27); 2) {gtso
bo'i phyogs nas/} [lit. from the side of the Lord] in the name of
the Lord: {gtso bo'i phyogs nas 'byon pa bkra shis/} blessed is he
who comes in the name of the Lord (Mk. 11:9), {gtso bo'i phyogs nas
'byon pa'i rgyal po bkra shis/} blessed is the king who comes in
the name of the Lord (Lk. 19:38); 3) {snyan grags/} name in the
sense of honor, reputation: {'jig rten yongs su nga'i snyan grags
dar 'jug pa'i don du/} that my name might be proclaimed in all the
earth (Rom. 9:17).%

!NATION@  see also GENTILE

     1) #{mi brgyud/}$  [var. {mi rgyud/}] ^Bib: 1) ethnic group or
people group: {mi brgyud rnams la zhal che bsgrag} proclaim justice
to the nations (Mt. 12:18), {mi brgyud hril po/} the whole nation
(Jn. 11:50), {mi brgyud dang /,,sde dang /,,mi rigs dang /,,skad
rigs thams cad/} every nation, tribe, people and language (Rev.
7:9); 2) a national group of people: {mi sde dang /,,skad rigs dang
/,,mi brgyud dang mi rigs thams cad/} every tribe and language and
people and nation (Rev. 5:9), {mi sde dang mi brgyud dang skad rigs
dang mi rigs thams cad kyi thog tu dbang bskur nas/} tribe, people,
language and nation (Rev. 13:7); 3) the elect, the chosen people:
{khyed tsho 'dams pa'i mi brgyud/,,rgyal rigs kyi dge 'dun/,,mi
rabs dam pa/,,dkon mchog nyid kyi mi sde yin/} a chosen people, a
royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to God (1 Pet.
2:9).

     2) #{mi sde/}$  ^Bib: 1) tribe: {nga tsho'i mi sde rnams/} our
nation [lit. (12) tribes] (Lk. 23:2); 2) people group, ethnic
group: {mi sdes bsam pa don med ci la skor/} why do the peoples
plot in vain (Acts 4:25), {mi sde la bka' chos bshad pa yin/} was
preached among the nations (1 Tim. 3:16), {khyed tsho 'dams pa'i mi
brgyud/,,rgyal rigs kyi dge 'dun/,,mi rabs dam pa/,,dkon mchog nyid
kyi mi sde yin/} a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy
nation, a people belonging to God (1 Pet. 2:9), {mi sde dang
/,,skad rigs dang /,,mi brgyud dang mi rigs thams cad/} every tribe
and language and people and nation (Rev. 5:9).

     Cognates: 1) {sde khag} tribe: {yis ra el gyi sde khag bcu
gnyis/} the twelve tribes of Israel (Mt. 19:28); 2) {sde/} tribe,
section: {yis ra el gyi sde bcu gnyis/} the twelve tribes of Israel
(Gen. 49:28), {mi brgyud dang /,,sde dang /,,mi rigs dang /,,skad
rigs thams cad/} every nation, tribe, people and language (Rev.
7:9).%

     3) #{mi rigs/}$  ^Bib: race, nationality, ethnic group: {ka na
an zer ba'i yul nang mi rigs bdun med par mdzad nas/} he overthrew
seven nations in Canaan (Acts 13:19), {mi brgyud dang /,,sde dang
/,,mi rigs dang /,,skad rigs thams cad/} every nation, tribe,
people and language (Rev. 7:9).
     ^Sec. ethnic, indigenous: {mi rigs rang nyid kyis rang thag
rang gcod/} [Tibetan] national self-determination (RRT 282 n. 19),
{mi rigs kyi rang bzhin ldan pa'i rig gzhung /} national
(indigenous) cultures (DLP 1).

     Related Terms: 1) {rgyal khab/} nation in the sense of a
modern national state: {'dzam gling na rgyal khab dang sa
khul,200,yas mas yod/} there are about 200 nations and territories
in the world (DLS 31), {rgyal khab gcig gi dka' rnyog} national
problems (DLP 10); 2) {grangs nyung mi rigs/} minority
nationalities (TDC 394); 3) {mi rabs/} nation: {mi rabs ma yin pa
zhig gi sgo nas ngas khyed la 'gran sems skyed/} I will make you
envious by those who are not a nation (Rev. 10:19 SV), {mi rabs dam
pa/} a holy nation (1 Pet. 2:9); 4) {rigs brgyud/} nations: {des
rigs brgyud thams cad la lcags kyi dbyug pas dbang sgyur bar
bya'o/} he will rule the nations with an iron sceptre (Rev. 12:5
SV); 5) {'dzam gling mnyam sbrel rgyal tshogs/} the United Nations
(RRT 282, n. 17); 6) {rgyal gnyer/} state-owned, nationalized; 7)
{skad rigs/} language: {mi sde dang /,,skad rigs dang /,,mi brgyud
dang mi rigs thams cad/} every tribe and language and people and
nation (Rev. 5:9).%

!NATURE@

     1) #{rang bzhin/}$  ^Bib: nature, natural disposition: {phyi
pa tshos rang bzhin gyis bka' khrims kyi las byed tshe/} when the
Gentiles do by nature the works of the law (Rom. 2:14), {rang bzhin
mi mthun pa/} contrary to nature (Rom. 11:24), {chad pa rang bzhin
gyis phog 'os pa yin/} by nature objects of wrath (Eph. 2:3).
     ^Bst. {rang bzhin/} is said to be the same as {rang gshis/}
(see below). 1) happening according to natural laws; natural as
opposed to artificial: {rang bzhin kyi rkyen ngan/} natural
disasters (DLP 8), {nga tsho nang pa'i chos kyi bshad pa ltar
na/,,'dzam gling tshang ma rang bzhin gyi 'byung pa yin pa bshad
do/} according to Buddhism, the whole world arose by itself
naturally (DPD); 2) essence, inherent characteristic: {'gyur ldog
byed pa'i rang bzhin yin pa la skad cig ma'am mi rtag pa zer gyi
yod pa red/} this nature of change is called subtle impermanence
(TRC 94), {sdug bsngal gyi rang bzhin/} the nature of suffering
(TRC 218); {rang bzhin gyi kha na ma tho ba/} deeds which are
naturally wrong even though not specifically prohibited by
religious law (TRI 256); 3) character, disposition: {rang bzhin
bzang po/} a pure nature (KTM), {snying rje'i rang bzhin ldan pa
rnams/} compassionate people (DLP 1), {mi rigs kyi rang bzhin ldan
pa'i rig gzhung /} peoples' natural or indigenous cultures (DLP 2),
{rang bzhin gyis grub pa/} inherent existence; the real existence
of objects (TRI 256) [the belief that objects actually exist
independently of our perception of them is vigorously rejected by
Bsm.]%

     2) #{gshis/}$ or {rang gshis/}  ^Bib: nature, natural
characteristic: {'jig rten pa'i gshis lugs sod/} earthly nature
(Col. 3:5), {dkon mchog gi lugs kyi gshis/} the divine nature (2
Pet. 1:4), {de tsho'i bud med tshos rang gshis kyi spyod pa spangs
te gshis min gyi spyod pa spyad do/} their women exchanged natural
relations for unnatural ones (Rom. 1:26).
     ^Bst. 1) naturally occurring: {rtog bral gshis la bzhag na/}
if you leave the mind in its natural state (HTE 200); 2) character,
nature, or disposition (AMD): {gshis bzang /} a pure disposition
(KTM).

     Cognates: 1) {gnam gshis/} climate, weather (DLP 12); 2) {sgom
gshis/} custom: {lha sa'i yul mi rnams kyi dmigs bsal gyi goms
gshis/} the special custom of Lhasa people (SLR 13).%

     3) #{bdag 'dzin/}$ [lit. self + grasping] ^Bib: used in the RV
for "sinful nature": {bdag 'dzin gyi 'dod pa/} the desires of the
sinful nature (Gal. 5:16), {bdag 'dzin la skabs ma btang /} do not
indulge [lit: give occasion to] the sinful nature (Gal. 5:13).
     ^Bst. 1) selfishness (AMD): {bdag 'dzin zhen pa bcad na dga'/}
it's better if you end possessive grasping (HTE 204); 2) belief in
the existence of a self or soul: {'khor ba'i sdug bsngal kyi rgyu
nyon mongs pa rnams kyi rtsab mthar thug pa ni bdag 'dzin yin/} the
ultimate root of the passions, which are the cause of the misery of
the round of existence, is the apprehension of a self (TRC 96),
{nyon mongs kyi rtsa ba bdag 'dzin de med par bzo dgos pa/} it is
necessary to destroy the sense of self which is the root of the
passions [attachment, hatred, greed, etc.] (TRC 185).  The Bst.
belief is {bdag med/} no self.

     4) #{'byung bzhi/}$ [lit. four elements] ^Bib: natural in the
sense of physically natural: {'byung bzhi'i lus/} a natural body (1
Cor. 15:44), {'byung bzhi dang ldan pa'i lus/} the natural body (1
Cor. 15:46).
     ^Bst. The four elements are {sa/} earth, {chu/} water, {me/}
fire, {rlung /} wind.  Sometimes {nam mkha'/} space, and {rnam
shes/} consciousness, are added (TRI 194).  {me la sogs pa'i 'byung
bzhis/} fire and the other elements (TRC 167).

     Related Terms: 1) {sha/} [lit. "flesh" as metaphor for "sinful
nature"]: {nga'i sha'i nang na bzang ba ci'ang mi gnas pa/} nothing
good lives in me, that is, in my sinful nature (Rom. 7:18 SV); 2)
{ngo bo/} actual, real, in essence, by nature: {rang gi ngo bos
dkon mchog ma yin pa rnams/} those who by nature are not gods (Gal.
4:8 SV).%

!NOAH@

     #{no a/}$  ^Bib: Noah, builder of the Ark: {'di ni no a'i lo
rgyus yin/} this is the story of Noah (Gen. 6:9).

!OBSERVE@  see KEEP

!OFFERING@  see also GIFT, SACRIFICE

     #{mchod pa/}$  ^Bib: offering: {sbyin sreg gi mchod pa/} burnt
offering (Gen. 22:2), {g.yo ba'i mchod pa/} wave offering (Ex.
29:24), {nongs pa'i phyir phul ba'i mchod pa/} an offering for an
offense; a guilt offering (Lev. 7:5), {sdig pa'i phyir phul ba'i
mchod pa/} an offering given for sin, sin offering (Lev. 16:9),
{bde ba'i mchod pa/} peace offering (Lev. 17:5), {gtang rag 'bul
ba'i mchod pa/} thank offering (Lev. 22:9), {mchod 'bul byed pa/}
to make an offering (2 Sam. 15:12 NTV). 
     ^Bst. 1) Offerings {mchod pa/} are of two kinds: a) ordinary
or material offerings; b) immaterial or imaginary offerings (JPG
73). Common material offerings include "display offerings" such as
bowls of water, flowers, incense, and butter lamps (TRI 83); when
offered these are called {mchod pa'i yo byad/} .  Immaterial
offerings include: {zhabs byi shu/} personal service, {brtsi bkur
byed/} honor or esteem, {gus zhabs shu/} respect, {bstod pa phul/}
praise, {gtang rag 'bul/} thanksgiving, or {sgrub pa'i mchod pa/}
religious practice; and in addition, mental or imaginary offerings
can be made of flowers, gardens, mountains, and other owned or
unowned objects.  Offerings may be made to the three jewels, to
lamas, or to images of gods or boddhisattvas: {rgyal po zas gtsang
gis yar dkon mchog mchod pa phul/} King Setsang made offerings to
god (SGN 1), {de la mchod pa phul ba don med yin/} making offerings
to them is pointless (DPD), {'o 'bras kyi mchod pa/} an offering of
milk and rice (SGN 10), {me'i mchod pa/} a fire-offering (SGN 13);
2) worship, worship service: {mchod pa'i gnas/} an object of
worship (TRC 112), {bod mi rnams kyis phyag mchod kyi gnas/} an
object of veneration of the Tibetan people (TRC 113), {mchod pa
dang bkur sti bzang po mdzad/} [the king] offered worship and
homage (TRC 114), {dkon mchog la skyabs su 'gro ba dang /,,phyag
mchod/,,sbyin gtong /} going to the three jewels for refuge,
worship, and donation (TRC 217).  The offering of animal sacrifice
as depicted in the Bible {sems can bsad pa'i sha khrag gis mchod
sbyin byed pa/} (TRC 96) are offensive in Bsm. (see SACRIFICE).

     Cognates: 1) {gsol ba mchod pa/} to offer requests (KTM); 2)
{mchod shoms pa/} to place offerings before a living buddha (AMD);
3) {mchod brjod/} to worship: {sangs rgyas la bstod pa sogs mchod
brjod/} worship in praise of the Buddha (TRC 2); 4) {mchod rten/}
chorten, stupa (TRC 4); 5) {tshogs mchod dus chen/} a festival in
the second Tibetan month during which the geshe debates are held
(TRC 26); 6) {'das mchod/} funeral rites (SGN 24); 7) {mchod khang
/} temple, memorial hall, church (DPD, MHP 7).%

     Related Terms: {gser skyem/} [lit. golden drink] drink
offering (Ex. 29:40), {gser skyems su blug} poured out as a drink
offering (Phil. 2:17).%

!PAGAN@  see also GENTILE, NATION

     #{phyi pa/}$  [lit. outsider] ^Bib: used of those outside the
Christian or Jewish faith: {de thams cad phyi pas 'tshol/} the
pagans seek these things (Mt. 6:32), {khyed tsho phyi pa yin pa'i
dus su/} when you were pagans (1 Cor. 12:2).
     ^Bst. {phyi pa/} or {phyi rol pa/} one who is not a Bst. (AMD,
TRI 174).

!PARABLE@ 

     1) #{dpe/}$  ^Bib: 1) a parable or example: {zhing pa'i dpe/}
or {sa bon btab mkhan gyi dpe/} the parable of the sower (Mt.
13:18), {dpe'i sgo nas ci'i phyir gsungs/} why do you speak to the
people in parables (Mt. 13:10), {dpe med par ci'ang ma gsungs/} he
did not say anything to them without using a parable (Mk. 4:34); 2)
a figure of speech: {ngas khyed la de rnams dpe'i sgo nas bshad/}
I have been speaking figuratively (Jn. 16:25), {dpe'i sgo nas ma
gsung bar/} without using figures of speech (Jn. 16:29), {de ni dpe
zhig yin te/} these things may be taken figuratively (Gal. 4:24).
     ^Bst. 1) an example: {sgyu ma'i dpe bcu gnyis/} the twelve
examples of illusion [used in showing the illusory nature of
reality] (CNG 156), {de ni dang por sa bon 'debs pa dang dpe
mtshungs pa zhig red/} it is like the example of first planting the
seed (TRC 288); 2) a proverb or wise saying: {bod pa'i dpe gcig} a
Tibetan proverb (DPD); 3) a parable, such as that of Gotami and the
sesame seed (SGN 20).

     Cognates: 1) {dpe cha/} Tibetan-style book (TRC 2); 2) {dpe
deb/} Western-style book: {snyan tshom dpe deb/} books of poetry
(SBC-1, 64); 3) {phyag dpe/} booklet, pamphlet, tract (DPD); 4)
{dpe byed pa/} to model, to take as an example: {lan tsha'i yi ge
la dpe byas nas/} modeled on the lantsa alphabet (TRC 112); 5)
{dper na/} for example (TRC 164); 6) {dpe ra na/} to take as an
example: {srog gcod pa la dper na/} to take killing as an example
(TRC 243).%

     2) #{gab tshig}$  [lit. hide + word; riddle] ^Bib: a parable,
a saying with a hidden meaning: {gab tshig de'i skor bka' 'dri zhus
pa/} asked him about this parable (Mk. 7:17), {gab tshig tu lus
nas/} [the meaning] remained hidden (Lk. 18:34). 
     ^Sec. Tibetans have a long tradition of riddles; e.g. {ka ba
med pa'i mtho po/} a high place without pillars = {gnam/} the sky
(BGT 4).

     Related Terms: 1) {ldem gtam/} a parable or allegory; 2) {dgod
gtam/} joke.%

!PASSOVER@

     #{pe sag gi dus chen/}$  [Gr. pascha] ^Bib: the Jewish
Passover festival: {zhag gnyis nas pe sag gi dus chen yin pa/} the
Passover is two days away (Mt. 26:2).

!PATH@

     1) #{lam/}$  ^Bib: path, road, often used metaphorically:
{gson pa nyid lam/} the path of life (Ps. 16:11), {kha gcig lam
khar 'gril te/} some fell by the path [lit. road side] (Mt. 13:4),
{zhi bde'i lam/} the path of peace (Lk. 1:78).
     ^Bst. Bst. doctrine and practice: 1) as a whole: {yang dag
pa'i lam/} the perfect path to enlightenment which the Buddha found
(KTM), {khong rnams la sangs rgyas kyi go 'phang rin po che thob
pa'i ched yang dag pa'i lam bzang bstan par mdzad/} [the Buddha]
taught them the perfect way so that they could reach the exalted
state of Buddhahood (KTM); 2) particular doctrines or practices:
{'phags pa'i lam yan lag brgyad/} the eightfold path (KBT 60); {lam
gyi bden pa/} truths which are paths, the fourth of the four truths
as formulated in Tibetan Bsm. (KBT 96).

     Cognates: 1) {shul lam/} path, track: {shul lam ngan pa/} evil
path (Ps. 119:101), {bdag gi shul lam gyir du 'od yin/} a light to
my path (Ps. 119:105); 2) {lam rim/} title of Stages on the Path to
Enlightenment, a Bst. text.%

     Related Terms: {mdzad thabs/} [lit. way of acting] {mdzad
thabs kyang zhib dpyod par mi nus so/} his paths are beyond tracing
out (Rom. 11:33 SV).%

!PATIENCE@  see also PERSEVERANCE

     1) #{bzod pa/}$ [hon. {thugs bzod/}] ^Bib: ordinary term for
patience or forbearance in suffering: {dad pa dang bzod pa/} faith
and patience (Heb. 6:12), {byams sems la bzod pa dang snying rje
yod/} love is patient and kind (1 Cor. 13:4), {bzod pa'i go cha
gyon/} clothe yourselves with patience (Col. 3:12), {thugs bzod
tshad med/} [Christ's] unlimited patience (1 Tim. 1:16).
     ^Bst. Patience is said to be of three types: 1) {gnod pa la ji
mi snyam pa'i bzod pa/} not retaliating when harmed; 2) {sdug
bsngal dang len gyi bzod pa/} enduring sufferings; longsuffering;
3) {chos la nges shes kyi bzod pa/} patience of enduring injury
because of one's religious training (TRI 243), {bzod pa'i pha rol
tu phyin pa/} the perfection of patience, one of the ten
perfections (KBT 65), {sdug bsngal la chos shes pa'i bzod pa/}
forbearance with the origin of the reality of suffering (KBT 98),
{sdug bsngal bzod glags med pa/} unbearable misery (TRC 270). 

     Proverbs: {dma' sa bzung nas gang cir bzod pa sgoms/,,don gyi
rdo kha rang gi snying du zhog} be humble and patient in all
things, but keep your purpose in mind (KPU 22).

     Cognates: 1) {bzod pa/} to endure, to bear, to resist, to be
patient: {phrag dog gis mi bzod pa/} because of envy he could not
endure it (TRC 114), {bsngal bzod mi thub pa mang po yod pa red/}
many unbearable miseries (TRC 270), {grogs kyis bskul ba ma bzod/}
unable to resist the pleas of a friend (HTE 210); 2) {bzod pa
sgom/} to have an attitude of patience; to meditate on patience or
forbearance: {thams cad la bzod pa sgom zhig} have patience with
everyone (1 Thes. 5:14), {bzod pa sgom dgos pa red/} one must
meditate on patience (TRC 347); {bzod pa bsgom pa rgyal sras lag
len yin/} to meditate on patience is the practice of the sons of
the Buddha (GSL 22); 3) {bzod pa byed/} to exercise patience
despite provocation; longsuffering (AMD): {byams pas gcig gis gcig
la bzod pa byed/} being patient with one another in love (Eph.
4:2), {gnyis po gang byung bzod par bya/} endure both, whatever
arises (UCO 150); 4) {bzod par gsol/} to request pardon or
forbearance with what one has done wrong (KTM); 5) {bzod bsran/}
tolerance or forbearance in the face of provocation (EBN); 6) {bzod
sems/} perseverance: {sdug bsngal las bzod sems/} suffering
produces perseverance (Rom. 5:3,4), {dad pa la tshod lta ba'i ngang
nas bzod pa'i sems skye ba/} the testing of your faith develops
perseverance (Jas. 1:2,3); 7) {bzod pa'i sems/} perseverance: {sdug
bsngal nas bzod pa'i sems 'byung /} suffering produces perseverance
(Rom. 5:3 SV).%

     2) #{ngang ring ba/}$ ^Bib: long suffering, patience: {gtsang
ma dang /,,shes rab dang /,,ngang ring ba/} purity, understanding,
and patience (2 Cor. 6:6), {ngang ring ba dang bslab bya'i sgo
nas/} with great patience and careful instruction (2 Tim. 4:2).
     ^Bst. a disposition which is tranquil or tolerant (KTM), {kho
la nor 'khrul byung dus ngas ngang ring gis rogs ram byas pa yin/}
when he had erred much, I helped him patiently (KTM).

     3) #{thugs sna ring ba/}$ [hon.] ^Bib: patience in the face of
provocation: {khong gi thugs rje dang /,,thugs bzod dang /,,thugs
sna ring ba/} [God's] kindness, tolerance and patience (Rom. 2:4).
     ^Bst. {sna ring ba/} is the same as {ngang rgyud ring po/} or
patient (TDC 1586).

     Cognates: {sna ring mo mdzad/} to be patient: {dkon mchog gi
thugs sna ring mo mdzad/} God waited patiently (1 Pet. 3:20),
{khyed tsho'i don du thugs sna ring bar mdzad do/} [God] is patient
with you (2 Pet. 3:9).%

     Related Terms: 1) {theg pa/} to endure, carry, or bear: {thugs
nyid kyi 'bras bu ni/,,byams pa dang /,,dga' spro dang /,,zhi bde
dang /,,theg pa dang /} the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy,
peace, patience (Gal. 5:22); also to hold up, endure: {ljid tshad
chen po de 'dra theg mi thub pa/} not able to hold up something
which is very heavy (KTM); 2) {sran pa/} p. {bsran/} imp. {sron/}
to endure, to be hardened: {rkyen ngan dang 'phrad kyang bsran thub
pa/} able to endure even though encountering the causes of evil
(KTM); 3) {sdug rus byed pa/} to persist (KTM); 4) {phod pa/} to
cope with; 5) {zhi zhing dul ba/} tranquil (KTM).%

!PAUL@

     #{pa'u lu/}$  ^Bib: the Apostle Paul: {ma shi ka ye shu'i sku
tshab yin pa'i pa'u lu/} Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus (Col.
1:1).

!PEACE@

     1) #{zhi bde/}$ ^Bib: religious peace, inner peace, peace with
God: {zhi bde'i phrin bzang /} the good news of peace (Acts 10:36),
{thugs nyid kyi 'bras bu ni/,,zhi bde/} the fruit of the Spirit is
. . . peace (Gal. 5:22), {zhi bde bar song /} go in peace (Mk.
5:34), {thugs rje dang zhi bde 'bab par shog cig} grace and peace
to you (Rom. 1:7).
     ^Bst. 1) personal well being, contentedness (KTM): {zhi bde
dang /,,bde skyid/,,srung skyob/} peace, comfort, and security (DLP
8), {nga gzugs la nad med pa dang /,,sems la zhi bde thob bo/} I
was healed in my body and had mental peace (DPD), {rang nyid gcig
pu zhi bde'i bsam blo spangs nas rang las gzhan shin tu gces par
byas/} forsakes the peace and happiness of himself alone and makes
others much dearer than himself (TRC 218); 2) peace among nations,
world peace: {snying rje ni 'dzam gling zhi bde'i ka ba yin/}
compassion is the pillar of world peace (DLP 4); 3) {gzhis rtse'i
zhi bde 'bab thang /} Shigatse's Peace Airport (MHP 9).

     2) #{mthun pa/}$ ^Bib: peace with others, unity, harmony,
agreement: {phan tshun mthun nas sdod/} be at peace with each other
(Mk. 9:50), {mthun pa'i lam/} the way of peace (Rom. 3:17), {thugs
nyid las byung ba'i mthun pa/} the unity of the Spirit (Eph. 4:3),
{mthun sems can/} peace-loving (Jas. 3:17).
     ^Bst. in agreement, friendly, agreeable: {mthun pa'i grogs
bzang po/} a good and agreeable companion (TRC 198), {mthun phyogs
yul khag rnams/} friendly countries (RRT 282 n. 17), {mi mthun pa/}
unfriendly persons (TRC 244), {tshan rig dang mthun pa'i bdag
gnyer/} scientific management [lit. science + agree] (TMB 25).

     Related Terms: 1) {bde ba/} safety, contentment, peace: {bde
zhing yar bskyed byung /} [the church] experienced peace and growth
(Acts 9:31), {nga'i sems ma bde ba'i rkyen gyis/} because I had no
peace of mind (2 Cor. 2:13), {nang sems kyi bde ba/} inner peace
(DLP 8), {chog shes byas na lus sems bde la 'jog} with contentment
rest your mind and body in peace (KPU 17); 2) {zhi ba/} peace "as
in a person calming down after they are angry" (AMD): {zhi ba
'tshol/} seek peace (1 Pet. 3:11); {zhi zhing dul bar gyur/} [it]
became peaceful and tame (SGN 19), {bod zhi bas bcings 'grol btang
rjes/} after Tibet's peaceful liberation (TMB 23); 3) {zhi gnas/}
calm abiding meditation; a type of meditation in which the mind
rests peacefully on its object (TRI 229): {zhi gnas sgom sa yag
shos/} the best place for meditation (TRC 198); 4) {sdum pa/}
peace, reconciliation, mediation: {sdum pa la snyegs shig} pursue
peace (2 Tim. 2:22); 5) {sdum/} p. {bsdums/} f. {bsdum/} to make
peace, reconcile, or  mediate: {nga tsho dkon mchog dang bsdums pa
yin/} we have peace with [lit. are reconciled with] God (Rom. 5:1),
{khong nga tsho'i sdum mdzad mkhan/} he is our peacemaker (Eph.
2:14); 6) {'dum/} p. {'dums/} to be reconciled, though used as an
active verb in the NT: {'dum byed mkhan rnams bde'o/} blessed are
the peacemakers (Mt. 5:9); 7) {dul/} peaceable, tamed: {mi thams
cad la dul zhing yongs su blo nye bar byed pa/} be peaceable and
considerate toward all (Tit. 3:2 SV); 8) {sems la ngal gso/} [lit.
mind + rest] peace of mind: {sems la ngal gso ma byung bas/} I had
no peace of mind (2 Cor. 2:13 SV); 9) {bzang sgrig} peace treaty,
peace agreement: {bzang sgrig byed pa'i zhu ba phul/} they asked
for a peace agreement (Acts 12:20); 10) {zhi ba'i 'ching sgrig}
peace agreement: {de tshos kho tsho dang mnyam du zhi ba'i 'ching
sgrig bzhag} they made a peace agreement with them (2 Sam. 10:19
NTV).%

!PEOPLE@  see NATION

!PERFECT@ (PERFECTION)

     1) #{phun sum tshogs pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) morally perfect,
faultless: {yab phun sum tshogs pa lags pa ltar/} as the Father is
perfect (Mt. 5:48), {bsnyen bkur byed pa de'i shes bzang phun sum
tshogs pa byed mi thub/} unable to clear the conscience of the
worshipper (Heb. 9:9); 2) whole, complete: {phun sum tshogs par
'dod na/} if you want to be perfect (Mt. 19:21), {khong gi phun sum
tshogs pa las/} from [God's] fullness or completeness (Jn. 1:16),
{phun sum tshogs pa 'grub pa'i tshe/} when perfection comes (1 Cor.
13:10), {sdug bsngal gyis phun sum tshogs par mdzad pa/} made
perfect through suffering (Heb. 2:10).
     ^Bst. 1) absolute perfection, a characteristic of an
enlightened being who has perfection in strength, wealth,
knowledge, or other fields (KTM). Lists of perfections include the
{phun sum tshogs pa gsum/} the three perfect accomplishments (TRI
172) and the {phun sum tshogs lnga/} the five perfections: the
Buddha's perfect dharma, perfect time, perfect teaching, perfect
location or dwelling, and perfect cycle of existence (KTM); 2)
whole or complete: {'gro ba mi'i rigs la bde skyid phun sum tshogs
pa zhig 'byung ba/} to achieve the goal of [complete] human
happiness (DLP 6), {khrims gzhung ldan na bde skyid phun sum
tshogs/} if there is the rule of law, happiness is complete (KPU
10), {yon tan phun sum tshogs/} a well-rounded education (KPU 28),
{gna' bo'i bzo skrun gyi nyams myong phun sum tshogs po/} rich
experience in [studying] ancient structures (MHP 10); 3) noble or
excellent: {phun sum tshogs pa lnga/} the five excellences (CNG
63), {rang gzhan gyi don phun sum tshogs pa/} the noble aims of
oneself and others (TRC 74); 4) in colloquial usage, good or
desirable: {lha dang mi'i lus rten phun sum tshogs pa zhig} the
desirable body of a god or a man (TRC 165), {lha dang mi'i bde
skyid phun sum tshogs pa/} the desirable happiness of humans and
gods (TRC 226).

     2) #{rdzogs pa/}$ ^Bib: finished, completed, or perfect: {rtag
tu rdzogs pa'i sras/} the Son, who has been made perfect forever
(Heb. 7:28 SV), {rdzogs par mdzad pa'i chos drang po rnams kyi sems
nyid rnams/} the spirits of righteous men made perfect (Heb. 12:23
SV), {byams pa rdzogs par gyur pas 'jigs pa phyi rol tu 'don no/}
perfect love drives out fear (1 Jn. 4:18 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) perfection: {rdzogs pa chen po/} great perfection
(TRI 226), {bskyed rim pa zer ba dang rdzogs rim pa zer ba khag
gnyis yod pa red/} there are both developing stage practitioners
and perfection stage practitioners [in the tantra college] (TRC
51), {mkhyen brtse nus gsum la sogs pa'i yon tan yongs su rdzogs
pa'i sgo nas/} by means of his own perfection of the qualities of
wisdom, compassion, and power (TRC 73), {dran pa dang /,,shes bzhin
gyi stobs yongs rdzogs ldan yang /} even though one has perfected
the powers of attentiveness and introspective awareness (TRC 201);
2) complete, whole, entire: {rdul phran mtshon cha yongs su rdzogs
pa rtsa med bzo rgyu'i las/} the work of completely destroying all
nuclear weapons (DLP 7), {'gro ba mi'i khyim tshang yongs su rdzogs
pa/} the whole family of man (DLP 12), {rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas/}
complete Buddhahood (GSL 12); 3) fulfilled, accomplished: {dngos
gzhi yongs su rdzogs pa/} when the four are fulfilled (TRC 242),
{'dod pa ma rdzogs par/} [his] desire not being fulfilled (TRC
260), {dbang bzhi rdzogs/} the four empowerments are complete (HTE
184); 4) finished, run out, exhausted: {las bzang po'i 'bras bu
rdzogs/} the result of his former good karma was finished (TRC
260), {dus tshod rdzogs pa yin/} time has run out (SGN 22), {za ya
tshang ma rdzogs nas/} when the food ran out (DPD).

     Cognates: {yongs rdzogs/} [lit. all + whole] all, entire: {de
dag yongs rdzogs dgos pa yin/} the world needs them all (DLP 21),
{chos lugs yongs rdzogs/} all religions (DLP 21), {gzugs po yongs
rdzogs rma yis khyab pa'i mi/} a man whose whole body was covered
with sores (SGN 6), {rang gi sku lus yongs rdzogs keng rus lta bur
gyur kyang /} though his whole body became like a skeleton (SGN
9).%

     3) #{yang dag pa/}$ ^Bib: actual, real; perfect in the sense
of fully realized: {yang dag par mthun pa/} perfect unity (Col.
3:14), {yang dag pa'i byams pas 'jigs pa phyir skrod/} perfect love
drives out fear (1 Jn. 4:18).
     ^Bst.  1) [lit. completely pure] perfect as applied to
religious persons and qualities; completely and totally perfect:
{ston pa yang dag pa/} the perfect teacher [i.e. the Buddha] (TRC
73), {zla grogs yang dag pa/} the perfect religious companion (TRC
73), {yang dag pa'i ye shes/} perfect wisdom (KBT 45), {yang dag
par spong ba/} four perfect abandonments (KBT 51), {yang dag byang
chub/} perfect enlightenment (KBT 58); 2) completely true, right or
perfectly correct: {yang dag pa'i lta ba/} right view, {yang dag
pa'i rtog pa/} right thought, {yang dag pa'i ngag} right speech
(KBT 43), {yang dag pa'i kun rdzob/} correct conventional truth
(KBT 43); 3) pure: {rgyu mtshan yang dag pa/} pure reasons (KTM),
{bsam tshul yang dag pa/} a way of thinking which is pure (KTM).

     4) #{mthar phyin/}$  ^Bib: thorough, complete, perfect: 
{de ni thob zin pa dang nga mthar phyin pa'i don la ma yin/} not
that I have already obtained all this, or have already been made
perfect (Phil. 3:12), {mthar phyin par mdzad pa'i drang po rnams
kyi sems nyid/} the spirits of righteous men made perfect (Heb.
12:23).
     ^Bst. 1) perfection: {mthar phyin pa'i lam/} the path of
perfection (KBT 64), used especially of the perfection of the
Buddhas and their perfect qualities:  {chos thams cad mngon sum du
rtogs pa mthar phyin pa'i ye shes/} the perfect knowledge that
directly perceives all objects (TRC 74), {nus pa mthar phyin pa/}
unlimited powers (TRC 318), {rang gzhan gyi don gnyis mthar phyin
pa'i sangs rgyas/} a Buddha who attains the goals of himself and
others (TRC 318), {sbyin pa mthar phyin pa'i don/} the meaning of
the perfection of giving (TRC 346), {tshul khrims mthar phyin/} the
perfection of lawful conduct (TRC 347), {mya ngan las 'das pa'i
mthar phyin to/} they attain nirvana (HSU 168); 2) to graduate from
school, complete one's education: {slob grwa nas mthar phyin ba/}
graduating from school (KTM), {yon tan mthar phyin pa slob dgos/}
one must study to be perfect in knowledge (KTM), {khong tsho gsum
gyis rgya gar la slob sbyong mthar phyin gnang /} those three
completed their studies in India (TRC 116), {lam sgom pa mthar
phyin dgos/} one must complete meditation on the path (TRC 164); 3)
to pass beyond, with strong implications of passing into
perfection, attaining Buddhahood or nirvana: {mi tshe mthar phyin
pa/} passing beyond human life (KTM).

     Cognates: {mthar phyin pa byed pa/} to perfect: {chos kyi
nyams len mthar phyin pa byed pa la/} in order to perfect one's
practice of the doctrine (TRC 164).%

     5) #{phul tu phyin pa/}$ ^Bib: to have achieved perfection,
wholeness, or completion: {dkon mchog la 'jigs shing dam pa phul du
byung bar shog} perfecting holiness out of reverence for God (2
Cor. 7:1), {mi re re ma shi ka pa phul tu 'byung ba 'gyur ba'i
phyir/} so that we may present everyone perfect in Christ (Col.
1:28), {gur mchog che zhing phul du byung ba'i gur mchog} the
greater and more perfect tabernacle (Heb. 9:11), {phul du phyin pa
yin te/} [he] is a perfect man (Jas. 3:2).
     ^Bst. to achieve perfection in a given field or area, as
opposed to {phun sum tshog pa/} which is to achieve perfection in
all areas of life (KTM). The Tibetan translation of Atisha's
personal name is {phul byung /} achieved excellence (KTM).

     Related Terms: 1) {sgrub pa/} to accomplish, to complete an
action: {nged kyi dad pa'i 'go 'dzug pa po dang sgrub par mdzad
mkhan/} the author and perfecter of our faith (Heb. 12:2 SV); 2)
{bla na med pa/} invaluable, priceless, incomparable: {bla na med
pa'i dkon mchog} Almighty God, {gzi brjid bla na med pa/}
incomparable glory (KTM); 3) {gong na med pa/} priceless (KTM); 4)
{pha rol tu phyin pa/} [lit. gone to the other side] to be
perfected (KTM), {sbyin pa'i pha rol tu phyin pa/} the perfection
of generosity (KBT 65); 5) {mchog} perfect, supreme (KTM); 6)
{rab/} exceeding, best {gsung rab/} [lit. say + best] scriptures,
Bible.%

!PERSEVERANCE@ (PERSEVERE)  see also PATIENCE

     1) #{bzod pa/}$ ^Bib: patience, perseverance: {bzod pa la chos
sems/} [add] to perseverance, godliness (2 Pet. 1:6), {ngas khyod
kyi las rnams dang 'bad rtsol dang bzod pa mkhyen/} I know your
deeds, your hard work and your perseverance (Rev. 2:2).
     ^Bst. see PATIENCE.


     2) #{brtan por gnas/}$ [lit. remain firm] ^Bib: persevere:
{khyed tshos sdug bsngal dang 'tshe ba mtha' dag myong yang /,,bzod
cing dad pa la brtan por gnas pas/} your perseverance and faith in
all the persecutions and trials you are enduring (2 Thes. 1:4).

     3) #{sgug pa/}$ ^Bib: [lit. to wait] perseverance: {dkon mchog
la chags pa dang ma shi ka'i phyir sgug pa/} God's love and
Christ's perseverance (2 Thes. 3:5).

     Related Terms: 1) {theg pa/} [lit. tolerate, bear] persevere,
endure: {nyams sad pa theg pa'i mi/} the man who perseveres under
trial (Jas. 1:12); 2) {sran pa/} p. {bsran/} to tolerate, bear:
{sdug sran byed pa rnams/} those who have persevered (Jas. 5:11);
3) {'gyur med/} unchanging (KTM); 4) {g.yo ba med pa/} unwavering
(KTM); 5) {brtson 'grus/} [lit. effort] perseverance: {brtson 'grul
kyi pha rol tu phyin pa/} the perfection of perseverance (KBT 65),
{dam tshig sems dang brtson 'grus snying nas dgos/} you must have
commitment and perseverance from the heart (KPU 9); 6) {sdug rus
byed pa/} to bear afflictions, suffer (KTM).%

!PETER@

     1) #{pe tro/}$  ^Bib: the Apostle Peter: {pe tro bzhengs te
'di skad du/} Peter got up and addressed them (Acts 15:7).

     2) #{pi te/}$  Ch. Peter (JFS).

!PHARISEE@

     1) #{pha ru shi pa/}$  ^Bib: Pharisee: {pha ru shi pa dang
mkhan po/} Pharisees and teachers of the law (Mt. 15:1), {pha ru
shi pa dang sad du ki pa/} Pharisees and Sadducees (Mt. 16:11),
{bla chen dang pha ru shi pa rnams/} chief priests and the
Pharisees (Mt. 21:45), {pha ru shi pa'i skyur rtsi/} yeast of the
Pharisees (Mk. 8:15).

     2) #{pha li seb pa/}$  Ch. Pharisee (JFS).

!PHILOSOPHY@

     1) #{rig pa/}$ [lit. knowledge, learning] philosophy: {don med
pa'i gtam dang rig pa'i sgo nas/} by means of hollow philosophy (1
Cor. 1:20 SV).

     2) #{mtshan nyid/}$  Bst. logic, philosophy: {mtshan nyid kyi
gzhung che mo/} the great books on philosophy (TRC 2), {mtshan nyid
grwa tshang /} the college of philosophy in a monastery (TRC 3),
{mtshan nyid kyi dpe cha/} philosophy books (DPD).

     Related Terms: 1) {dgag bzhag spong gsum/} the method of
discussion of Buddhist philosophy (TRC 24); 2) {yig cha/} books
explaining the finer points of Bst. philosophy (TRC 24); 3) {nang
pa'i grub mtha' smra ba/} a school of Bst. philosophy: {rgya gar
gyi nang pa'i grub mtha' smra ba bzhi/} the four schools of Indian
Buddhist philosophy (TRC 135); 4) {rtsod pa po/} [lit. debater]
philosopher (1 Cor. 1:20 SV); 5) {rtsod gleng pa/} [lit. debater]
philosopher (1 Cor. 1:20 SV).%

!POWER@  see also ALMIGHTY, BLESSING

     1) #{dbang /}$ [hon. {mnga'/}] ^Bib: 1) spiritual power or
authority: {dbang dang mthu yis 'gong po la bka' gnang /} with
authority and power he gives orders to evil spirits (Lk. 4:36),
{dmyal bar dbyug pa'i dbang /} power to throw you into hell (Lk.
12:5), {bdud kyi dbang /} the power of Satan (Acts 26:18), {khyod
kyi nang na nga'i dbang ston pa/} that I might display my power in
you (Rom. 9:17), {ltas ston pa'i dbang /} miraculous powers (1 Cor.
12:10), {sdig pa'i dbang ni bka' khrims yin/} the power of sin is
the law (1 Cor. 15:56), {dbang dang srid/} powers and authorities
(Col. 2:15); 2) legal power or authority: {spyi khyab kyi khrims
dang dbang /} the power and authority of the governor (Lk. 20:20),
{sgrol ba'i dbang dang rgyang shing la rkyong ba'i dbang /} power
to free you or to crucify you (Jn. 19:10).
     ^Bst. In an ultimate sense, power refers to the ability of the
Buddhas to free all beings from suffering (JPG 200).  Specific
instances include: 1) tantric initiation or empowerment (TRI 189):
{rang sems gla mar shes na dbang bzhi rdzogs/} if you recognize
your own mind as the teacher, all four empowerments are complete
(HTE 184); 2) miraculous or supernatural power: {dbang bcu/} the
ten miraculous powers of a Buddha, including control of length of
life, miracles, circumstances of rebirth, etc. (TRI 189); 3)
faculty, sense, cognitive power: {dbang shes dang yid shes/} sense
consciousness and mental consciousness (TRC 166), {dbang po lnga/}
the five physical senses: sight, hearing, etc. (TRI 190); 4)
ability: {dbang po lnga/} the ability given by faith, effort,
mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom (the so-called {dbang po
lnga/}) to propel one towards enlightenment (KBT 55), {snying rje'i
dbang gis/} by the power of great compassion (TRC 341), {gtam brjod
'dod dbang /} freedom of speech (RRT 282 n. 23).

     Cognates: 1) {srid dbang /} political power (SBC-1, p. 62); 2)
{kun dbang /} all powerful {dkon dbang ldan pa'i dkon mchog} the
Lord God Almighty (2 Sam. 5:10 NTV); 3) {rang dbang /} independent
(TRC 95); 4) {dbang thang /} political power {rgyal po la sogs pa'i
dbang thang /} the power of a king (TRC 227); 5) {dbang du byas
nas/} from the point of view of (TRC 242); 6) {dbang med/}
powerless, beyond one's control (TRC 245); 7) {dbang du song ba/}
to fall under the power of: {rang gces 'dzin gyi dbang du ma song
ba/} [lit. not to go under the power of self cherishing]
unselfishness (DLP 18); 8) {dbang cha/} rights, powers {bod gzhung
dga' ldan pho brang gyi chab srid dbang cha tshang ma/} all the
powers of the former Tibetan government (DPD 24).%

     2) #{mnga' thang /}$  ^Bib: might, dominion, power, authority;
especially in a political sense: {rgyal po'i khri'am srid yin rung
/,,/dbang dang mnga' thang yod do cog} whether thrones or powers or
rulers or authorities (Col. 1:16), {mnga' thang dang dbang dang
stobs/} dominion, authority, and power (1 Cor. 15:24), {dbang dang
/,,srid dang mnga' thang dang /,,rgyal srid/} rule, authority,
power, and dominion (Eph. 1:21), {pho nya dang /,,dbang dang
/,,mnga' thang rnams la mnga' mdzad do/} angels, authorities and
powers in submission to him (1 Pet. 3:22), {mnga' thang dang mthu
stobs/} power and strength (Rev. 7:12).

     Proverbs: {rgyal po chen po yul gyi rgyan cha red/,,khrims
dang mthun na rgyal gzhis mnga' thang ldan/} a great king is the
country's ornament; if he [rules] in accord with the law, his realm
will be glorious and powerful (KPU 10).

     3) #{mthu stobs/}$  [lit. power + strength]  ^Bib:
supernatural power or ability: {nga las mthu stobs che/} one who is
more powerful than I (Mt. 3:11), {shes rab dang mthu stobs/} wisdom
and miraculous powers (Mt. 13:54), {dkon mchog gi mthu stobs/} the
power of God (Mt. 22:29), {nyid kyi nang nas mthu stobs shig thon
pa mkhyen nas/} realized that power had gone out from him (Mk.
5:30), {khong gi mthu stobs thog med dang ngo bo mi snang ba/}
[God's eternal power and divine nature (Rom. 1:20), {ma shi ka'i
mthu stobs/} Christ's power (2 Cor. 12:9).
     ^Bst. 1) used of the power of the gods to change into other
forms (AMD); 2) used of the secular might or power of kings,
heroes, etc. (AMD).

     4) #{nus pa/}$  ^Bib: power, ability: {sdig pa rwa can la yod
pa'i nus pa lta bu/} power like that of scorpions (Rev. 9:3).
     ^Bst. ability, capacity: {'jigs pa las skyob pa'i nus pa/} the
capacity to save from fear (TRC 73), {za mi nus pa/} unable to eat
(TRC 229), {sdig pa shin tu stobs chen mang po 'joms nus pa/} the
ability to overcome powerful evils (TRC 319), {legs nyes 'byed pa'i
blo yi nus pa/} the ability to decide between good and evil (DLP
23).

     5) #{shugs/}$  ^Bib: physical strength, power, ability: {zla
ba lnga'i bar du zug gzer byung ba'i shugs/} power to torment
people for five months (Rev. 9:10).

     Cognates: 1) {shugs chen po/} intense, strong: {slob gnyer
shugs chen po byed ma thub pa/} unable to do intense studying (TRC
4), {dran pa shugs chen po/} a strong power of attentiveness (TRC
200), {chags zhen shugs che/} passionate attachment (DLP 13); 2)
{shugs snon/} to strengthen, reinforce, or give emphasis to:
{'phrul bzo rig gnas kyi thog tu shugs snon che drags pa yin na/}
if we give too much emphasis to science and technology (DLP 2); 3)
{shugs rkyen/} influence (SBC-1, 61); 4) {rdul phran gyi stobs
shugs/} nuclear power {rdul phran gyi stobs shugs ldan pa'i dbu
khrid tsho/} the leaders of the nuclear powers (DLP 7); 5) {glog
shugs/} electric power: {bzo las glog shugs thing /} industrial
electric power department.%

     Related Terms: 1) {mthu/} power a) divine power: {bla med
mthu/} the power of the Most High (Lk. 1:35), {thugs nyid kyi mthu
dang ldan te/} in the power of the Spirit (Lk. 4:14), {khong las
mthu byung zhing thams cad sos pas/} power was coming from him and
healing them all (Lk. 6:19), {dkon mchog gis dam pa'i thugs nyid
dang mthu yis byugs te/} God anointed [Jesus] with the Holy Spirit
and power (Acts 10:38), b) occult or demonic power; magic: {mthu
ldan/} demons (Rom. 8:38), {mthu dang khri dang mnga' dbang /} [the
dragon's] power and throne and great authority (Rev. 13:2), {mthu
chen/} magician, an epithet of Milarepa (CTL 379); 2) {stobs/}
strength or power, either divine or human: {e li ya'i shugs dang
stobs kyis/} in the spirit and power of Elijah (Lk. 1:17), {ngag
dang las gnyis stobs can/} [Moses was] powerful in speech and
action (Acts 7:22), {sha ul gyi snying stobs rgyas/} Saul grew more
and more powerful (Acts 9:22), {stobs med cig 'debs nas stobs ldan
zhig lang /} sown in weakness, raised in power (1 Cor. 15:43),
{gtso bo'i nus mthu'i stobs kyis ma shi ka pa stobs can du gyur
cig} be strong in the Lord and in his mighty power (Eph. 6:10); 3)
{stobs shugs/} power: {dgra bo stobs shugs can rnams/} powerful
enemies (2 Sam. 22:18 NTV), {lus kyi stobs shugs/} the strength of
the body (SGN 7); 4) {nus shugs/} ability and strength (KTM), {chos
kyi nus shugs/} spiritual energy and power (DLP 23).%

!PRAISE@  see also GLORIFY

     1) #{stod/}$ [var. {bstod/}] p. {bstod/}  ^Bib: to praise or
glorify: 1) used of praising God: {ngas khyed la bstod do/} I
praise you (Mt. 11:25,26), {yis ra el gyi dkon mchog la bstod do/}
they praised the God of Israel (Mt. 15:31), {nga yi sems kyis gtso
bor bstod/} my soul glorifies the Lord (Lk. 1:46); 2) also used of
praise of men: {ngas khyed tshor mi bstod do/} I have no praise for
you (1 Cor. 11:17), {chos tshogs thams cad kyis bstod pa'i spun/}
the brother who is praised by all the churches (2 Cor. 8:18). 

     Cognates: 1) {bstod 'os pa/} praiseworthy (Phil. 4:8); 2)
{bstod bsngags/} praise: {dkon mchog la bstod bsngags so/} they
praised God (Mt. 9:8), {nga yi skyabs gnas dam par bstod bsngags
shig} praised be God my holy refuge (2 Sam. 22:47 NTV), {phyi pa
thams cad gtso bor bstod sngogs shig} praise the Lord, all you
Gentiles (Rom. 15:11); 3) {bstod gtong /} to praise: {ngas rang
bstod gtong na/} if I glorify myself (Jn. 8:54); 4) {bstod pa
'bul/} to offer praise (KTM).%

     2) #{bstod pa/}$ [var. {stod pa/}]  ^Bib: praise, honor:
{khyed kyis bstod pa drangs so/} you have ordained praise (Mt.
21:16), {rgyal pos bstod pa de dkon mchog la ma phul pas/} because
[Herod] did not give praise to God (Acts 12:23), {de 'dra la bstod
pa mi nas mi 'byung /} such a man's praise is not from men (Rom.
2:29), {re re'i bstod pa dkon mchog nas 'ong /} each will receive
his praise from God (1 Cor. 4:5), {bstod pa dang dpal dang bkur
sti/} praise, glory, and honor (1 Pet. 1:7).
     ^Bst. 1) praise: {sangs rgyas la bstod pa mchod brjod kyi dpe
cha/} manuals of worship in praise of the Buddha (TRC 2), {'jig
rten las 'das bstod pa/} praise to the [Buddha] transcending the
world (LKT 2); 2) {bstod chen bzhi/} scriptures which praise four
specific Buddhas (TRI 117).

     Cognates: {bstod dbyangs/} [var. {stod dbyangs/} {bstod glu/}]
a song of praise: {khyed la bstod dbyangs bya/} I will sing your
praises (Heb. 2:12), {blo bde na bstod dbyangs phul zhig} the happy
should sing songs of praise (Jas. 5:13).%

     3) #{bkur sti/}$  ^Bib: honor, respect, praise: {ngas mi'i
bkur sti mi 'tshol/} I do not accept [lit. seek] praise from men
(Jn. 5:41), {phan tshun bkur sti 'tshol ba/} seek praise from one
another (Jn. 5:44), {de tsho dkon mchog gi bkur sti las/,,mi'i bkur
sti la lhag par chags pas so/} they loved praise from men more than
praise from God (Jn. 12:43).
     ^Bst. see HONOR.

     Related Terms: 1) {sti stang /} respect, honor: {sti stang ma
btsal bar/} not looking for praise (1 Thes. 2:6); 2) {smon pa/} 
benediction or blessing: {kha gcig gi nang nas smon pa dang dmod pa
gnyis ka 'thon no/} from the same mouth come praise and cursing
(Jas. 3:10); 3) {snyan grags/} [lit. fame, reputation] praise:
{de'i snyan grags ni mi las mi 'byung gis/} such a man's praise is
not from men (Rom. 2:29 SV); 4) {bkra shis/} blessing, prosperity:
{lug gu la bkra shis dang /,,bkur sti dang /,,gzi brjid dang
/,,mnga' thang /} to the Lamb be praise and honor and glory and
power (Rev. 5:13 SV); 5) {yon tan sgrog pa/} [lit. good qualities
+ declare] praise: {de'i yon tan sgrog pa'i phyir/} that you may
declare his praises (1 Pet. 2:9 SV).%

!PRAYER@ (PRAY)

     1) #{smon lam/}$  [lit. blessing + way] ^Bib: prayer: {'gong
rigs 'di smon lam gyis ma gtogs 'thon mi thub/} this kind can come
out only by prayer (Mk. 9:29), {dkon mchog gis khyod kyi smon lam
gsan pas/} God has heard your prayer (Lk. 1:13), {snyung gnas dang
smon lam/} fasting and prayer (Lk. 2:37), {smon lam dang sbyin pa
rnams/} prayers and gifts to the poor (Acts 10:4), {smon lam nang
'di ltar dran/} remembering [you] in my prayers (Eph. 1:15,16),
{dam pa rnams kyi smon lam/} prayers of the saints (Rev. 8:4).
     ^Bst. 1) {smon lam/} is the wish or desire of the mind (TDC
2175), which may be a request for some blessing or for the
destruction of one's enemies {smon lam log pa/} .  It is generally
believed to be of five types; e.g. for the mind of enlightenment,
a good rebirth, good conditions for meditation, moral perfection,
etc. (TRI 209); 2) another type of prayer accompanies an offering
of the first portion of one's daily food and drink, and asks for
the blessing of understanding the teachings of Bsm. (JPG 222).

     Cognates: 1) {smon lam khang /} a house of prayer (Mt. 21:13);
2) {smon lam chen mo/} or {smon lam dus chen/} the 21 day prayer
festival held at Lhasa during the first Tibetan month (TRC 27).%

     2) #{smon lam 'debs pa/}$ p. {btab/} f. {'debs/} imp. {thob/}
[hon. {smon lam zhus pa/}] ^Bib: to pray: {khyed la gshe ba rnams
kyi don du smon lam thob/} pray for those who mistreat you (Lk.
6:28), {mchod khang la smon lam 'debs su song /} [they] went to the
temple to pray (Lk. 18:10), {khong tshos smon lam btab nas/,,phyag
dbang gnang ngo /} [the apostles] prayed and laid their hands on
them (Acts 6:6), {pus mo sa la btsugs te/,,de thams cad dang mnyam
du smon lam btab/} he knelt down with all of them and prayed (Acts
20:36), {dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi mthus smon lam thob cig} pray in
the power of the Holy Spirit (Jude 20), {thengs gsum par sngon
bzhin smon lam zhus/} [Jesus] prayed the third time, saying the
same thing (Mt. 26:44), {yab la smon lam zhus/} pray to your Father
(Mt. 6:6), {spun rnams/,,nga tsho'i phyir smon lam zhus shig}
brothers, pray for us (1 Thes. 5:25), {skad gzhan rnams nang smon
lam zhu/} to pray in other languages [or tongues] (1 Cor. 14:14).
     ^Bst. {shing gi lha la smon lam brgyabs/} [she] prayed to the
tree-spirit (SGN 10), {lus ngag yid gsum phyag 'tshal smon lam
thobs/} pray with your body, speech, and mind (KPU 16), {smon lam
'debs pa'i gnas/} the place of prayer (Acts 16:16).

     3) #{gsol ba/}$  ^Bib: prayer as a request or petition for
something: {gsol ba dang /,,smon lam dang /,,zhu ba dang /,,gtang
rag phul/} requests, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving (1 Tim.
2:1), {smon lam dang gsol ba btab pas/} [he] offered up prayers and
petitions (Heb. 5:7).

     4) #{gsol ba 'debs pa/}$ p. {btab/} f. {'debs/} imp. {thob/} 
^Bib: to request in prayer: {khyod kyi 'tshe ba po'i don du gsol ba
thob/} pray for those who persecute you (Mt. 5:44), {khyod kyi dad
pa mi yal phyir ngas gsol ba btab pa yin/} I prayed that your faith
may not fail (Lk. 22:32), {gsol ba 'debs so/} I pray for them (Jn.
17:9), {rgyun chad med par thugs nyid kyi sgo nas/,,gsol ba smon
lam thob cig} pray in the Spirit on all occasions with all kinds of
prayers and requests (Eph. 6:18), {gsol ba 'debs pa la brtson/}
wrestling in prayer (Col. 4:12), {nyin mtshan med par smon lam dang
gsol ba 'debs shing gnas kyang /} continues night and day to pray
and to ask God for help (1 Tim. 5:5).
     ^Bst. {slob ma rnams kyis gsol ba btab pa bzhin/} according to
the request of [the Buddha's] disciples (SGN 16).

     Cognates: 1) {gsol ba mchod pa/} to offer requests (KTM); 2)
{gsol ba zhu ba/} to ask for (KTM).%

     5) #{thugs dam/}$ ^Bib: 1) solitary prayer, meditation: {thugs
dam phyir gcig pur ri la phebs so/} he went up on a mountainside by
himself to pray (Mt. 14:23), {khong ni dben par thugs dam la bzhugs
so/} Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed (Lk. 5:16);
2) occasionally used of prayer generally: {thugs dam dang bka'
sgrog pa'i zhabs tog} prayer and the ministry of the word (Acts
6:4).

     Related Terms: 1) {kha ton/} [var. {kha 'don/} hon. {zhal
'don/}] recitation of memorized prayers or texts; 2) {ming 'bod/}
to call on the name of: {ba al gyi ming 'bod/} they called on the
name of Baal (1 Ki. 18:26); 3) {smon log 'debs pa/} to curse:
{khyed rang la 'tshe ba rnams la smon log ma 'debs par byin brlabs
thongs shig} bless those who persecute you: bless and do not curse
(Rom. 12:14).%

!PREACH@  see also TEACH, TEACHING

     1) #{'chad pa/}$ p. {bshad/} imp. {shod/}  ^Bib: to preach or
explain: {chos ston zhing phrin bzang 'chad pa'i tshe/} when he was
teaching and preaching the gospel (Lk. 20:1), {ngas phyi par 'chad
pa'i phrin bzang /} the gospel I preach to the Gentiles (Gal. 2:2),
{'jig rten nang gang du'ang phrin bzang 'di 'chad/} wherever the
gospel is preached throughout the world (Mk. 14:9), {phrin bzang
'chad du mngags so/} sent me to preach the gospel (1 Cor. 1:17),
{ngas sngon bshad pa'i phrin bzang /} the gospel I preached (1 Cor.
15:1), {ngas bshad pa yid la bzung na/} if you believe what I
preached to you (1 Cor. 15:2).
     ^Bst. Bsm. is normally transmitted from teacher to student
through the study of scriptural texts.  There are said to be five
methods of accomplishing this, the so-called {bshad thabs yan lag
lnga/} or "five methods of teaching": discussing its purpose,
summarizing it, giving its literal meaning; studying its links with
other texts; and debate and discussion of the meaning (CNG 66/TRI
276). 1) to explain: {bshad tshul mang po yod/} there are many ways
to explain it (TRC 96), {nga tsho nang pa'i chos kyi bshad pa ltar
na/} as our Bst. religion explains (DPD); 2) to teach: {ngas bshad
pa'i chos nyams su len pa na/} when you practice the doctrine I
have taught (TRC 184); 3) to say: {lo bdun yin pa bshad dgos/} you
must say that you are seven years old (DPD).

     Cognates: 1) {'grel bshad/} a textual commentary (TRC 24); 2)
{bshad lung gnang /} transmission of a text from teacher to student
by teaching and recitation (TRC 49); 3) {bsdus tsam bshad/} to
summarize (TRC 226); 4) {rdzun bshad pa/} to tell a lie (TRC 244);
5) {chos bshad/} to preach, explain religion: {nga la chos bshad
byung ngo /} he explained the Gospel to me (DPD), {bza' nyi ma la
chos bshad do/} I preached on Sunday (DPD); 6) {gtam bshad/}
advice: {kha che pha lu'i snying gtam bshad yod/} this is Khache
Phalu's heartfelt advice (KPU 10).%

     2) #{sgrog}$ p. {bsgrags/} imp. {sgrogs/}  ^Bib: to proclaim,
declare, preach: {dkon mchog gis nga tsho ma ke don du phrin bzang
sgrog tu bos pa/} God called us to preach the gospel in Macedonia
(Acts 16:10), {phrin bzang sgrog pa/} one who preaches the gospel
(1 Cor. 9:14). 

     Cognates: 1) {bsgrags gtam/} declaration: {byis pa 'tsho gnas
dang 'tshar longs yong bar srung skyong byed pa'i bsgrags gtam/}
World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of
Children (BFT 21); 2) {dril bsgrags/} propaganda (SLR 11).%

     Related Terms: 1) {ston/} p. {bstan/} to teach: {ngas dkon
mchog gi phrin bzang rin med par khyed cag la bstan/} I preached
the gospel to you free of charge (2 Cor. 11:7 SV), {mdo sngags kyi
bstan pa/} the teaching of the sutras and tantras (TRC 113); 2)
{bslab bya byed pa/} to teach: {chos klog pa dang /,,bslab bya byed
pa dang /,,bstan pa/} reading of Scripture, preaching and teaching
(1 Tim. 4:13 SV); 3) {skul/} to urge, exhort: {khyod kyis mi la
rkun ma ma byed skul gyis/} you who are preaching against stealing
(Rom. 2:21 SV); 4) {chos dar ba/} to spread or propagate Bsm.; 5)
{gdams gnang /} to advise (KTM); 6) {chos gnang /} to teach
religion (TRC 53).%

!PRIDE@

     1) #{nga rgyal/}$  [lit. I + king] ^Bib: arrogance, conceit,
pride: {nga rgyal dang /,,blun sems/} arrogance and folly (Mk.
7:22), {khengs dregs can dang /,,nga rgyal can dang /,,tshig rtsub
smra mkhan/} boastful, proud, and abusive (2 Tim. 3:2), {dkon mchog
gis nga rgyal can la rgol bar mdzad/} God opposes the proud (Jas.
4:6), {khyed tshos nga rgyal gyis ngom par byed/} you boast and
brag (Jas. 4:16), {nga rgyal gyi blun gtam/} boastful words (2 Pet.
2:18).
     ^Bst. Pride is one of the sinful attitudes often mentioned
with desire, hatred, ignorance, wrong view, and envy as one of the
"six root delusions" or {rtsa nyon drug} that cause rebirth and
suffering (KTM).  Seven types of pride are mentioned in Bst. texts:
{nga rgyal/} a feeling of arrogance or superiority, {che ba'i nga
rgyal/} a sense of superiority over equals, {nga rgyal las kyang
nga rgyal/} extreme conceit or arrogance, {mngon pa'i nga rgyal/}
false pride in which one claims to know or be something one is not,
{nga'o snyam pa'i nga rgyal/} a feeling that only you can do
something well, {cung zad snyam pa'i nga rgyal/} a feeling of being
a little better than one's peers, {log pa'i nga rgyal/} perverse
pride in sins or wrongdoing (CNG 90/DMP 238/TRI 65/KBT 18). {nga
rgyal khengs dregs/} proud and arrogant (TQP 76).

     Proverbs: 1) {don rtsa 'jam po'i sgo nas lon zer na/,,nga
rgyal khong khro don med stong pa red/} if you want to achieve your
goals peacefully, pride and anger are useless (KPU 14); 2) {nga
rgyal gyi gong bur/,,yon tan gyi rtswa mi skyes/} the grass of
virtue cannot grow under the heap of pride (BTP 86); 3) {mjing pa
g.yag las sbom pa/} thicker than a yak's neck [used of very proud
people] (TQP 97).

     Cognates: {nga rgyal skyed/} to be proud: {rig pas nga rgyal
skyed/,,byams pas yar skyed skyed do/} knowledge puffs up, but love
builds up (1 Cor. 8:1), {nga rgyal mi skyed phyir/} to keep me from
becoming conceited (2 Cor. 12:7), {nga rgyal mi skyed/} not to be
arrogant (1 Tim. 6:17).%

     2) #{rlom pa/}$  ^Bib: to take pride in, to be conceited:
{phyogs ris kyis mi rlom phyir/} so you will not take pride in one
man over against another (1 Cor. 4:6), {re res rang gi khur 'khur
dgos pas rang rlom na ma gtogs gzhan gyi mdun du rlom pa'i rgyu mi
'dug} he can take pride in himself, without comparing himself to
somebody else (Gal 6:4,5).
     ^Bst. {rlom sems/} is arrogance or conceit (TRI 263), and as
such {rlom pa/} normally has a negative connotation (AMD).  {bde
thang du rlom pa'i 'du shes 'khrul pa/} a false sense of security
(DLP 16).

     3) #{ngom/}$ p. {ngoms/}  ^Bib: to take satisfaction in, to be
proud of an accomplishment of oneself or others: {nga tsho khyed
tsho'i phyir ngom pa'i rgyu zhig yin no/} we are giving you an
opportunity to take pride in us (2 Cor. 5:12), {spun dma' ba de
mthon por btegs par 'gyur bas dma' ba'i gnas su ngoms shig} the
brother in humble circumstances ought to take pride in his high
position (Jas. 1:9), {phyug po de dma' bar 'gyur ba la ngoms shig}
the one who is rich should take pride in his low position (Jas.
1:10), {ma shi ka ye shu ngom pa nga tsho/} we who glory in Christ
Jesus (Phil.3:3).

     Related Terms: 1) {rang stod pa/} commend oneself, boast (2
Cor. 5:12 SV); 2) {khengs pa/} [var. {khengs dregs/}] arrogance,
conceit (KTM); 3) {dregs pa/} pride, insolence (KTM) which may be
subdivided into 15 types (see TRI 137).%

!PRIEST@

     1) #{bla chen/}$  [lit. priest + great] [var. {bla ma chen
po/}] ^Bib: chief priest or high priest: 1) chief priest: {bla chen
dang mkhan po/} chief priests and teachers of the law (Mt. 2:4),
{rgan mi dang bla chen dang mkhan po rnams/} elders, chief priests,
and teachers of the law (Mt. 16:21), {bla chen dang pha ru shi pa
rnams/} chief priests and Pharisees (Mt. 21:45); 2) high priest:
{bla chen ab ya thar/} Abiathar the high priest (Mk. 2:26), {ye shu
bla chen gyi rtsar gdan drangs nas/} they took Jesus to the high
priest (Mk. 14:53); 3) used also of Jesus' high priesthood: {sku
tshab dang bla chen ye shu la som zhig} fix your thoughts on Jesus,
the apostle and high priest (Heb. 3:1), {mal ki tshe deg gi rim par
bla chen/} high priest in the order of Melchizedek (Heb. 5:10),
{dkon mchog gis khong la mel ki tshe deg gi lugs su bla ma chen po
zhes pa'i mtshan gnang ngo /} (Heb. 5:10 SV).
     ^Bst. a head lama or religious leader: {bla chen/} a great
living Buddha (e.g. the Dalai Lama) (AMD), {a mdo bla ma chen po/}
a great lama from Amdo (DPD), {bla chen dgongs pa rab gsal/} the
great lama Gongpa Rabsel (TRC 115), {bla chen gyi sku drung nas
sdom pa blangs/} received their vows from the great lama (TRC 115).

     2) #{bla ma/}$  ^Bib: priest: {za kar ya bya ba'i bla ma zhig}
a priest named Zechariah (Lk. 1:5), {bla ma la ston zhig} go show
[yourselves] to the priests (Lk. 17:14), {bla ma dang mchod g.yog
pa/} priests and Levites (Jn. 1:19), {khyed ni gtan gyi bla ma
yin/} you are a priest forever (Heb. 7:21).
     ^Bst. 1) {bla ma/} a Tibetan Bst. priest who is the
intermediary between the believer and the spiritual powers of the
Buddhas.  The lama is thought to be the source of all spiritual
progress.  Complete reliance on one's lama for one moment is said
to create the same amount of merit as a thousand aeons of
practicing the six perfections; and making offerings to even one
hair of the lama is said to make more merit than offerings to all
the Buddhas. Devotion to lamas {bla ma'i rnal 'byor/} is said to
help progress towards enlightenment, to delight all the Buddhas, to
give protection from demons, and to fulfill all wishes (JPG 99).
Hence tantric disciples are expected to {ci mdzad legs mthong /}
see whatever one's teacher does as good (TQP 85).  On the other
hand, breaking the bond of commitment {bla slob kyi dam tshig} (TQP
151) with one's lama is said to destroy all good karma, cause
sickness, possession by evil spirits, and rebirth in hell (JPG
105); 2) the founder of a guru-to-disciple teaching lineage: {rtsa
ba'i bla ma mgon po/} the root lama of a teaching lineage (HTE
180); 3) a tantric religious teacher: {rgya gar dang bal po'i bla
ma brgya dang lnga bcu/} 150 Indian and Nepalese gurus (TRC 137).

     Cognates: {bla ma dbu mdzad/} a lead lama, one who has passed
an examination in sutra and tantra (TRC 53).%

     3) #{dge 'dun/}$ ^Bib: priesthood: {dge 'dun dam pa/} a holy
priesthood (1 Pet. 2:5,6), {rgyal srid dang dge 'dun du mdzad pa/}
made us to be a kingdom and priests [lit. a priesthood] (Rev. 1:6). 
     ^Bst. see CHURCH.

     4) #{mchod shoms pa/}$ ^Bib: priest: {rang gi lus mchod shoms
pa la bstan/} show yourself to the priest (Mt. 8:4).
     ^Bst. a {mchod shoms pa/} is a person who arranges a religious
service and places offerings before the lama or deity to be
worshipped (AMD).

     5) #{mchod dpon/}$ [lit. offering + master]  ^Bib: priest:
{mchod dpon za dog} Zadok the priest (2 Sam. 15:35 NTV).

     Related Terms: {bla rgyud/} priesthood or priestly lineage:
{le wi'i bla brgyud/} the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7:11); {bla
brgyud spos pas bka' khrims kyang spo dgos byung /} when there is
a change of the priesthood, there must also be a change of the law
(Heb. 7:12).%

!PROMISE@  see also COVENANT, JUDGE

     1) #{kha chad/}$ [hon. {zhal chad/}]  ^Bib: a promise or
agreement: {dkon mchog gi zhal chad la the tshom ma byas/} did not
doubt the promise of God (Rom. 4:20), {zhal chad dang bstun te
brgyud 'dzin yin/} heirs according to the promise (Gal. 3:29),
{tshe'i zhal chad/} the promise of life (2 Tim. 1:1), {khong gi bde
ba'i nang 'jug pa'i zhal chad/} the promise of entering his rest
(Heb. 4:1), {zhal chad la bshol mi 'debs/} not slow in keeping his
promise (2 Pet. 3:9).

     2) #{kha chad byed pa/}$  [hon. {zhal chad mdzad/}]  ^Bib: to
promise:  {gzhan la thar ba'i kha chad byed/} they promise them
freedom (2 Pet. 2:19), {kho la dngul ster ba'i kha chad byas/}
promised to give him money (Mk. 14:11), {kha chad byas pa'i 'bul/}
the gift you had promised (2 Cor. 9:5), {nga'i yab kyis zhal chad
mdzad pa/} what my Father has promised (Lk. 24:49), {dkon mchog gis
ab ra ham la zhal chad mdzad pa'i skabs su/} when God made his
promise to Abraham (Heb. 6:13), {zhal chad mdzad pa'i yul/} the
promised land (Heb. 11:9,10).

     3) #{khas len/}$ [hon. {zhal bzhes/}] ^Bib: a promise: {bsnyen
bkur dang /,,zhal bzhes/} the worship and the promises (Rom. 9:4),
{zhal bzhes la mnyam du spyod mkhan/} sharers together in the
promise (Eph. 3:6).
     ^Bst. 1) ordinary term for a promise or commitment: {a ga ra
la phyir log rgyu'i khas len/} [their] commitment to return to Agra
(TRC 154), {khas len dam bca' de lag len nan tan byas/} promise
seriously to put into practice (BFT 21); 2) to accept a principle
or set of beliefs: {dge 'dun pa rnams dbyar snga ma khas len dgos
pa red/} the monks ought to accept the precepts of the earlier
summer retreat (TRC 50), {nang pa'i lta ba khas len pa/} one who
accepts a Bst. viewpoint (TRC 94).

     Cognates: {khas len/} p. {blangs/} f. {blang /} imp. {longs/}
to promise: {khas blangs pa'i yon/} the promised gift (2 Cor. 9:5
SV).%

     4) #{zhal gyis bzhes pa/}$ [hon.] ^Bib: to promise: {zhal gyis
bzhes pa'i dam pa'i thugs nyid/} the promised Holy Spirit (Acts
2:33), {dkon mchog gis ab ra ham la zhal gyis bzhes pa'i dus/} the
time for God to fulfill his promise to Abraham (Acts 7:17), {zhal
bzhes brnyed pa'i phyir/} so that [you] will receive what he has
promised (Heb. 10:36).
     ^Bst. to promise: {sangs rgyas bcom ldan 'das kyis de ltar
zhal gyis bzhes so/} the Buddha promised to do so (SGN 22).

     Related Terms: 1) {mna' skyel/} p. {bskyal/} [hon. {bzhes/}] 
to take an oath: {mos ci zhu ba ster ba'i mna' bskyal to/} he
promised with an oath to give her whatever she asked (Mt. 14:7),
{zhal bzhes kyi brgyud 'dzin rnams/} the heirs of what was promised
(Heb. 6:17); 2) {dam bca'/} oath, promise: {dam bca' dang ldan pa'i
bka' rgya dang po yin/} the first commandment with a promise (Eph.
6:2 SV), {khyed kyis nga la ngo mtshar che ba'i dam bca' zhig gnang
yod/} you have promised wonderful things to me (2 Sam. 7:28 NTV).% 

!PROPHECY@

     1) #{lung bstan/}$  ^Bib: 1) prophecy: {gsang ba 'am/,,shes
rab bam/,,lung bstan nam/} revelation or knowledge or prophecy (1
Cor. 14:6), {lung bstan gang yang mi'i bsam pa las ma byung bar/}
no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own
interpretation (2 Pet. 1:20,21); 2) prophetic writings of the OT:
{bka' khrims dang lung bstan/} the Law and the Prophets (Mt. 7:12),
{bka' khrims dang /,,lung bstan dang /,,gsung mgur rnams/} the Law,
the Prophets, and the Psalms (Lk. 24:44), {lung bstan gyi mdo/} the
book of the prophets (Acts 7:42).
     ^Bst. {lung bstan/} implies mere foreknowledge of events,
without revelation or proclamation as in the Biblical model.  See
PROPHESY.

     2) #{chos 'chad/}$  p. {bshad/}$ [lit. religion + explain]
^Bib: prophecy: {chos bshad ni mi dad med kyi phyir min par dad pa
can gyi phyir yin no/} prophecy, however, is for believers, not for
unbelievers (1 Cor. 14:22).
     ^Bst. to spread or explain religion (AMD).

     3) #{mngon shes/}$ [lit. manifest knowledge] ^Bib: the gift of
foreknowledge: {kho la mngon shes dang ldan pa'i bu mo na chung
ma/} unmarried daughters who had the gift of foreknowledge (Acts
21:9).
     ^Bst. {mngon shes/} is a type of supernatural perception or
clairvoyant knowledge.  It is divided into six types: seeing the
sufferings of all beings; understanding all languages; knowledge of
another's thoughts; knowledge of past and future rebirths;
remembering past lives; and knowledge of how to become enlightened
(CNG 81).

!PROPHESY@  see also REVELATION

     1) #{lung ston/}$ p.,f. {bstan/} imp. {ston/} [lit. precept +
show] ^Bib: to prophesy: {khyed kyi mtshan gyi ngang nas lung ma
bstan tam/} did we not prophesy in your name (Mt. 7:22), {khyed kyi
bu dang bu mos lung bstan 'gyur/} your sons and daughters will
prophesy (Acts 2:17), {skad so so smra zhing lung bstan to/} they
spoke in tongues and prophesied (Acts 19:6). 
     ^Bst. {lung ston/} implies simple foreknowledge of future
events: {rje btsun sgrol mas khyed rang bod du phyin na dge bsnyon
zhig la brten nas bstan pa la phan thogs rgya chen po yong ba 'dug
ces lung bstan byung /} the Lady Dolma prophesied: "if you go to
Tibet, after meeting with an upasaka, wide benefit will come to the
teaching" (TRC 154), {rab tu byung na sangs rgyas su 'gyur zhes
lung bstan/} it was prophesied that if he entered the priesthood,
he would become a Buddha (SGN 2).

     Cognates: {lung bstan brgyab/} to prophesy: {bla ma des dmag
yong gi red zer lung bstan brgyab pa red/} the lama prophesied a
war (GTE).%

     2) #{chos 'chad pa/}$  p. {bshad/}  ^Bib: to prophesy: {khyed
thams cad kyis re re bzhin chos 'chad par rigs so/} you can all
prophesy in turn (1 Cor. 14:31), {chos 'chad pa la brtson zhig} be
eager to prophesy (1 Cor. 14:39).

!PROPHET@  see also CHURCH

     1) #{lung ston pa/}$  [lit. precept + show + person] ^Bib: 
1) a prophet; one who receives revelations from God: {lung ston pa
ye sha ya/} the prophet Isaiah (Mt. 3:3), {de rnams mo she dang
lung ston pa la mi nyan na/} if they don't listen to Moses and the
Prophets (Lk. 16:31), {lung ston pa rdzus ma/} false prophets (Mt.
7:15); 2) prophetic writings of the OT [see also {lung bstan/}]:
{bka' khrims dang lung ston pa rnams/} the Law and the Prophets
(Mt. 5:17).
     Individual prophets include: {lung ston pa ye rem ya/} the
prophet Jeremiah (Mt. 2:17), {lung ston pa yo na/} the prophet
Jonah (Mt. 12:39), {na tsa red pa lung ston pa ye shu/} Jesus, the
prophet from Nazareth (Mt. 21:11), {lung ston pa da ni el/} the
prophet Daniel (Mt. 24:15), {lung ston pa e li sha/} Elisha the
prophet (Lk. 4:27), {lung ston pa a ga bu bya ba zhig} a prophet
named Agabus (Acts 21:10), {yu da dang si la ni chos 'chad mkhan/}
the prophets Judas and Silas (Acts 15:32).

     2) #{chos 'chad pa/}$ [lit. religion + explain + person] ^Bib:
a prophet: {chos 'chad pa des mi'i rgyud la yar skyed dang skul ma
dang sems gso'i gtam byed do/} everyone who prophesies speaks to
men for their strengthening, encouragement and comfort (1 Cor.
14:3), {chos 'chad pa des chos tshogs la yar skyed byed do/} he who
prophesies edifies the church (1 Cor. 14:4), {chos 'chad pa gnyis
sam gsum gyis shod cig} two or three prophets should speak (1 Cor.
14:29). 

     3) #{chos ston pa/}$ [lit. religion + show + person] ^Bib: a
prophet: {sku tshab dam pa dang chos ston pa rnams/} holy apostles
and prophets (Eph. 3:5), {chos ston pa des dad pa'i tshad bzhin
bka' ston pa/} If a man's gift is prophesying, let him use it in
proportion to his faith (Rom. 12:6). 

!PROPHETESS@

     #{lung ston ma/}$ ^Bib: a female prophet: {an na bya ba'i lung
ston ma zhig} a prophetess called Anna (Lk. 2:36), {lung ston mo
yin zer ba'i bud med ye zi bel/} that woman Jezebel, who calls
herself a prophetess (Rev. 2:20).

!RABBI@

     1) #{ston pa/}$  [lit. teacher] ^Bib: Rabbi: {mi rnams kyis
ston pa zer ba la de tsho dga'o/} love to have men call them
"Rabbi" (Mt. 23:7), {khos ye shu mjal ma thag tu/,,ston pa/,,phyag
'tshal/,,zhus nas 'o phul to/} going at once to Jesus, Judas said,
"Greetings, Rabbi" and kissed him (Mt. 26:49).

     2) #{rab bi/}$  ^Bib: Rabbi: {de dag gis/,,rab bi/,,bod skad
du ston pa/} they said, "Rabbi" (which means Teacher in Tibetan)
(Jn. 1:38).

!RANSOM@  see also SALVATION

     1) #{blu ba/}$ p. {blus/}  ^Bib: to ransom or redeem; usually
as {rin gyis blu ba/} to redeem with a price: {khyed rnams mi rtag
pa'i gser ram dngul gyi rin gyis blus pa ma yin/} it was not with
perishable things such as silver or gold that you were redeemed (1
Pet. 1:18), {bka' khrims kyi dmod pa las nga tsho rin gyis blus pa
yin no/} [Christ] redeemed us from the curse of the law (Gal.
3:13).  Mt. makes the idea of redemption explicit: {mang po'i srog
tshab la rang srog gtong ba/} gave his life for [in place of] the
lives of many (Mt. 20:28).
     ^Bst. {blu ba/} in a religious sense is to ransom a living
thing that is about to be killed (TDC 1916) in order to gain merit:
{ngas gser lus po'i tshad tsam zhig btsal zin nas khyed rang blu
bar phyin pa yin/} I have already found almost your body's weight
in gold and went to ransom you (TRC 153).

     2) #{blu rin/}$ [lit. ransom + price] ^Bib: a ransom; the
price paid to redeem something: {khyed blu rin gyis nyos pas/} you
were bought at a price (1 Cor. 6:20), {de ni thams cad kyi don du
rang nyid blu rin du stsal ba'i skyes bu ma shi ka ye shu yin/} the
man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all men (1 Tim.
2:5,6).
     ^Bst. {blu rin/} is the price paid for {blu ba/} above.

     Cognates: 1) {srog blu/} to ransom the life of an animal in
order to gain merit; 2) {blu nyo/} to take goods in exchange for
money; to pawn (TDC 1916).%

     Related Terms: 1) {glud/} an effigy (TDC 426); a clay or dough
model of a person used as a scapegoat to appease evil spirits (TRI
41); the model is called a {glud gtor/} (TRI 426); 2) {glud tshab/}
a ransom offered to an evil spirit; 3) {thar ba/} redemption: {ye
ru sha lem gyi thar pa/} the redemption of Jerusalem (Lk. 2:38),
{gtan gyi thar pa/} eternal redemption (Heb. 9:12); 4) {sgrol ba/}
salvation, redemption: {nga tsho'i lus 'di sgrol ba/} the
redemption of our bodies (Rom. 8:23), {sgrol ba'i nyin mo/} the day
of redemption (Eph. 4:30); 5) {chang rin/} [lit. beer + price] a
bribe (TQP 90).%

!RECONCILE@  see also PEACE

     1) #{sdum pa/}$  p. {bsdums/} f. {bsdum/} imp. {sdums/} ^Bib: 
to reconcile, make agree, make peace: 1) between God and man: {de
dag spangs pa 'jig rten sdum pa'i rgyur gyur na/} if their
rejection is the reconciliation of the world (Rom. 11:15), {ma shi
ka rgyud nas khong gis nga tsho khong rang dang bsdums/} reconciled
us to himself through Christ (2 Cor. 5:18), {'jig rten pa rang nyid
dang bsdums/} reconciling the world to himself (2 Cor. 5:19); 2)
between people: {khyo dang sdum/} reconciled to [her] husband (1
Cor. 7:11).  The distinction between active reconciliation and the
state of being reconciled is not always strictly observed, e.g.:
{dkon mchog dang bsdums pa yin/} we were reconciled to God (Rom.
5:10), {dkon mchog dang sdums shig} be reconciled to God (2 Cor.
5:20).
     ^Bst. {rtsod gzhi bsdums nas sngar bzhin 'cham por gyur/}
reconciling the cause of disagreement, and becoming compatible as
before (KTM).

     2) #{'dum byed pa/}$  ^Bib: to reconcile: {'dum byed mkhan
rnams bde'o/} blessed are the peacemakers (Mt. 5:9), {'dum byed
mkhan rnams kyis drang ba nyid kyi 'bras bu'i sa bon 'dum pa'i sgo
nas 'debs so/} peacemakers who sow in peace raise a harvest of
righteousness (Jas. 3:18).

     Related Terms: 1) {mthun/} to agree {sngon du rang gi spun
dang mthun zhig} first be reconciled to your brother (Mt. 5:24); 2)
{sgrig} make agree, reconcile: {sgrig byed par 'dod/} he wanted to
reconcile them (Acts 7:26); 3) {'dum pa/} p. {'dums pa/} to be
reconciled: {rtsod gzhi legs par 'dums song /} the cause of the
disagreement was well resolved (KTM).%

!REJOICE@  see also JOY

     1) #{dga'/}$  ^Bib: be glad, rejoice: {nyin mo de la dga'/}
rejoice in that day (Lk. 6:23), {'jig rten dga' bar 'gyur/} the
world will rejoice (Jn. 16:20), {dga' mkhan mnyam du dga' zhig}
rejoice with those who rejoice (Rom. 12:15).
     ^Bst. see JOY.

     2) #{dga' mgu rang ba/}$ [lit. rejoice (intensive form in
classical texts)] ^Bib: rejoice: {khyed tsho'i don du sdug bsngal
myong ba la nga dga' mgu rang ngo /} I rejoice in what was suffered
for you (Col. 1:24), {de la dga' mgu rang /} in this you greatly
rejoice (1 Pet. 1:6).

     3) #{yi rang /}$ ^Bib: rejoice: {dga' zhing yi rang bar gyur
cig} rejoice and be glad (Mt. 5:12), {nga'i lug stor ba de thob
pas/,,nga mnyam du yi rangs shig zer ro/} rejoice with me, I have
found my lost sheep (Lk. 10:20).

     4) #{skyid/}$ [lit. happy] ^Bib: rejoice: {sdug bsngal bar
rtsi yang rtag tu skyid/} sorrowful, yet always rejoicing (2 Cor.
6:10).

!RELIGION@

     1) #{chos/}$  ^Bib: religion: {chos kyi rtsod/} religious
disputes (Acts 25:19), {nga tsho'i chos lugs kun nas khrims dam
po/}  according to the strictest sect of our religion (Acts 26:5),
{chos bzhin spyod pa/} to behave according to religion, put
religion into practice (1 Tim. 5:4), {'dre'i chos/} the teaching of
demons (1 Tim. 4:1-2).
     Bst. {chos/} [Skt. dharma] 1) doctrines or teachings of the
Buddha: {nang pa'i chos/} Buddhism, Bst. doctrine, {yang dag pa'i
chos/} correct doctrine (KTM), {rgyud pa'i chos lugs/} tantra (TRC
48); {bon gyi chos lugs/} Bon (TRC 114); {nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i
theg pa chen pa'i chos/} Mahayana Buddhism; 2) phenomenon [a Bst.
technical term]: {chos kyi bdag med/} the selflessness of
phenomena, a key Bst. doctrine (TRI 80); 3) one of the three
jewels: {chos dkon mchog} the dharma jewel (see entry for GOD).

     Cognates: 1) {chos lugs/} school, doctrine, sect, religion:
{'dzam gling chos lugs/} world religions (DLP 3); {ye shu chos
lugs/} or {ye shu'i chos/} Christianity (DLP 18); {khung tsi chos
lugs/} Confucianism (DLP 18); {hin du chos lugs/} Hinduism (DLP
18); {kha che chos lugs/} or {dbyi si lam/} Islam (DLP 18); {gcer
bu ba'i chos lugs/} Jainism (DLP 18); {ya hu da pa'i chos lugs/}
Judaism (DLP 18); {sig gi chos lugs/} Sikhism (DLP 18); {ta'o/}
Taoism (DLP 18); {dzo ra si'i chos lugs/} Zoroastrianism (DLP 18);
2) {chos sems can/} [lit. religion + mind + have] religious,
devout: {mi zhig gis rang chos sems can zhig yin sems/} if anyone
thinks himself religious (Jas. 1:26); 3) {nang pa'i chos la khas
len pa/} to practice the Bst. religion (KTM); 4) {chos kyi 'khor lo
bskor ba/} [lit. turning the wheel of doctrine] to teach Bst.
doctrine (KTM), 5) {chos 'chad pa/} to preach or teach religion
(KTM); 6) {chos mngon pa/} [Skt. abhidharma] see SCRIPTURE - Bst.
scriptures on the theory of knowledge and cosmology (TRI 81); 7)
{chos lugs 'du tshogs/} religious affiliation (RRT 282  n. 23); 8)
{chos srid gnyis ldan/} spiritual and temporal (TRQ 95).%

!RELY@  see also BELIEVE, TRUST

     1) #{rten pa/}$ [lit. {rten/} = the object on which something
relies]  ^Bib: keep, hold, adhere to; used figuratively to mean
rely on: {bka' khrims la brten te/} relying on the law (Rom. 2:17).

     2) #{blo gtod/}$  p. {blo btad/} [var. {blo gtad/}] [lit. mind
+ entrust] ^Bib: rely on: {rang la blo mi gtod par/} not relying on
ourselves (2 Cor. 1:9).
     ^Sec. 1) complete trust: {grogs po de la blo gtad par 'os/} it
is suitable to trust a friend (KTM); 2) to be completely given over
to something {rang gi las 'gan la blo gtad pa/} to be given over
completely to one's responsibilities (KTM).

!REPENT@ (REPENTANCE) see also CONFESS

     1) #{'gyod tshangs byed/}$  p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}
[lit. regret + pure] ^Bib: to acknowledge wrongdoing and turn from
it; to confess and repent: {'gyod tshangs byas nas thog mar gang
byas pa ltar byos shig} repent and do the things you did at first
(Rev. 2:5), {rku ba las kyang 'gyod tshangs ma byas so/} [they] did
not repent of their thefts (Rev. 9:21), {khyod cag 'gyod tshangs
byed phyir ngas chu'i khrus gtong gis/} I baptize you with water
for repentance (Mt. 3:11).
     ^Bst. see {'gyod tshangs/} below.

     2) #{'gyod tshangs/}$ [lit. regret + pure] ^Bib: repentance:
{'gyod tshangs dang mtshungs pa'i 'bras bu skyed cig} produce fruit
in keeping with repentance (Mt. 3:8), {'gyod tshangs kyi khrus/} a
baptism of repentance (Mk. 1:4), {sdig can rnams 'gyod tshangs
phyir 'bod du 'ongs pa yin/} I came to call sinners to repentance
(Lk. 5:32).
     ^Bst. {'gyod tshangs/} is: {sngar byas kyi nyes par gnong
zhing /,,bshags pas sems rgyud dag gtsang du gyur ba/} to have a
clean heart through remorse for and confession of past evil actions
(TDC 509).  In this sense it comes close to the Biblical ideal of
repentance.

     3) #{'gyod pa byed pa/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
^Bib: to regret or be sorry for an action: {khos 'gyod na bshags pa
blong /} if he repents, forgive him (Lk. 17:3), {nga 'gyod do/} I
repent (Lk. 17:4). 
     ^Bst. see {'gyod pa/} below.

     4) #{'gyod pa/}$ ^Bib: regret, contrition, or repentance:
{'gyod pas phyis mi 'tshar ba'i thar lam la bkod/} brings
repentance that leads to salvation and leaves no regret (2 Cor.
7:10).
     ^Bst. {'gyod pa/} is one of the four so-called changeable
factors {gzhan 'gyur bzhi/} which may be either positive or
negative; e.g. one may regret ({'gyod pa/}) a virtuous action if it
does not turn out well, and decide to do evil in the future (KBT
26).  1) {'gyod pa/} is simple regret, without any moral component:
{de ring shi yang mi 'gyod/} even if you die today, don't be sorry
(HTE 180), {shi yang mi 'gyod do/} if I die, I have no regrets (UCO
151); 2) {'gyod pa/} may also express sorrow for sin: {sems la
'gyod pa chen po skyed do/} I felt very sorry [for my sin] (DPD),
{so ma pu ri'i mi kun 'gyod pa skyed nas/} all who were in Somapuri
deeply repented (BLI 314).

     Proverbs: 1) {rang nor rang la bdag dus bsam blo thongs/,,lde
mig mi la shor dus 'gyod pa'i rgyu/} think while the matter is in
your hands; when you have lost the key, it is a matter of regret
(KPU 7); 2) {pha ma yod dus bka' drin ma bsams par/,,med dus 'gyod
pa skyes pa tha ma'i tha/} be grateful while your parents are
alive; regrets after their passing are worthless (KPU 32).

     5) #{sems sgyur ba/}$ [lit. mind + change, transform] p.
{bsgyur/} imp. {sgyur/}  ^Bib: 1) to repent: {sems ma bsgyur pa'i
grong khyer dag} cities that did not repent (Mt. 11:20), {yo nas
chos bshad pa las sems bsgyur/} repented at the preaching of Jonah
(Mt. 12:41), {sems sgyur la phrin bzang la dad pa byos/} repent and
believe the good news (Mk. 1:15), {rang gi lag pa'i las las sems ma
bsgyur/} did not repent of the work of their hands (Rev. 9:20); 2)
repentance: {tshe mtha' med pa thob pa'i phyir sems 'gyur ba/}
repentance unto life (Acts 11:18), {snying po med pa'i bya ba las
sems sgyur ba/} repentance from acts that lead to death (Heb.
6:1,2); 3) change of mind: {sems sgyur ma btub/} he could bring
about no change of mind (Heb. 12:17).
     ^Bst. {sems sgyur ba/} to change one's heart, as in believing
in a new religion (AMD).

     Related Terms: {sems 'gyur ba/} p. {bsgyur} to become
repentant: {sems 'gyur ba'i phyogs su blo bde bar gyur bas dga'o/}
I am happy because your sorrow led you to repentance (2 Cor. 7:9
SV).%

!RESURRECTION@

     1) #{lang ba/}$ p. {langs/} f. {lang /} imp. {longs/} [hon.
{bzhengs/}] ^Bib: 1) to rise, be raised; in a Biblical context, to
be raised to life from among the dead: {dam pa grongs pa mang po
langs nas/} the bodies of many holy people who had died were raised
to life (Mt. 27:52), {zhag gsum pa la gson por lang dgos/} must be
raised to life on the third day (Mt. 16:21), {yo ha nan gshin po'i
khrod nas langs/} John had been raised from the dead (Lk. 9:7); 2)
resurrection: {gshin po mi lang na/,,ma shi ka'ang ma bzhengs/} if
there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been
raised (1 Cor. 15:13), {lang ba dang gson pa nyid ni nga yin/} I am
the resurrection and the life (Jn. 11:25), {gshin po rnams lang
ba'i re ba/} hope in the resurrection of the dead (Acts 23:6),
{mi'i bu gshin po'i khrod las ma bzheng ba'i bar du/} until the Son
of Man has been raised from the dead (Mt. 17:9).
     ^Sec. 1) to arise: {lha ma yin sogs thams cad rang gi dgrar
langs kyang /} though supernatural creatures arise as one's enemy
(TRC 286), {mi 'ga' zhig gis sangs rgyas la phrag dog langs/} some
men arose who were jealous of the Buddha (SGN 16); 2) to get up:
{nga tshos zhogs pa langs nas/} when we get up in the morning (DLP
1); 3) to return to life after being dead; a phenomenon recorded in
Tibetan folklore (EBN).

     Cognates: 1) {gson por bzhengs pa/} [lit. alive + raise]
resurrection: {gshin po rnams las gson por bzhengs ba/} the
resurrection from the dead (Acts 4:2); 2) {ro lang /} [var. {ro
langs/}] the spirit of a dead person returned to earth, a ghost;
also a spirit which occupies a dead body (TRI 263); {ro langs rgyag
pa/} to restore {ro langs rgyag pa'i rgyal rabs/} the restored
monarchy (SBC-1, 61).%

     2) #{slong /}$ p. {bslangs/} f. {bslang /} imp. {slongs/} 
^Bib: to raise, cause to rise: {nad pa gsos/,,gshin po slong /}
heal the sick, raise the dead (Mt. 10:8), {ngas de mtha' ma'i nyin
mor gson por slong ba/} I will raise him up at the last day (Jn.
6:40), {ye shu gshin po'i dkyil nas sku gson por bslangs pa khong
gis nga tsho'ang ye shu dang mnyam du bslangs/} the one who raised
Jesus from the dead will also raise us with Jesus (2 Cor. 4:14).
     Sec. 1) to arouse: {sangs rgyas kyis mnyam gzhag de las yar
bslangs/} the Buddha arouses them from their absorption in
meditation (TRC 166); 2) {kun nas bslangs pa'i sdig spyod/}
thoroughly evil practices (DLP 18), {kun nas bslangs pa'i sbyin
pa/} charity (TRC 344).

     Related Terms: 1) {'das log} a ghost or apparition; one who
has returned from the dead (TDC): {bud med rnams la rang gi gshin
po 'das log tu thob/} women received back their dead, raised to
life again (Heb. 11:35); 2) {sri/} see EVIL SPIRIT; 3) {gso bar
mdzad/} to make well, to raise up from sickness: {gtso bos de gso
bar mdzad/} the Lord will raise [the sick person] up (Jas. 5:15
SV); 4) {gson por mdzad pa/} to make alive: {gshin po rnams gson
por mdzad pa'i dkon mchog} God, who raises the dead (2 Cor. 1:9
SV).%

!REVELATION@  see also APPEAR, PROPHECY, PROPHESY, SCRIPTURE

     #{mngon pa/}$ [lit. manifestation, appearance] ^Bib: 1) the
process by which God makes His truth known to men; revelation: {ye
shu ma shi kas mngon par zhal gzigs pa'i sgo nas thob bo/} I
received it by revelation from Jesus Christ (Gal. 1:12), {gtso bo'i
zhal gzigs dang mngon du byung ba rnams/} visions and revelations
from the Lord (2 Cor. 12:1), {mngon pa'i 'od/} a light for
revelation (Lk. 2:32); 2) abbreviation for the Book of Revelation
in the Revised NT.
     ^Bst. The Buddha is thought to have discovered the basic
principles of Bsm. by his own effort; not by revelation from any
higher power; i.e. the Buddha was not a prophet.  Some Bst. texts
are believed to have been revealed by supernatural powers, but this
does not give them an authority superior to those texts considered
to be of purely human authorship (BAL 92).  1) {mngon pa'i dpe
cha/} texts of the Abhidharma (Bst. works on philosophy and
psychology compiled ca. 400 AD; comprising {mngon pa kun btus/}
Compendium of Knowledge, and {mngon pa mdzod/} Treasury of
Knowledge (TRI 70); 2) open, complete, total: {mngon par rdzogs par
sangs rgyas/} complete, perfect buddhahood (SGN 12); 3) {mngon pa/}
to reveal or disclose: {slob mas rang gi slob sbyong gi gnas tshul
mngon pa'i thabs lam zhig} a way that students can reveal the level
of their own study (TCR 1). See also PROPHESY.

     Cognates: 1) {mngon par 'gyur ba/} to appear; to be revealed:
{lung ston pa rnams kyi mdo rnams kyis kyang da lta mngon par gyur
pa/} now revealed and made known through the prophetic writings
(Rom. 16:26 SV); 2) {mngon du 'byin pa/} to reveal, disclose: {rang
gi sras nga'i nang na mngon du 'byin pa/} to reveal his Son in me
(Gal. 1:16 SV); 3) {gsal por mngon/} clear, obvious: {rang gi rtsa
che'i srog la'ang srung skyob med pa gsal por mngon/} it is clear
that our our precious life is not safe (DLP 1); 4) {mngon par
'byon/} advent, arrival {dus kyi tha ma la khyed rnams kyi don du
mngon par byon no/} in these last times, he came for your sake (1
Pet. 1:20 SV); 5) {mngon par mdzad/} to reveal: {khyed kyis de tsho
tshang ma nga la mngon par mdzad gnang /} you have revealed these
things to me (2 Sam. 7:27 NTV).%

!RIGHTEOUS@ (RIGHTEOUSNESS)

     1) #{drang ba/}$  ^Bib: righteousness is conformity to the law
of God: 1) as a human characteristic, justice and fairness in
dealing with men: {kho drang po dang nongs med pa zhig yod pa yin/}
[Noah] was a righteous and blameless man (Gen. 6:9), {skyes bu
drang po dang dam pa/} a righteous and holy man (Mk. 6:20);  2) as
a divine attribute, God's perfect righteousness and moral
faultlessness, of which man falls short: {drang po gcig kyang yod
ma yin/} there is no one righteous, not even one (Rom. 3:10), {kye
yis ra el gyi dkon mchog ya ho wa/,,khyed thugs gzhi drang po
lags/} O Lord, God of Israel, you are righteous (Ezra 9:15), {skyes
bu dam pa drang po la brgyab log byas/} disowned the Holy and
Righteous One (Acts 3:14), {ye shu ma shi ka thugs drang po lags
pa/} Jesus Christ, the Righteous One (1 Jn. 2:1); 3) Christ's
righteousness, imputed to men: {drang po rnams gson por lang /} the
resurrection of the righteous (Lk. 14:14), {drang po dad pas 'tsho
bar 'gyur/} the just (or righteous) will live by faith (Gal. 3:11),
{ma shi ka drang po des sdig can log pa rnams kyi don du/} the
righteous for the unrighteous (1 Pet. 3:18); 4) righteousness as an
abstraction: {drang ba dang /,,chos sems dang /,,dad sems dang
/,,byams sems dang /,,yid brtan dang /,,dul ba/} righteousness,
godliness, faith, love, endurance and gentleness (1 Tim. 6:11),
{drang por byams kyang ngan par sdang /} loved righteousness and
hated wickedness (Heb. 1:9).
     ^Bst. see JUSTICE.

     Cognates: 1) {drang ba nyid/} righteousness; especially as an
abstract characteristic: {drang ba nyid tshang ma sgrub pa/} to
fulfill all righteousness (Mt. 3:15), {drang ba nyid kyi phyir
ltogs pa dang skom pa/} to hunger and thirst for righteousness (Mt.
5:6), {drang po'i go khrab/} the breastplate of righteousness (Eph.
6:14); 2) {zhal che drang po/} just or fair judgement: {zhal che
drang por gcod par/} judges justly (Acts 17:31).%

     2) #{rnam par dag pa/}$ or {rnam dag}  ^Bib: very clean,
thoroughly pure; righteous: {rnam par dag pa'i g.yog por gyur/}
become slaves of righteousness (Rom. 6:18), {bka' khrims nas byung
ba'i rnam dag} righteousness that is by the law (Rom. 10:5), {bka'
khrims kyi rnam par dag pa/} legalistic righteousness (Phil. 3:6),
{nga tsho'i rnam par dag pa'i las la rag ma lus par/} not depending
on righteous things we had done (Tit. 3:5). 
     ^Bst. {rnam dag} [lit. very pure, thoroughly cleansed] implies
purity to the point of perfection. Applied to enlightened beings,
it implies complete truth, altruism, and purity (KTM).  Otherwise
implies a lack of faults: {bstan bcos rnam dag gsum/} the three
types of perfect commentary  (CNG 20), {skyabs 'gro rnam dag cig}
a pure taking of refuge (TRC 74), {chos rnam dag byed pa/} pure
religious practice (TRC 227).

     Cognates:  {yang dag pa/} [lit: completely pure] see PERFECT.%

     Related Terms: 1) {bzang po/}  righteous, good: {yo seb bzang
po yin pas/} because Joseph was a righteous man (Mt. 1:19), {nga ni
bzang po rnams 'bod du ma 'ongs/} I have not come to call the
righteous (Lk. 5:32); 2) {dge ba/} virtuous, righteous: {dam pa
rnams kyi dge ba'i mdzad pa/} righteous acts of the saints (Rev.
19:8), {dge ba mi la ngom pa/} not to show off one's acts of
righteousness (Mt. 6:1), {bka' khrims la rag las pa'i dge rtsa nga
la med/} not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the
law (Phil. 3:9); 3) {thar pa/} salvation, liberation: {de ni kho'i
phyir thar ba'i rgyur brtsis so/} it was credited to him as
righteousness (Rom. 4:3); 4) {thugs rje'i zhal che/}  [lit.
merciful judgement] {dkon mchog gi thugs rje'i zhal che/} a
righteousness from God (Rom. 3:21), {dad pa byed pa la thugs rje'i
zhal che/} the righteousness that is by faith (Rom. 10:6), {ma shi
ka'i thugs rje'i zhal che/} Christ's righteousness (2 Pet. 1:1); 5)
{chos la dga' ba/} [lit. religion + like]: {chos la dga' ba'i lod/}
Lot, a righteous man (2 Pet. 2:7 SV); 6) {khrims med pa/} lawless,
unrighteous: {ma shi ka yang sdig med lags te khrims med pa'i mi'i
tshab tu lan gcig sdig pa'i phyir sdug bsngal myangs/} Christ died
for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous (1 Pet.
3:18 SV); 7) {khrims dang sbyar ba'i spyod lam/} lawful behavior:
{nged kyis khrims dang sbyar ba'i spyod lam byas pa'i phyir ma
mdzad/} not because of righteous things we had done (Tit. 3:5 SV).%

!ROOT@

     #{rtsa ba/}$  [var. {rtsad/}] ^Bib: root: 1) literal sense:
{da shing sdod rnams kyi rtsa ba/} the root of the trees (Mt.
3:10), {rtsa ba nas dgog pa/} pulled up by the roots (Mt. 15:13),
{rtsa ba nas bskams pa/} withered from the roots (Mk. 11:20), 2)
origin or source: {dngul la chags pa ngan pa kun gyi rtsa ba yin/}
the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil (1 Tim. 6:10), {da
bid kyi rtsa ba dang gdung brgyud/} the Root and the Offspring of
David (Rev. 22:16).
     ^Bst.  1) cause, origin or source: {nyon mongs pa de tsho
thams cad kyi rtsa ba dang gtso bo lta bu bdag 'dzin ma rig pa de
red/} the ignorance which apprehends a self is the chief and root
of all the passions (TRC 285), {'khor ba'i rtsa ba bdag 'dzin/}
self-grasping, the root of rebirth (TRC 96), {chang de nyes pa kun
kyi rtsa ba yin/} [drinking] chang is the cause of all kinds of sin
(DPD); 2) foundation or basis: {yon tan kun gyi rtsa ba yi ge/} the
basis of all accomplishment is [reading and writing] (KPU 27),
{theg chen lam gyi rtsa ba byang chub sems} the basis of the
Mahayana path is the thought of enlightenment (HTE 182); 3) origin
or source of a lineage: {rtsa ba'i gzhung /} root text, a
scriptural portion on which commentaries {'grel pa/} and
subcommentaries {'grel bshad/} are written (TRC 24), {rtsa ba'i bla
ma/} root lama (HTE 180); 4) "from the root" as a metaphor for
wholly or completely: {rtsa ba nas 'joms pa/} to destroy from the
root (TRC 76), {rang nyid sgrib gnyis la sogs pa'i skyon mtha' dag
rtsa ba nas spangs/} has abandoned the two obscurations from the
root, i.e. extirpated them (TRC 73), {bdag 'dzin rtsa ba nas gcod
byed/} to cut off self-grasping at the root (TRC 256), {rtsad nas
bcad/} uprooted (Jude 12).

!SABBATH@

     #{shab bad/}$  [Heb. shabbat] ^Bib: 1) a day of rest, the
Sabbath: {shab bad kyi zhag bka' khrims bzhin dal bar bsdad do/}
they rested on the Sabbath in obedience to the commandment (Lk.
23:56), {shab bad kyi zhag la/} on the Sabbath day (Lk. 4:16), {mi
'dis shab bad mi srung bas/} since this man does not keep the
Sabbath (Jn. 9:16), {shab bad spangs pa/} breaking the Sabbath (Jn.
5:18), {shab bad kyi nyin lam/} a Sabbath day's journey (Acts
1:12); 2) sabbath year, a time when the land was not to be
cultivated: {yul gyi sa ya ho wa'i phyir shab bad srung bar dgos/}
the land itself must observe a sabbath to the Lord (Lev. 25:2).

     Related Terms: {ngal gso ba'i nyin mo/} day of rest (Col. 2:16
SV).%

!SACRIFICE@  see also ATONEMENT, GIFT, OFFERING

     #{mchod pa/}$  ^Bib: an offering or sacrifice: {nga ni mchod
par mi dga' snying rjer dga'/} I desire mercy, not sacrifice (Mt.
9:13), {khyed kyi lus ni gson po dang /,,dam pa dang /,,dkon mchog
thugs mnyes pa'i mchod par phul zhig} offer your bodies as living
sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God (Rom. 12:1), {ma shi ka'ang
mang po'i sdig pa bzhes pa'i phyir lan gcig mchod par gyur te/}
Christ was sacrificed once to take away the sins of many people
(Heb. 9:28).
     ^Bst.  1) sacrifice of oneself.  Tales of the sacrifice of
various body parts are common in the Bst. scriptures; those making
such sacrifices are thought to have great merit (thus the rationale
for "sky burial"). The story of Aryadeva is typical: {khyed kyi
spyan la chags nas 'brengs pa yin pas spyan dgos zer ba la/,,slob
dpon gyis rang gi spyan g.yas pa bton nas de la byin pas/} "I am
bound by attachment to your eye, give it to me" the [woman] said,
and the master took out his right eye and gave it to her (BLI 337);
the Buddha is also depicted as a king who sacrificed his life for
his people in a previous rebirth (JPG 436); 2) animal sacrifice,
which is condemned in Bsm: {gti mug gis gsod pa ni/,,sems can bsad
nas mchod sbyin byas na dge ba yin par bsams nas gsod pa lta bu
red/} to kill on account of ignorance is, say, to kill with the
thought that it is a virtue if, having killed a living creature,
one makes of it a religious offering (TRC 243).  See OFFERING.

     Cognates: 1) {mchod par phul/}  [lit. to give as an offering] 
to sacrifice, to make an offering of human or animal life: {i sag
mchod par 'bul/} offered Isaac as a sacrifice (Heb. 11:17), {de la
mchod pa phul/} they sacrificed to [the golden calf] (Acts 7:41);
2) {dmar mchod/} [lit. red + offering] blood sacrifice, sacrifice
which takes the life of that which is offered: {spyin sreg dang
/,,dmar mchod/} burnt offerings and sacrifices (Mk. 12:33), {lu gu
dmar mchod du phul ba'i pe sag gi nyin mo/} the day on which the
Passover lamb had to be sacrificed (Lk. 22:7), {rang gi sdig pa'i
ched du'ang dmar mchod 'bul/} to offer sacrifices for his own sins
(Heb. 5:3).%

!SADUCEE@ see also PHARISEE

     #{sad du ki pa/}$  ^Bib: Saducees, religious party of ancient
Israel: {pha ru shi pa dang sad du ki pa/} Pharisees and Sadducees
(Mt. 3:7), {sad du ki pas gshin po lang ba dang /,,pho nya dang
/,,sems nyid med zer/} the Sadducees say that there is no
resurrection, and that there are neither angels nor spirits (Acts
23:8).

!SALVATION@ (SAVE) see also FREEDOM, JUSTIFICATION, SAVIOR

     1) #{thar pa/}$  ^Bib: freedom, liberty, salvation: {khyed kyi
thar pa nga yi mig gis mjal/} my eyes have seen your salvation (Lk.
2:30,31), {thar pa'i rmog} helmet of salvation (Eph. 6:17), {'jigs
shing 'dar zhing rang gi thar pa sgrubs shig} work out your
salvation with fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12), {sems kyi thar pa/}
the salvation of [your] souls (1 Pet. 1:9).
     ^Bst. 1) {thar pa/} is freedom or liberation from cyclic
rebirth; hence nirvana: {'khor ba mtha' dag las thar ba'i thar pa/}
the deliverance which frees from the entire round of existence (TRC
217), {ngan song las thar/} saving from the evil destinies (TRC
270), {sdug bsngal rgyu dang bcas pa las grol ba'i thar pa/} the
deliverance which frees from misery and its causes (TRC 301), {so
thar/} individual liberation (CNG 111); 2) freedom or deliverance
from unpleasant mental states: {'chi ba'i 'jigs pa las thar thabs
med pa/} no way to be delivered from the fear of death (SGN 20),
{sdug bsngal thams cad las thar/} saving from all suffering (TRC
164); 3) getting better from an illness: {nad 'di las thar mi thub
pa/} unable to get better from this disease (DPD), {de las thar
ba'i thabs sman bcos/} a treatment method which can save from
disease (TRC 76).

     Proverbs: {las bzang byas nas thar pa'i lam bu la/,,gtam bzang
khyer nas song zhig pha yi bu/} do good deeds and follow the path
of deliverance; go away with a good reputation, my son (KPU 21).


     Cognates: 1) {thar sa med pa/} no way of escape: {'chi bdag
gshin rje'i zhags pa'i 'ching ba las thar sa med pa'i gnas/} [we]
are bound up by the lord of death in the place of no escape (SGN
7); 2) {rnam thar/} a) emancipation, liberation (CNG 117), b)
biography: {sangs rgyas kyi rnam thar/} the biography of the Buddha
(SGN); 3) {tshe thar/} [lit. life + save] to save the life of an
animal about to be killed in order to gain merit: {mi rnams tshe
thar btang nas dgon pa'i nang gsos pa'i khyi/} dogs which have been
saved from death and restored to the monasteries (SLR 15); 4) {thar
gyi mdo/} the Pratimoksha sutra, which lists the rules that monks
must obey (TRC 51); 5) {srog thar ba/} to save life from physical
danger: {srog thar ba'i re ba/} hope of being saved [from
shipwreck] (Acts 27:20).%

     2) #{thar ba/}$  ^Bib: to save, deliver, set free: {khong gis
nyid kyi mi sde sdig pa las thar bar mdzad par 'gyur/} he will save
his people from their sins (Mt. 1:21), {khyod kyi dad pas khyod
thar bas/} your faith has saved you (Lk. 7:50), {thugs rje'i sgo
nas thar bar 'gyur ba/} saved through grace (Acts 15:11), {nga thar
ba'i phyir ci bya dgos/} what must I do to be saved (Acts 16:30),
{gtso bo'i mtshan brjod pa de thar bar 'gyur ro/} everyone who
calls on the name of the Lord will be saved (Rom. 10:13), {thugs
rje'i thabs kyis khyed tsho thar ro/} it is by grace you have been
saved (Eph. 2:5,6), {rang gi khyim tshang thar ba'i phyir gru
gzings shig bzos/} built an ark to save his family (Heb. 11:7).
     ^Bst. See {thar pa/}.

     3) #{skyob pa/}$ p. {bskyabs/} f. {bskyab/} imp. {skyobs/} 
^Bib: to help, save, or deliver: 1) from physical danger or life
circumstances: {gtso bo lags/,,nga skyobs shig} Lord, save me (Mt.
14:30), {rang skyob cig} [come down from the cross and] save
yourself (Mk. 15:30), {rang srog skyob mkhan/} the one who wants to
save his life (Mk. 8:35); 2) to save spiritually: {bstor ba 'tshol
ba dang skyob pa'i phyir/} to seek and to save what was lost (Lk.
19:10), {lugs gang rung gi mi 'ga' shas skyob pa/} by all means to
save some (1 Cor. 9:22), {ma shi ka ye shu ni sdig can rnams skyob
pa'i don du 'jig rten du byon/} Christ Jesus came into the world to
save sinners (1 Tim. 1:15).
     ^Bst. 1) to save in a spiritual sense: {'jig rten lha yis su
zhig bskyab par nus/} whom can the gods of this world save? (GSL
10); 2) to deliver from mental suffering: {'jigs pa las skyob pa'i
nus pa/} power to save from fear (TRC 73); 3) to save from physical
danger: {sems can mer bsregs pa dang /,,chur lhungs ba sogs las
skyob pa/} to save a living creature from fire or drowning (TRC
345).

     Cognates: {srung skyob/} refuge: {dkon mchog nga yi srung
skyob yin/} God is my refuge (2 Sam. 22:3 NTV).%

     4) #{sgrol ba/}$  ^Bib: to save, rescue, deliver: {tsi yon nas
sgrol mdzad 'thon par 'gyur/} the deliverer will come from Zion
(Rom. 11:26).
     ^Bst. {sgrol ba/} to save, liberate, set free: {dgra la sogs
pa'i sems can gsod pa la sgrol ba zer ba/} they called killing
their enemies "liberation" (TRC 152), {sdug bsngal las sgrol ba/}
deliverance from suffering (DLP 2), {'khor ba las grol ba'i 'bras
bu/} the result of deliverance from the round of existence (TRC
257), {srog gi 'jigs pa las sgrol bar byed/} to save from the fear
of losing one's life (KTM), {btson khang las sgrol ba/} to set free
from prison (KTM).

     Cognates: 1) {sgrol ma/} or {rje btsun sgrol ma/} the goddess
Dolma [Skt. Tara] believed to have 21 emanations of which the green
{sgrol ljang /} and white {sgrol dkar/} are most common; one of the
most popular godesses in Tibet (TRC 154); 2) {bar do thos sgrol/}
the Bardo Thodol rites for the dead (DPD).%

     5) #{gso ba/}$  [lit. restore, repair]  ^Bib: used in SV as
"save": {kho rang me las bros mkhan ltar gso bar 'gyur ro/} he
himself will be saved, but only as one escaping through the flames
(1 Cor. 3:15 SV); {de dag gso bar byed pa'i phyir/} so that they
may be saved (1 Cor. 10:33 SV).

     Related Terms: {skyabs/} protection, refuge: {skyabs gsum/}
the three refuges (TRI 16), {dkon mchog gsum la skyabs su 'gro ba/}
to go for refuge to the three jewels (TRC 73).%

!SAMUEL@

     #{sha mu el/}$  ^Bib: the prophet Samuel: {lung ston pa sha mu
el/} the prophet Samuel (Acts 13:20).

!SANCTIFY@  see also HOLY

     1) #{dam par 'gyur/}$ [lit. holy + become] ^Bib: sanctified,
holy: {ma shi ka ye shu'i nang du dag pa dang dam par 'gyur phyir
bos pa rnams/} those sanctified in Christ and called to become holy
(1 Cor. 1:2), {khyed tsho gtsang bar yang gyur/,,dam par yang
gyur/} you were washed, you were sanctified (1 Cor. 6:11), {khyo
phyi pa de chung ma'i rkyen gyis dam par 'gyur/} the unbelieving
husband has been sanctified through his wife (1 Cor. 7:14), {dam
par 'gyur ba dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs yin/} it is God's will that
you should be sanctified (1 Thes. 4:3).
     ^Bst. see HOLY.

     Cognates: 1) {dam par mdzad/} [lit. holy + make] to sanctify:
{dam pa'i thugs nyid kyis dam par mdzad/} sanctified by the Holy
Spirit (Rom. 15:15,16), {yongs su dam pa mdzad/} sanctified
thoroughly (1 Thes. 5:23); 2) {dam par 'dzin/} [lit. holy + hold]
to be sanctified: {rang dam par 'dzin pa'i zhal chad/} the covenant
that sanctified him (Heb. 10:29); 3) {dam par sngo /} p. {bsngos/}
[holy + dedicate] sanctify oneself: {de rnams bden pa'i sgo nas dam
par bsngo ba'i phyir/} that they may be truly sanctified (Jn.
17:19).%

     2) #{gtsang bar byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
[lit. make clean] ^Bib: sanctify: {lus gtsang bar byed phyir/} to
make the body [ceremonially] clean; sanctify outwardly (Heb. 9:13). 
     ^Bst. see CLEAN.

     Related Terms: 1) {dag po/} pure, clean: {khyed bkrus shing
dag ste drang po mdzad pa yin no/} you were washed, you were
sanctified, you were justified (1 Cor. 6:11 SV); 2) {byin rlabs
dang ldan pa/} [lit. with blessing] sanctified, blessed: {chung
ma'i ngang la byin rlabs dang ldan par gyur/} sanctified through
his wife (1 Cor. 7:14 SV); 3) {rnam par dag par 'gyur/} to become
pure or holy: {dkon mchog gi thugs la/,,khyed tsho rnam par dag par
'gyur dgos dgongs/} it is God's will that you should be sanctified
(1 Thes. 4:3 SV).%

!SATAN@  see also EVIL SPIRIT

     1) #{bdud/}$  [lit. chief devil] ^Bib: Satan: {bdud kyis bdud
skrod na/} if Satan drives out Satan (Mt. 12:26), {bdud kyis khong
gi thugs sad/} the devil tempted him [Jesus] (Mk. 1:13), {bdud kyi
dbang /} the power of Satan (Acts 26:18), {bdud kyi bang chen/} a
messenger of Satan (2 Cor. 12:7), {bdud la btad pa yin/} I have
handed over to Satan (1 Tim. 1:20), {bdud kyi tshogs/} a synagogue
of Satan (Rev. 2:9).
     ^Bst. see EVIL SPIRIT.

     2) #{sa tan/}$  [Heb. satan; Gk. satanas] ^Bib: Satan: {bdud
sa tan yin pa 'brug gam sbrul rgan de bzung /} that ancient
serpent, who is the devil, or Satan (Rev. 20:2).

!SAVIOR@

     #{skyabs mgon/}$  [lit. refuge + lord]  ^Bib: savior: {dkon
mchog skyabs la yi rang ngo /} I rejoice in God my Savior (Lk.
1:47), {'jig rten gyi skyabs mgon/} the Savior of the world (Jn.
4:42), {nga tsho'i bla na med pa'i dkon mchog skyabs mgon ye shu ma
shi ka/} our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ (Tit. 2:13).
     ^Bst. {skyabs mgon/} protector, savior; a popular title for
the Dalai and Panchen Lamas: {skyabs mgon bla ma rin po che/}
precious protector lama (NPP).

     Related Terms: 1) {skyob pa/} savior: {nga tsho'i skyob pa
dkon mchog} God our Savior (1 Tim. 1:1); 2) {skyabs grogs/} savior:
{de tsho skyabs grogs zhus kyang skyabs mkhan med/} they cried for
a helper, but there was no one to save them (2 Sam. 22:42 NTV).%

!SCRIPTURE@  see also COMMANDMENT, LAW, REVELATION

     1) #{gsung rab/}$  ^Bib: Scripture: {gsung rab bshig mi thub/}
Scripture cannot be broken (Jn. 10:35), {gsung rab kyi tshig
mtshams/} passage of Scripture (Acts 8:32), {gsung rab kyi don go
ba'i phyir/} so that they could understand the Scriptures (Lk.
24:45), {gsung rab dang ye shu'i bka' la dad par gyur to/} they
believed the Scripture and the words that Jesus had spoken (Jn.
2:22), {gsung rab na gsungs pa bzhin/} according to the Scriptures
(1 Cor. 15:3).
     ^Bst. 1) {gsung rab/} [lit. word + highest]  The Bst.
scriptures are understood to be guides to spiritual insight rather
than the self-revelation of a supernatural power.  Once spiritual
insight or realizations are obtained, the doctrines of the Buddhist
scriptures may be discarded, just as a raft is left behind after
crossing a river. The scriptures are thought to be true and
inerrant {mi slu ba/} only in the sense that they teach all that is
needed for spiritual progress [rather than being true in the sense
of free from logical contradictions or historical errors] (BAL 44). 
The Buddha's teachings {gsung rab/} are believed to have four
qualities: i) they describe the methods for attaining liberation;
ii) they are without grammatical errors; iii) they are given for
the sake of eliminating suffering; and iv) they teach the benefits
of overcoming obstacles to enlightenment (BAL 44). The scriptural
books themselves are considered materially holy, and are placed in
high places, wrapped in special cloth, and worshipped with incense,
lamps, etc. (KTM): {glegs bam gsung rab rnams chos dkon mchog
dngos/} the volumes of the scriptures are really the dharma jewel
(REF 115); 2) figuratively, the most important literary work in a
class: {'char yan ring lugs rig rtsal gzhung lugs kyi gsung rab/}
the "Bible" of romantic literary theory (SBC-1, 62).

     2) #{mdo/}$  ^Bib: 1) sacred writing, Scripture: {dam pa'i
mdo/} the Holy Scriptures (Rom 1:2), {mdo na gsungs pa 'grub pa'i
phyir/} that what the Scripture said would be fulfilled (Jn.
19:28), {dkon mchog gis lung du bstan pa'i mdo thams cad/} [lit.]
all God-inspired Scripture (2 Tim. 3:16,17); 2) used of the names
of various Biblical books: {ston pa'i mdo/} Ecclesiates; {ye sha
ya'i mdo/} the Book of Isaiah (DPD).
     ^Bst. 1) {mdo/} [Skt. sutra/}] religious discourses ascribed
to the historical Buddha, though in popular usage there may be no
distinction between {gsung rab/} and {mdo/} (AMD). {mdo'i sde/} the
discourses, one of the 12 divisions of the scriptures or {gsung rab
yan lag} (KBT 88), {mdo sngags gnyis/} sutra and tantra (TRC 52),
{thar gyi mdo/} the Pratimoksha sutra (TRC 51); 2) {mdo sde pa/}
the Sautrantika, a Hinayana school of the second century AD who
accept only the sutras as scripture (TRC 95).

     3) #{bka'/}$  ^Bib: 1) commandment: {dkon mchog gi bka' dang
tshul khrims/} God's commandments and regulations (Lk. 1:6); 2)
Word: a) a pronouncement or communication from God: {dkon mchog gi
bka' ni rtag tu gnas/} the word of the Lord stands forever (Is.
40:8); b) Jesus Christ: {thog mar bka' yod lags pa dang /,,bka' de
dkon mchog mnyam du bzhugs/} in the beginning was the Word, and the
Word was with God (Jn. 1:1).  In these senses, God's {bka'/} is
authoritative (Ps. 103:20), true (Jn. 17:17), and eternal (Is.
40:8).  Compare {gsung rab/} above.
     ^Bst. {sangs rgyas kyi bka'/} teachings or words of the Buddha
recorded in the Bst. scriptures: {ma log par ston pa'i sangs rgyas
kyi bka'/} the inerrant scriptures of the Buddha (TRC 75).  The
Scriptures are traditionally divided into three parts by content:
{sangs rgyas kyi bka' sde snod gsum/} the "three baskets" of the
Bst. scriptures: {'dul ba/} [Skt. vinaya] moral discipline and
ethics, {mdo sde/} [Skt. sutra] religious discourses, {mngon chos
kyi mdzod/} [Skt. abhidhamma] teaching on knowledge (TRC 113). 
They may also be divided into three parts by source: {zhal nas
gsungs pa'i bka'/} teachings supposedly spoken by the Buddha
himself; {byin gyis brlabs pa'i bka'/} teachings given later by
others through the blessing of his word; {rjes su gnang ba'i bka'/}
approved or authorized teachings (CNG 20).

     Related Terms: 1) {bka' 'gyur/} the Kangyur, or collection of
the Buddha's teachings in 108 volumes translated from Sanskrit into
Tibetan; 2) {bstan 'gyur/} the commentaries on those teachings in
approximately 225 volumes (see TRI 116); 3) {bka' bstan/} or {bka'
dang bstan bcos/} the scriptures and their commentaries (TRC 23);
4) {'dul ba'i bka' rnams/} the vinaya or scriptures on monastic
discipline (TRC 25); 5) {tshul khrims/} see LAW.%

!SEED@

     1) #{sa bon/}$  [var. {son/}]  ^Bib: 1) the seed of plants:
{sa bon 'debs/} to sow or scatter seed (Mt. 13:4), {sa bon rdol
zhing cher skye'o/} the seed sprouts and grows (Mk. 4:27); 2) seed
in various figurative senses: {sa bon ni dkon mchog gi bka' yin/}
the seed is the word of God (Lk. 8:11), {thugs nyid kyi sa bon/}
spiritual seed (1 Cor. 9:11), {rtag pa'i sa bon/} imperishable seed
(1 Pet. 1:22,23), {lam khar son btab pa ni de yin/} the one who
received the seed sown along the path (Mt. 13:19).
     ^Bst. 1) figurative seed: {sa bon/} the first of the eight
links of external dependent-arising (KBT 35); 2) literal seed:
{sa bon myu gu dang /,myu gu 'bras bur 'gyur ba sogs/} from the
seed comes the sprout, and from the sprout the grain, etc. (NPP).

     2) #{'bru/}$  ^Bib: seed, grain: 1) seed: {yungs 'bru/}
mustard seed (Mt. 13:31), {gro'i 'bru rdog} a kernel or grain of
wheat (Jn. 12:24), 2) grain generally: {'bru ma chags so/} they did
not bear grain (Mk. 4:7), {'bru chags/} produced grain (Mk. 4:8).
     ^Bst. {nyin rer 'bru rdog re dang /,,chu thig pa re bzhes/}
[the Buddha] took only one grain of corn and one drop of water each
day (SGN 9).

     Cognates: {yig 'bru/} a point of discussion: {yig 'bru gcig
kyang ma gsungs/} did not make even one point (DCC).%

     Related Terms: 1) {sras/} [hon.] son: {ab ra ham dang khong gi
sras/} Abraham and his seed (Gal. 3:16), {zhal chad mdzad pa'i sras
de pheb pa'i bar du/} until the promised Seed had come (Gal. 3:19);
2) {bu brgyud/} descendant: {ab ra ham gyi bu brgyud/} Abraham's
seed (Gal. 3:29).%

!SELF@  see also NATURE, SELF-CONTROL, SIN, SOUL

     1) #{gang zag}$  [lit. person] ^Bib: person, self: {nga tsho'i
gang zag rnying pa/} our old self (Rom. 6:6,7), {gang zag gsar pa
'god pa po'i dbyibs su gsar du mdzad pa de gyon zhig} put on the
new self, which is being renewed in knowledge in the image of its
Creator (Col. 3:10 SV).
     ^Bst.  1) According to Bst. psychology, man does not have an
enduring self or soul, but is literally "self-less", a doctrine
called {gang zag gi bdag med/} the selflessness of persons (CNG 5).
{ma rig pa ni/,,las rgyu 'bras la sogs pa mi shes pa'i rmongs pa
dang /,,gang zag gi bdag tu 'dzin pa/} ignorance is the darkness of
not knowing about karma, or holding to a self of persons [i.e.
believing that persons have a permanent self or soul] (TRC 284); 2)
person, individual: {gang zag de la skyes bu chen po zer gyi yod pa
red/} that person is called the great individual (TRC 218), {thar
pa don du gnyer ba'i gang zag} a person striving for deliverance
(TRC 286).

     2) #{bdag nyid/}$  ^Bib: self: {bdag nyid kyi mtshan gsar pa
'bri bar bya'o/} I will write on him my own new name (Rev. 3:12).
     ^Bst. essence: {dbang bzhi'i bdag nyid bla ma spyan ras
gzigs/} the essence of the four empowerments [is] Chenresi (HTE
184).

     Proverbs: {bdag nyid dul na gzhan rnams 'dul/,,bdag nyid kho
na gdul bar dka'/} when you have disciplined yourself, then tame
others; the one hard to subdue is yourself (DMP 82).

     Related Terms: 1) {bdag 'dzin/} [lit. self-grasping]
selfishness: see SIN; 2) {rang don 'tshol/} self-seeking: {byams
sems kyis mi 'os par mi spyod/,,rang don mi 'tshol/} love is not
rude, not self-seeking (1 Cor. 13:5); 3) {'gran sems/} [lit.
contentiousness, jealousy] selfish ambition: {phrag dog drag po
dang 'gran sems/} bitter envy and selfish ambition (Jas. 3:14); 4)
{rang gces 'dzin/} [lit. self-cherishing] selfishness: {zhe 'khon
sdang 'dzin dang /,,rang gces 'dzin/,,phrag dog} hatred,
selfishness, and jealousy (DLP 17).%

!SELF-CONTROL@

     1) #{btsun pa/}$  [lit. honorable, faithful, respectable]
^Bib: self-disciplined, not impulsive or brash; restrained in
behavior: {dul po dang /,,btsun pa/} gentleness and self-control
(Gal. 5:23), {gzhon pa rnams btsun par 'gyur bar skul zhig}
encourage the young men to be self-controlled (Tit. 2:6), {btsun pa
dang /,,drang po dang /,,chos bzhin du gnas pa/} self-controlled,
upright and godly [lives] (Tit. 2:12).
     ^Bst. 1) a temperate, self-controlled, and peaceful demeanor
that is expressed in body, speech, and mind (TDC 2200); 2) an
honorific term for a monk or nun: {btsun pa btsun ma/} monks and
nuns (TRI 211).%

     2) #{bag dang ldan pa/}$ [lit. discreet, temperate] [var. {bag
yod pa/}] ^Bib: temperate, self-controlled: {bag dang ldan
pa/,,mkhas pa/,,rngam brjid dang ldan pa/,,mgron por byams
pa/,,slob dpon byed nus pa/} temperate, self-controlled,
respectable, hospitable, able to teach (1 Tim. 3:2), {bag dang ldan
pa/} disciplined (Tit. 1:8), {bag dang ldan pa dang /,,ya rabs dang
/,,btsun pa/} temperate, worthy of respect, self-controlled (Tit.
2:2), {bag dang ldan zhing gcang grung byos shig} be self-controlled and alert (1 Pet. 5:8).
     ^Bst. {bag ldan/} ethical or moral behavior (TDC 1807).

     Related Terms: 1) {bag chags/} instincts, tendencies (TRI
179); 2) {bag med pa/} recklessness, lack of self-control (TRI
179).%

     3) #{'chun pa/}$ [lit. tame, controlled] ^Bib: tamed, subdued,
under control: {drang ba nyid dang /,,rang nyid 'chun pa/}
righteousness and self-control (Acts 24:25), {sems ma chun pa/}
without self-control (2 Tim. 3:3).
     ^Sec. {'chun pa/} to subdue or tame an animal: {rta rgod po
bcun nas 'chun pa/} a wild horse that is brought under control (TDC
866).

     Proverbs: {'dod pa'i rta rgod tshod kyi srab kha 'then/,,gang
sa ci thad rang tshod rang gis zungs/} just as a wild horse is
controlled by a bridle, so you must have self-control (KPU 22).

     Related Terms: 1) {ran pa/} [lit. moderate, fitting,
appropriate] self-control: {ran par gnas shig} be self controlled
(1 Thes. 5:6), {dran pa brtan po dang ran par smon lam gyi ngang na
gnas par gyur cig} be clear minded and self-controlled so that you
can pray (1 Pet. 4:7); 2) {tshod shes pa/} temperate, prudent:
{tshod mi shes pa/} without self control (2 Tim. 3:3 SV), {rang gi
tshod 'dzin pa/} self controlled (Tit. 1:8 SV); 3) {rang gtso bzung
/} self control; 4) {rang khrims rang srung /} self-discipline.%

!SEND@

     1) #{gtong ba/}$ p. {btang /} f. {gtang /} imp. {thong /} 
^Bib: to send: {khyed kyi sngon du nga yi pho nya gtong /} I will
send my messenger ahead of you (Mt. 11:10), {ti mo the'u khyed
tsho'i rtsar btang ba yin/} I sent Timothy to you (1 Cor. 4:17),
{myur du log gtang 'ong /} [he will] send it back shortly (Mk.
11:3), {ngas lung ston pa dang sku tshab de rnams kyi rtsar gtang
/} I will send them prophets and apostles (Lk. 11:49).

     2) #{mngag}$ p. {mngags/} f. {mngag} imp. {mngogs/} ^Bib: to
send for a purpose; to commission, delegate: {khong gis nyid kyi
pho nya mngags/} he will send his angels [to gather the elect] (Mt.
24:31), {dkon mchog gis nyid kyi sras 'jig rten gyi zhal che gcad
du ma mngags kyis/,,'jig rten gyi skyabs mdzad du mngags so/} God
did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to
save the world (Jn. 3:17), {yab kyis nga mngags pa ltar/,,ngas
kyang khyed mngag go} as the Father has sent me, I am sending you
(Jn. 20:21), {ma shi kas nga khrus gsol du ma mngags/} Christ did
not send me to baptize (1 Cor. 1:17).
     ^Bst. {gang la mkhas pa'i mi de las la mngags/} whoever is an
expert, entrust the work to him (KPU 11), {rgyal srid spyi khyab
khang gis rigs gcig mkhas pa'i tsho chung mngags/} an expert group
sent by the State Council (MHP 8).

     Cognates: 1) {ched mngag} especially, purposely: {na ning
zhang kang nas ched mngag tu khyi nyo mkhan yong /} last year, dog-buyers came especially from Hong Kong (SLR 14); 2) {sngon mngags/}
subscriptions.%

     3) #{rdzong ba/}$ p. {brdzangs/} f. {brdzang /} imp.
{rdzongs/}  ^Bib: to send off, dispatch on an errand: {ngas khyod
ring por phyi pa rnams kyi rtsar rdzong bar bya/} I will send you
far away to the Gentiles (Acts 22:21), {ngas khyod mi ser yul du
rdzong bar bya'o/} I will send you back to Egypt (Acts 7:34),
{btson pa zhig la bkal pa'i nyes skyon rnams ma bshad par rdzong ba
ni mi rigs par sems/} I think it is unreasonable to send on a
prisoner without specifying the charges against him (Acts 25:27).
     ^Sec. {rdzong ba/} to take or send someone somewhere (e.g. to
take or give a daughter to another family in marriage or to send
someone off at the train station, etc. (AMD).

     4) #{skur ba/}$ p. and f. {bskur/} imp. {skur/} Bib. bestow,
give, send: {rgan mi rnams la bskur to/} sending [their gift] to
the elders (Acts 11:30), {chos tshogs bdun po la skur zhig} send it
to the seven churches (Rev. 1:11), {phan tshun lag rtags skur bar
'gyur ro/} will send each other gifts (Rev. 11:10).
     ^Sec. {gser mang po bskur nas/} [he] sent much gold (TRC 153),
{rgyal spyi'i sbrag thog skur bya/} international mail.

     5) #{'don pa/}$ p. {bton/} f. {gdon/} imp. {thon/}  ^Bib:
send; send out: {nga ltar lung ston pa zhig 'don par 'gyur/} God
will send you a prophet like me (Acts 7:37), {khyed rnams ba bel
mtha' ru 'don par bya'o/} I will send you into exile beyond Babylon
(Acts 7:43).

     6) #{skyel ba/}$  p. {bskyel/}  ^Bib: to send or dispatch:
{zhi bde bar lam skyel byos shig} send [him] on his way in peace (1
Cor. 16:11 SV); {yang khyed kyis ji ltar dkon mchog gi spyan sngar
rung ba de ltar skyel thung byed de legs par bya'o/} you will do
well to send them on their way in a manner worthy of God (3 Jn. 6
SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {phyag 'bul/} to send greetings: {khyed la
phyag 'bul lo/} [the church] sends you his greetings (Rom. 16:23),
{a si a'i chos tshogs rnams kyis khyed tshor phyag 'bul lo/} the
churches in the province of Asia send you greetings (1 Cor. 16:19);
2) {phyag byed pa/} to send greetings: {ma shi ka pa thams cad kyis
phyag byed do/} all the saints send you greetings (Phil. 4:22).%

!SERVANT@

     1) #{g.yog}$  ^Bib: 1) menservants: {g.yog po/} male servant
(Mt. 8:9), {slob dpon las slob ma mi che/,,dpon po las g.yog po mi
che/} a student is not above his teacher, nor a servant above his
master (Mt. 10:24), {ma shi ka ya hu da pa rnams kyi g.yog por
gyur/} Christ has become a servant of the Jews (Rom. 15:8); 2)
maidservants: {g.yog mo zhig} a servant girl (Mt. 26:69), {nga ni
gtso bo'i g.yog mo yin/} I am the Lord's servant (Lk. 1:38); 3)
fellow servant: {g.yog grogs shig yin/} I am a fellow servant (Rev.
22:9).
     ^Bst. {g.yog po/} is a helper, paid servant, or even employee
(AMD) as distinct from a {bran/} or {g.yog bran/} a slave: {mtshams
g.yog} a "recluse-helper" or servant attending to the needs of a
monk in solitary meditation (TRC 51), {nad g.yog} a nurse (TRC 76),
{'khor g.yog} attendants (TRC 259), {dpon g.yog} master and
servants (DPD), {g.yog po'i tha mar 'gyur ba/} become the least of
servants (TRC 259).  The Bst. scriptures encourage offering of
oneself to the Buddhas as a servant (MTB 48).

     Proverbs: {kha bde po mi yi dpon po yin/,,lag pa bde po mi yi
g.yog po yi/} the eloquent speaker is peoples' master and the
skilled craftsman is peoples' servant (TQP 41).

     2) #{zhabs phyi/}$  [hon. of {g.yog po/}] ^Bib: servant:
{nga'i zhabs phyi drang po/} my righteous servant (Is. 53:11),
{khyed tsho'i dbus su che shos de khyed kyi zhabs phyir 'gyur
dgos/} the greatest among you will be your servant (Mt. 23:11),
{nyid kyi zhabs phyi ye shu/} his servant Jesus (Acts 3:13), {bla
na med pa'i dkon mchog gi zhabs phyi/} servants of the Most High
God (Acts 16:17), {ye shu ma shi ka'i zhabs phyi pa'u lu/} Paul, a
servant of Christ Jesus (Rom. 1:1).

     3) #{'bangs/}$  ^Bib: servant: {dkon mchog gi 'bangs byos
shig} live as servants of God (1 Pet. 2:16), {khong gi 'bangs rnams
kyis bsnyen bkur byed pa/} his servants will serve him (Rev. 22:3).
     ^Bst. 1) servant, serf: {lha 'bangs/} a temple servant; 2) a
subject; one under the authority of a king: {rje 'bangs/} king and
subjects (TRC 136), {dpon 'bangs/} nobility and subjects (KPU 10),
{mnga' 'bangs/} or {chab 'bangs/} citizens.

     Related Terms: 1) {las grogs/} fellow servants (Rev. 6:11); 2)
{bran/} slave: {bran gyi sa ni yongs bzhes nas/} taking the very
nature of a servant (Phil. 2:7); 3) {zhabs tog pa/} servant: {de
dag ma shi ka'i zhabs tog pa yin nam/} are they servants of Christ?
(2 Cor. 11:23 SV).%

!SERVICE@  see MINISTRY

!SHAME@  see also CONSCIENCE

     1) #{ngo tsha/}$  ^Bib: 1) to be ashamed or embarrassed:
{slong bar ngo tsha bas/} [I'm] ashamed to beg (Lk. 16:3), {da lta
de la ngo tsha'o/} the things [you] are now ashamed of (Rom. 6:21),
{nga ni phrin bzang sgrogs par ngo mi tsha/} I am not ashamed of
the gospel (Rom. 1:16); 2) to put to shame: {khyed tsho ngo tsha
phyir 'di ltar zer ro/} I say this to shame you (1 Cor. 6:5-6), {de
ni ngas khyed tsho ngo tsha ba'i phyir mi 'bri/} I am not writing
this to shame you (1 Cor. 4:14); 3) {ngo tsha mdzad/} [hon.] to be
ashamed: {de rnams la spun zhes gsung ba la ngo tsha mi mdzad/}
[Jesus] is not ashamed to call them brothers (Heb. 2:11).

     2) #{ngo tsha/}$  ^Bib: a state or feeling of shame: {rang gi
ngo tsha ba'i dpal ngom par byed do/} their glory is their shame
(Phil. 3:19), {kho ngo tsha bar 'gyur ba'i phyir kho dang ma 'grogs
shig} do not associate with him, in order that he may feel ashamed
(2 Thes. 3:14).
     ^Bst. 1) a sense of shame {ngo tsha shes pa/} or propriety is
counted as a virtue that keeps one from inappropriate actions for
fear of being exposed and losing face (KBT 16), {ngo tsha ba'i 'dod
chags/} shameful lusts (Rom. 1:26). By contrast, shamelessness {ngo
tsha med pa/} and non-embarrassment {khrel med pa/} are counted as
secondary afflictions {nye ba'i nyon mongs pa/} to be overcome; 2)
in modern usage, {ngo tsha/} may be simply a sense of embarrassment
or a loss of face: {grong khyer gyi gzhon nu la las rkang 'khor
'khor gsum can gtong ba ni gzhan las dman pa dang ngo tsha dgos pa
zhig red/} some young people felt work as a pedicab driver was
demeaning and a loss of face (SLR 11).

     Proverbs: {rang 'dod can gyi mi la ngo tsha med/} selfish
people have no sense of shame (KPU 8).

     3) #{skyeng ba/}$  [var. {skyengs/} {kha skyengs/}] p.
{skyengs/} ^Bib: to be ashamed: {mkhas pa skyeng du 'jig rten gyi
blun po 'dams/} chose the foolish things of the world to shame the
wise (1 Cor. 1:27-9), {khong la dad rnams skyengs par mi 'gyur ro/}
the one who trusts in him will never be put to shame (Rom. 9:33),
{rgol mkhan la nga tshor gtam ngan smra rgyu med pas skyengs par
'gyur ro/} those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have
nothing bad to say about us (Tit. 2:8).

     4) #{khrel/}$ [hon. {thugs khrel/}]  ^Bib: shame, aversion:
{ma shi ka pa yin pa'i don du sdug bsngal 'byung na/,,mi khrel bar
ming de'i phyir dkon mchog la bstod pa phul zhig} if you suffer as
a Christian, do not be ashamed, but praise God that you bear that
name (1 Pet. 4:16), {de tsho'i dkon mchog ces zhu yang thugs mi
khrel lo/} God is not ashamed to be called their God (Heb. 11:16).
     ^Bst. {khrel yod pa/} embarrassment, is similar to {ngo tsha
shes pa/} a sense of shame that prevents inappropriate action for
fear of social disapproval (KBT 16-17); propriety, modesty; one of
the so-called {'phags pa'i nor bdun/} or seven noble treasures (SGN
16).  One who lacks this quality is called a {khrel med pa ma rabs
che ba zhig} a shameless scoundrel (TRC 331).

     5) #{'dzem pa/}$  ^Bib: bashfulness, modesty, or shame: {khong
de dag gi dkon mchog ces zer ba la thugs ma 'dzem mo/} God is not
ashamed to be called their God (Heb. 11:16 SV).
     ^Sec. {'dzem dogs med pa/} immodest, shameless (SBC-1, 64).

     6) #{dma' 'bebs/}$ [lit. down + throw] p. {phab/} f. {dbab/}
imp. {phob/}  ^Bib: to put to shame, humiliate, abuse: {de rnams
kyis kho'i mgo la rdung zhing dma' 'bebs byas so/} they struck this
man on the head and treated him shamefully (Mar. 12:4).

     Related Terms: 1) {mi 'os pa/} improper, shameful: {'dod chags
mi 'os pa rnams/} shameful lusts (Rom. 1:26 SV); 2) {mi tshangs/}
[lit. not pure] unholy, impure, shameful: {mi tshangs par spyod
pa/} shameful ways (2 Pet. 2:2 SV); 3) {mi tshang ba/} unclean: {mi
gtsang bar byed pa/} one who does what is shameful (Rev. 21:27
SV).%

!SIGN@  see also CIRCUMCISE, MIRACLE

     1) #{ltas/}$  [lit. omen] ^Bib: miraculous sign,
authenticating miracle: {khyed las ltas shig mthong bar 'dod do/}
we want to see a miraculous sign from you (Mt. 12:38), {nam mkha'
nas ltas shig ston/} show a sign from heaven (Mt. 16:1), {ltas dang
ngo mtshar che ba mang po bstan to/} many wonders and miraculous
signs were done (Acts 2:43), {mthu che ba dang /,,ngo mtshar dang
/,,ltas/} miracles, wonders, and signs (Acts 2:22).
     ^Bst. see MIRACLE.

     2) #{rtags/}$  [lit. sign, token, mark] ^Bib: sign, symbol,
portent: {dus kyi mtha' ma'i rtags/} the sign of the end of the age
(Mt. 24:3), {mi'i bu'i mngon rtags/} the sign of the Son of Man
(Mt. 24:30), {nyi ma dang zla ba dang skar ma'i nang la rtags
'byung 'ong /} there will be signs in the sun, moon and stars (Lk.
21:25), {skad gzhan rnams dad pa can gyi phyir min par dad med
rnams kyi phyir rtags su yin/} tongues, then, are a sign, not for
believers but for unbelievers (1 Cor. 14:22).
     ^Bst. 1) {rtags/} sign or mark, e.g the characteristics that
distinguish a people group; e.g. the {rtags/} of Europeans is
considered to be a big nose (AMD), {mkhas pa'i rtags/} a sign of
skill (KPU 14), {'byongs rtags/} the sign of having studied (UCO
149); 2) male or female reproductive organs are also called
{rtags/} (AMD); 3) in Bst. logic, {rtags/} is reason: {rtags yag
dag gsum/} three correct reasons (TRI 108); 4) {chu rtags/} [lit.
urine signs] a test in traditional Tibetan medicine (TMB 23); 5)
{ming rtag} signature (TDC 1065); 6) {rgyal rtag} national emblem
(TDC 1065); 7) {glen rtag} [idiot + sign] stupidity (TDC 1065); 8)
{rang rtag} [own + sign] intrinsic characteristics (TDC 1065).

     Related Terms: 1) {brda/} signal or gesture: {kho lag brda
byed/} he made signs to them (Lk. 1:22), {pha la lag brda byas pa/}
they made signs to his father (Lk. 1:62), {grogs po rnams la rogs
byed pa'i brda btang /} they signaled their partners to help them
(Lk. 5:7);  2) {byang bu/} inscription written on a board; sign:
{byang bu der ya hu da/,,ro ma/,,he len skad/}  a sign [written in]
Aramaic, Latin, and Greek (Jn. 19:20); 3) {mtshon byed/} a
representative, indicator, sign, mark (TDC 1065).%

!SIN@  see also ATONEMENT, CONFESS, DEATH, FAULT, GUILT

     1) #{sdig pa/}$   ^Bib: sin {sdig pa/} is an offense against
God and his perfect moral law: {ngan pa yin pa ngas byas te/,,khyed
gcig por ngas sdig pa byas/} against you, you only, have I sinned
and done what is evil (Ps. 51:4). From a Biblical standpoint, all
sin is ultimately directed at God and is an offense to his
holiness.  It is thus more than just selfishness {bdag 'dzin pa/}
or a negative act {las ngan/} committed in a moral vacuum.  Sin is
an act that brings God's wrath {dkon mchog gi thugs khro/} upon
sinners, and leads to spiritual death: {sdig pa'i 'bras bu ni 'chi
ba yin/} the wages [lit. fruit, result] of sin is death (Rom.
6:23).  It can be forgiven {sdig sel ba/} through faith in Christ. 
     ^Bst. {sdig pa/} is what is non-virtuous or evil (TDC 1462);
in the Tibetan popular mind the term is strongly associated with
the killing of animals.  The classic list of sins is the so-called
ten non-virtues or {sdig pa mi dge ba bcu/} one list of which
includes: {srog gcod pa/} killing; {ma byin par len pa/} theft;
{log g.yem/} sexual misconduct; {brdzun/} lying; {khra ma/}
slander; {tshig rtsub/} harsh speech; {ngag 'khyal/} gossip; {brnab
sems/} covetousness; {gnod sems/} intent to harm others; and {log
lta/} wrong [i.e. non-Bst.] views. In Bsm. sin is a negative or
unskillful action which is punished by karma {las/} (see FRUIT) and
is thus a totally individual concern: {sdig rang bsags rang khur/}
each one must carry the burden of his own sin (TQP 123), hence the
Bst. claim is that it is not necessary to feel guilty for sin, as
no supernatural authority or being has been offended by it, and
there is no judge to punish it (MTB 63).  Eventual punishment for
sin through the action of karma {las rgyu 'bras/} is, however,
inevitable and inescapable: {gang du sdig pa'i las kyis mi tshugs
pa'i/,,sa phyogs de ni yod pa ma yin te/,,bar snang la med rgya
mtsho'i dbus su med/,,ri bo'i sul dang brag gi khongs su med/}
where can we go where our sins will not harm us?  No place on earth
- not in the heavens, not in the middle of the sea, not in the
rocky clefts of mountains (DMP 66; cf. Ps. 103:12).  In most Bst.
schools the possibility of grace is precluded: {thub rnams sdig pa
chu yis mi 'khru zhing /,,'gro ba'i sdug bsngul phyag gis mi sel
la/,,nyid kyi rtogs pa gzhan la 'pho min te/,,chos nyid bden pa
bstan pas grol bar 'gyur/,,zhes gsungs yod pa red/} the Buddhas do
not wash away sin with water, and they do not remove by hand the
miseries of living creatures.  They do not transfer their own
understanding to others.  They deliver by teaching this very Dharma
(TRC 77); i.e. {sdig pa spong ba'i lam ni/,,skyabs dngos chos dkon
mchog yin/} the Buddha's teachings are the actual way of abandoning
sin (REF 115).  Sin accounts for rebirth in the lower realms, hence
the saying: {las ngan pa'i sdig pa ma bsags na/,,skrag dgos pa'i
gshin rje chos rgyal med/} if one does not accumulate sins, one
need not fear the lord of death (TDC 1462).  The many vivid tales
of the sufferings of the hell realms (JPG 181-4) account for the
proverbial advice: {sdig pa rnams ni yongs su spongs/} completely
abandon sins (DMP 64) and {sdig pa spong ba dang /,,dge ba sgrub
pa/} abandon vice and accomplish virtue or good works (TRC 227).

     Proverbs: 1) {zhe sdang lta bu'i sdig pa med/} there is no
evil [deed] like hatred (TRC 347); 2) {shin tu bzod dka'i ngan song
sdug bsngal rnams/,,sdig pa'i las kyi 'bras bur thub pas gsungs/}
the Buddhas teach that terrible sufferings are the fruit of sinful
deeds (GSL 10).

     Cognates: 1) {mtshams med ma yin pa'i sdig pa/} [lit. sin
without limits] sin that leads to death; deadly, capital sin: {su
zhig gis spun zhig mtshams med ma yin pa'i sdig pa byed par mthong
na/} if anyone sees his brother commit a sin that does not lead to
death (1 Jn. 5:16).  Examples of such sins in Bsm. are the {mtshams
med lnga/} or five limitless actions: killing one's father, mother,
a Bst. saint, a Buddha, or causing divisions in the monk body (TRI
222); committing any of these sins is believed to lead to rebirth
in the {mnar med/} hottest hell; 2) {sdig pa/} a scorpion (Rev.
9:3); 3) {sdig pa 'dag pa/} to get rid of sin by doing good things
(AMD).%

     2) #{sdig pa byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}  ^Bib:
to commit sin: {sdig pa byas pa tsho/} those who sin (Rom. 2:12),
{khyed tshos ma shi ka'i drung du sdig pa byed do/} you sin against
Christ (1 Cor. 8:12).

     3) #{nyes pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) sin: {gal te nged rnams kyis byas
pa'i nyes pa mthol bshags 'bul na/} if we confess our sins (1 Jn.
1:9), {nyes pa gzhan ma mis byed pa thams cad rang gi lus dang bral
ba yin/} all other sins a man commits are outside his body (1 Cor.
6:18 SV); 2) guilt: {nyes pa ma brtag pa/} without being found
guilty (Acts 22:25), {ye ru sha lem pa gzhan las nyes can/} more
guilty than the others living in Jerusalem (Lk. 13:4).
     ^Bst.  1) fault or defect: {sman pas ma nyes sman gyis ma nyes
te/,,nad pa de nyid kyis ni nyes pa yin/} it is not the fault of
the doctor or the medicine, but that of the patient himself (TRC
77), {nyes pa lnga/} five faults in the technique of meditation
(TRC 201), {nyes pa mi smra rgyal sras lag len yin/} not to speak
of faults is the practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 26); 2)
moral faults in Bsm: {srog bcad pa'i nyes pa/} the sin of killing
[a goat] (DPD), {nyes pa gsum/} are the three cardinal sins of Bsm.
{'dod chags dang /,,zhe sdang dang /,,gti mug} desire, hatred, and
ignorance (SGC 280); 3) breaking of rules or vows: {nyes byas bzhi
bcu'i zhe drug} the forty six faults (breaking of one's vows) (TRI
95).  See also FAULT.

     Proverbs: {chang de nyes pa kun kyi rtsa ba yin/} [drinking]
alcohol is the root of all kinds of evil (DPD).

     Cognates: 1) {nyes can/} a criminal (AMD); 2) {nyes pa btang
/} to punish (DPD).%

     4) #{nyes pa byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} [lit.
fault + do]  ^Bib: to sin: {mi thams cad kyis nyes pa byas pas dkon
mchog gi snyan grags dang 'bral ba'o/} all have sinned and fall
short of the glory of God (Rom. 3:23 SV).

     Related Terms: 1) {bdag 'dzin/} [lit. self + grasp]
selfishness, sinful nature: {bdag 'dzin spong /} deny himself (Mt.
16:24), {bdag 'dzin la skabs ma btang bar/} [lit. not giving
opportunity to self-grasping] not indulging the sinful nature (Gal.
5:13), {bdag 'dzin gyi las rnams/} [lit. works of selfishness] acts
of the sinful nature (Gal. 5:19).  In Bsm. this term includes not
only selfishness but also the conception of a stable, permanent
self or soul; 2) {sha/} [lit. flesh] human nature, sinful nature:
{shas ni sems nyid la rgol ba'i 'dod pa skyed/} the sinful nature
desires what is contrary to the Spirit (Gal. 5:17 SV); 3) {pham
pa/} [lit. downfall] a moral defeat or transgression of monastic
rules; e.g. killing, theft, sexual misconduct, lying (TRI 171); 4)
{skyon/} fault: {gzhan mi'i skyon dang ldan par ma 'gyur cig} do
not share in the sins of others (1 Tim. 5:22 SV); 5) {nyes skyon
dag las bral ba/} [lit. separated from faults] blameless: {nga ni
nyes skyon dag las bral ba dang /,,sdig pa'i las rnams spangs pa
khong gis mkhyen/} I have been blameless before him and have kept
myself from sin (2 Sam. 22:24 NTV).%

!SINAI@

     #{si na/}$  ^Bib: desert region between Egypt and Israel: {si
na bya ba'i 'brog stong /} the wilderness of Sinai (Ex. 16:1).

!SLANDER@  see also ACCUSE, BLASPHEME, CURSE, FAULT

     1) #{skur pa 'debs/}$ p. {btab/} f. {gdab/} imp. {thob/} 
^Bib: to blaspheme, slander: {rdzun gyi dpang po dang /,,skur
'debs/} false testimony and slander (Mt. 15:19), {skur pa 'debs pa
dang /,,nga rgyal dang /,,blun sems/} slander, pride, and folly
(Mk. 7:22), {skur ba 'debs mkhan/} slanderers (1 Cor. 6:10),
{mtshan dam pa de la skur pa 'debs mkhan/} the ones who are
slandering the holy name (Jas. 2:7).
     ^Bst. see CURSE.

     2) #{smod/}$ p. {smad/} f. {smad/} imp. {smod/}  ^Bib: to
criticize, dishonor, mock, or curse: {gcig gis gcig la ma smad cig}
do not slander one another (Jas. 4:11), {ma shi ka pa'i spyod lam
bzang por smad mkhan rnams/} those who slander Christians' good
behavior (1 Pet. 3:16), {dpal dang ldan pa rnams la smad par mi
'jigs so/} not afraid to slander celestial beings [lit. glorious
ones] (2 Pet. 2:9,10).
     ^Bst. {smod pa/} 1) to use harsh speech {tshig rtsub/}, to
ridicule {'phya tshig}, or to verbally abuse {dma' 'bebs byed pa/}
(TDC 2174); 2) to deprecate, speak against: {'dul ba'i bstan pa
smad/} [some] spoke against the Vinaya scriptures (TRC 152).

     Cognates: {smad sgra gtong mkhan/} a slanderer (1 Cor. 6:10
SV).%

     3) #{phra ma/}$  ^Bib: slander: {phra ma dang /,,dkon mchog la
sdang ba/} slanderers and God haters (Rom. 1:30), {sems ngan dang
/,,g.yo sgyu dang /,,zol zog dang /,,phrag dog dang /,,phra ma
thams cad spongs shig} rid yourselves of all malice and all deceit,
hypocrisy, envy, and slander of every kind (1 Pet. 2:1).
     ^Bst. {phra ma/} or slander, is one of the ten non-virtues,
defined as: {phra ma zer ba ni/,,gzhi sems can mthun pa dang /,,mi
mthun pa de tsho la bsam pa dug gsum gang rung gi dbang gis sems
can mthun pa de tsho mi mthun par bzo 'dod pa dang /,,mi mthun pa
de tsho rgyang ring du gtong bar 'dod pa'i bsam pa lta bu dang
/,,sbyor ba sems can mthun pa dang mi mthun pa de tsho'i bar du
dkrugs shing gi skad cha dper na/,,khyed rang la khos skad cha sdug
chags 'di 'dras 'di 'dras shod kyi 'dug zer ba/} slander is the
wish, under the power of one of the three poisons, to sow discord
among friendly or unfriendly persons.  It seeks to make friends
unfriendly and drive those who are already unfriendly even farther
apart.  The action is inflammatory speech; e.g.  "he said such and
such vile things about you" (TRC 244).

     4) #{dmad/}$ p. {dmod/}  [lit. curse, insult] ^Bib: to
verbally abuse or slander: {pho nya rnams dbang dang stobs che'ang
gtso bo'i drung du de rnams la mi dmod do/} even angels, although
they are stronger and more powerful, do not bring slanderous
accusations against such beings in the presence of the Lord (2 Pet.
2:11).
     ^Bst. see CURSE.

     5) #{gtam ngan/}$ [lit. evil speech] ^Bib: slander: {'khon
dang /,,gtum pa dang /,,khro ba dang /,,ku sgra dang /,,gtam ngan/}
bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander (Eph. 4:31).

     Proverbs: {ngan pa'i rjes la ltas ngan gtam ngan yod/} bad
omens and bad news follow a bad man (KPU 21).

     Related Terms: 1) {ngan/} [lit. evil] ^Bib: The NT uses
compounds of {ngan/} with other verbs to express "spoken evil"
(slander) in the sense of the English phrase "to speak evil of":
{kha ngan lab na gtam snyan smra'o/} when we are slandered, we
answer kindly (1 Cor. 4:13), {su'i skor la'ang ngan pa mi zer ba/}
slander no one (Tit. 3:2); 2) {tshig ngan/} [lit. word + evil]
insults, abuse, rude words: {tshig ngan smra mkhan/} a slanderer (1
Cor. 5:11), {khro ba dang /,,gtum pa dang /,,gnod sems dang
/,,skyon mtshang 'dru ba dang /,,kha nas tshig ngan smra ba spongs
shig} anger, rage, malice, slander, and filthy language (Col. 3:8);
3) {'phya ba/} derision, jeering, mocking: {dgra bor nga tshor
'phya ba'i skabs mi gtong ba/} to give the enemy no opportunity for
slander (1 Tim. 5:14); 4) {rdzun gtam zhus pa/} to make a false
accusation: {khos mi dbang chen por nga'i skor la rdzun gtam zhus
pa yin/} he has slandered your servant to my lord the king (2 Sam.
19:27); 5) {skyon 'grus ba/} gossip, slander (KTM); 6) {skyon gtags
pa/} name calling (KTM); 7) {tshig rtsub/} harsh speech: {gzhan la
rkun ma dang /,,lkugs pa zer ba sogs kyis gzhan gyi lus ngag yid
gsum dang /,,spyod lam sogs kyi sgo nas skyon brjod kyi tshig ngan
lab pa lta bu red/} to criticize another's body, speech, mind,
behavior, and so on by calling another a thief or stupid (TRC 244);
7) {ngo tsha dma' 'bebs/} to defame and humiliate (TQP 80).%

!SOLOMON@

     #{sha lo mo/}$  [Heb. selomoh, Gr. Solomon] [var. {so lo mon/}
(Mt. 1:7 SV and 2 Sam. 5:14 NTV)] ^Bib: Solomon the king of ancient
Israel: {da bid kyi sras sha lo mo ni u ri ya yi chung ma las
chad/} David had Solomon by Uriah's wife (Mt. 1:6).

!SON OF MAN@

     #{mi'i bu/}$ ^Bib: Son of Man, a title used by Jesus: {mi'i bu
ni shab bad kyi gtso bo yin pas so/} the Son of Man is Lord of the
Sabbath (Mt. 12:8), {mi'i bu ni sdig can gyi lag tu gtong ngo /}
the Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners (Mk. 14:41),
{mi'i bu 'byon dus/} when the Son of Man comes (Lk. 18:8).

!SOUL@  see also HEART, MIND, SPIRIT

     1) #{sems/}$  ^Bib: In the OT the fundamental meaning of the
term translated "soul" is "life"; in the Gk. the terms psyche
(mind) and pneuma (spirit) are used for those aspects of man's
being which survive death; hence, a Bib. definition for {sems}
could be {snying gi gang zag sbas pa/} the hidden inner person (1
Pet. 3:4 SV); {sems gsod mi thub/} cannot kill the soul (Mt.
10:28), {sems la ngal gso thob 'ong /} find rest for your souls
(Mt. 11:29), {rang gi snying hril po dang /,,sems hril po dang
/,,yid hril po/} [with] all your heart and with all your soul and
with all your mind (Mt. 22:37), {nga yi sems kyis gtso bor bstod/}
my soul glorifies the Lord (Lk. 1:46), {lus srog sems gsum/} body,
spirit, and soul (1 Thes. 5:23), {sems kyi thar pa/} salvation of
the soul (1 Pet. 1:9).
     ^Bst. see HEART, MIND.

     2) #{srog}$  [lit. life] ^Bib: soul, life: {'jig rten hril po
thob kyang /,,rang srog brlag} gains the whole world, loses his own
soul (Mt. 16:26). 
     ^Bst. see LIFE.

     3) #{snying /}$ [lit. heart] ^Bib: soul: {khyed kyi snying
la'ang ral gri snun par 'gyur/} and a sword will pierce your own
soul too (Lk. 2:35).
     ^Bst. see HEART.

     Related Terms: 1) {snying /} heart; 2) {blo/} mind; 3) {yid/}
mind; 4) {bsam pa/} thought; 5) {srog} life; 6) {sems nyid/}
spirit; 7) {dbugs/} breath; 8) {gang zag} person; 9) {bdag} self;
10) {bla/} life, soul.%

!SPIRIT@ (OF MAN)   see also DEMON (EVIL SPIRIT), HOLY SPIRIT,
MIND, SOUL

     1) #{sems nyid/}$  ^Bib: spirit, soul, or mind: 1) man's
spirit: {sems nyid stobs dang ldan nas/} became strong in spirit
(Lk. 1:80), {gtso bo ye shu/,,nga'i sems nyid bzhes/} Lord Jesus,
receive my spirit (Acts 7:59), {sems nyid kyi lugs su thar ba'i
phyir/} that his spirit be saved (1 Cor. 5:5), {sems nyid kyi pha/}
the Father of our spirits (Heb. 12:9), {lung ston pa rnams kyi sems
nyid kyi dkon mchog} the God of the spirits of the prophets (Rev.
22:6); 2) spirits, spirit beings: {sems nyid dam pho nyas gsung
srid/} if a spirit or an angel spoke (Acts 23:9), {gcig la sems
nyid 'byed pa/} distinguishing between spirits (1 Cor. 12:10),
{btson la yod pa'i sems nyid rnams/} spirits in prison (1 Pet.
3:19), {g.yog byed pa'i sems nyid/} [angels are] ministering
spirits (Heb. 1:14), {sems nyid yin tshad la yid ma ches/} do not
believe every spirit (1 Jn. 4:1), {de tshos kho'i sems nyid yin
smras so/} they said, "It must be his angel" (Ac. 12:15); 3)
spiritual: {sems nyid kyi gnang sbyin/} spiritual gifts (1 Cor.
12:1), {sems nyid kyi lus/} a spiritual body (1 Cor. 15:44), {sems
nyid kyi 'o ma/} spiritual milk (1 Pet. 2:2,3), {sems nyid kyi
mchod pa/} a spiritual offering (1 Pet. 2:5,6), {sems nyid kyi
khang pa/} a spiritual house (1 Pet. 2:5,6); 4) attitude,
agreement: {khyed tsho dang nga'i sems nyid 'dzoms pa'i dus/} when
I am with you in spirit (1 Cor. 5:4).
     Bst. {sems nyid mgon/} the lord of mind-nature (HTE 186); see
MIND.

     2) #{thugs nyid/}$ [hon. of {sems nyid/}]  ^Bib: spirit: 1)
man's spirit: {des thugs nyid kyi dbang gis gsang ba gleng /} he
utters mysteries with his spirit (1 Cor. 14:2); 2) a spirit,
spiritual being: {dkon mchog thugs nyid lags/} God is spirit (Jn.
4:24), {gson pa nyid gnang ba'i thugs nyid/} a life-giving spirit
(1 Cor. 15:45), {dkon mchog gi thugs nyid bdun po/} the seven
spirits of God (Rev. 3:1), {thugs nyid dang bden pa'i sgo nas/} in
spirit and in truth (Jn. 4:23); 3) spiritual: {bka' khrims thugs
nyid las byung /} the law is spiritual (Rom. 7:14), {thugs nyid kyi
ngar/} spiritual fervor (Rom. 12:11), {thugs nyid kyi sa bon/}
spiritual seed (1 Cor. 9:11), {thugs nyid kyi kha zas/} spiritual
food (1 Cor. 10:3), {thugs nyid kyi gnang sbyin rnams/} spiritual
gifts (1 Cor. 14:1), {thugs nyid dang ldan pa khyed/} you who are
spiritual (Gal 6:1); 4) attitude, agreement: {nga gnyis thugs nyid
gcig gis ma bkol tam/} did we not act in the same spirit (2 Cor.
12:18).

     3) #{sems/}$  ^Bib: 1) the spirit or soul of man: {lus sems
gnyis/} in both body and spirit (1 Cor. 7:34), {nga'i sems kyis
zhu/} my spirit prays (1 Cor. 14:14), {sems dang blo gros gnyis
pos/} with spirit and mind (1 Cor. 14:15), {khyed tsho'i sems
gsos/} they refreshed your spirit (1 Cor. 16:18), {gtso bo ye shu
ma shi ka'i thugs rje khyed tsho'i sems dang mnyam du bzhugs par
shog} the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit (Phil.
4:23), {sems dang bral ba'i lus/} the body without the spirit (Jas.
2:26), {sems dul zhing zhi ba/} a gentle and peaceful spirit (1
Pet. 3:4); 2) attitude, agreement: {sems gcig tu/} a spirit of
unity (Rom. 15:5,6), {nga'i sems khyed tsho'i rtsar yod/} I am with
you in spirit (1 Cor. 5:3).
     ^Bst. see HEART, MIND.

     4) #{snying /}$ [lit. heart] ^Bib: spirit: {snying rus yod
kyang lus stobs chung ngo /} the spirit is willing, but the body is
weak (Mt. 26:41), {snying chung ngu/} a spirit of timidity (2 Tim.
1:6,7), {lung bstan pa'i snying po/} the spirit of prophecy (Rev.
19:10).
     ^Bst. see HEART.

     5) #{sku srog}$ [hon. of {srog}] ^Bib: spirit: {sku srog gnang
ngo /} [Jesus] gave up his spirit (Mt. 27:50).

     6) #{dbugs/}$ [lit. breath] ^Bib: spirit: {de'i dbugs phyir
log nas langs so/} her spirit returned (Lk. 8:55).
     ^Bst. 1) breath: {dbugs hal ba/} to pant (SGN 3); 2) also may
mean the mystical "winds" which are believed to follow various
channels in the body in tantric anatomy: {srog dbugs/} the life
wind.

     Related Terms: 1) {tshe srog bla gsum/} "life-span, life-force, and spirit. The first is likened to the butter-oil of a
butter lamp; the wick to the life-force, and flame to the spirit. 
The three conditions that are basic faculties for the maintenance
of our life" (TRI 219); 2) {blo/} mind; 3) {yid/} mind; 4) {bsam
pa/} thought; 5) {srog} life; 6) {gang zag} person; 7) {bdag} self;
8) {bla/} life, soul.%

!STEAL@

     #{rku ba/}$  p. {brkus/} f. {brku/} imp. {rkus/} ^Bib: to
steal: {ma rku/} do not steal (Mt. 19:18).
     ^Bst.  Theft ({ma byin par len pa/}) may be defined as: {gzhan
gyis bdag tu bzung ba'i ca lag la sogs pa dug gsum gang yang rung
ba'i dbang gis brku bar 'dod de gzhan gyi dngos po rin thang tshang
ba zhig brkus nas mthar gzhan gyi ca lag de rang la thob song snyam
pa'i blo skyes nam byin len gyi las ngo ma de byung ba red/}
stealing is the wish, because of one of the three poisons, to take
away the property, etc. which another holds as his own, and, having
stolen another's article of sufficient value, one finally produces
the idea that one has obtained another's property as one's own:
this is the actual act of stealing (TRC 243).

     Proverbs: {sgo nga brkus na bya de brku/} [a child] who steals
an egg will [in later life become a thief and ] steal the hen as
well (TQP 74).

     Related Terms: 1) {rkun ma/} thief {rkun mas kyang rku bas/}
thieves steal (Mt. 6:19); 2) {ma byin par len pa/} theft (Tit. 2:10
SV); 3) {rkun ma shor ba/} to be stolen.%

!SUFFERING@

     1) #{sdug bsngal/}$  ^Bib: suffering: {sdug bsngal chen po
byung ste/} bringing great suffering (Acts 7:11), {ma shi ka'i sdug
bsngal/} the sufferings of Christ (2 Cor. 1:5).  In the Bib. view,
suffering, though evil in itself, has redeeming features: {sdug
bsngal las bzod sems/} suffering [produces] endurance (Rom. 5:3,4),
{sdug bsngal gyis phun sum tshogs par mdzad pa/} made perfect
through suffering (Heb. 2:10).  Suffering will be abolished in the
new creation (Rev. 21:4).
     ^Bst. In Bsm. suffering is an unmitigated evil produced by the
three root afflictions of desire {'dod chags/} hatred {zhe sdang /}
and ignorance {gti mug} .  Suffering includes virtually all of
human experience; even worldly pleasure is considered to be
suffering because it soon passes away.  The eight archetypal
sufferings of man or {sdug bsngal brgyad/} are listed as: {skye
ba/} birth, {rga ba/} old age, {na ba/} sickness, {'chi ba/} death,
{sdug pa dang bral ba/} separation from loved ones, {mi sdug pa
dang phrad pa/} meeting what one does not want, {'dod pa thug tu ma
bab pa/} not getting what one wants, {nye bar len pa/} taking up
the 5 skandhas, i.e. rebirth (DMP 241).  Deliverance from suffering
{sdug bsngal thams cas las thar/} comes from taking refuge {skyabs
su 'gro ba/} in the three jewels {dkon mchog gsum/}.

     2) #{sdug bsngal myong ba/}$ p. {myangs/} f. {myang /} imp.
{myongs/}  ^Bib: to suffer, to experience suffering: {mkhan po
rnams las sdug bsngal mang po myong ba/} suffer many things at the
hands of the teachers of the law (Mt. 16:21), {am chi mang po bstan
kyang sdug bsngal mang po myang /} suffered a great deal under the
care of many doctors (Mk. 5:26), {khong gi phyir du sdug bsngal
myang ba/} to suffer for him (Phil. 1:29).
     ^Bst. to suffer: {rang gcig pu gnas gcig tu sdug bsngal myong
dgos pa/} he must experience the misery alone in a solitary place
(TRC 272), {na ba dang /,,rga ba'i sdug bsngal myong skabs/} when
[we] experience the sufferings of sickness and old age (DLP 15),
{rgya mi'i bstan gnon 'og du sdug bsngal myong /} suffering under
Chinese oppression (RRT 282, n. 17).

     3) #{mnar ba/}$  ^Bib: to suffer torment, be tortured: {mi'i
bu'ang de rnams kyi lag nas mnar 'ong /} the Son of Man is going to
suffer at their hands (Mt. 17:12), {mi 'chi ba'i me'i chad pas mnar
ba/} suffer the punishment of eternal fire (Jude 7).
     ^Bst. {nga rang tsho nad kyi mnar ba na/} when we are
suffering from an illness (TRC 257); {sdug bsngal gyis mnar ba/}
the misery of suffering (TRC 342).

     Cognates: 1) {mnar med/} the hottest and most terrible of the
eight hot hells (TRC 229); 2) {mnar gcod gtong ba/} to torture (DLP
9); {mnar sems/} a grudge, ill will (TRI 156).%

     Related Terms: 1) {bzod/} to endure or bear: {bzang po byas
nas gnod pa bzod na/} if you suffer for doing good and endure it (1
Pet. 2:20); 2) {na ba/} to suffer from an illness: {yan lag gcig na
bar 'gyur na/} if one part suffers (1 Cor. 12:26); 3) {'tshe ba
myong ba/} to suffer abuse: {drang ba nyid kyi don du 'tshe ba
myong na'ang /} even if you suffer for what is right (1 Pet.
3:14).%

!SYNAGOGUE@

     1) #{'du khang /}$ [lit. assembly hall] ^Bib: synagogue: {de
tsho'i 'du khang du phebs/} he went into their synagogue (Mt.
12:9), {'du khang gi dbu mdzad/} a synagogue ruler (Mk. 5:22), {ya
hu da pa'i 'du khang /} a Jewish synagogue (Acts 17:1).
     ^Bst. {'du khang /} an assembly or meeting hall in a
monastery: {'du khang nang la tshogs gdan mthon po/} the high seat
in the meeting hall (DPD), {'du khang gi gnam pang /} the ceiling
of the assembly hall (MHP 11), {'du khang /} an auditorium (AMD).

     2) #{chos khang /}$  [lit. religion + house] ^Bib: {chos khang
du khri stan mtho ba/} most important seats in the synagogues (Mt.
23:6).
     ^Bst. {chos khang /} a place for preaching religion (AMD).

     3) #{chos sde/}$  ^Bib: synagogue: {da me seg gi chos sde/}
the synagogues in Damascus (Acts 9:2).
     ^Bst. {chos sde/} a monastery or village where religion is
taught (AMD), {chos sde chen po ri bo dga' ldan gyi dgon pa btab/}
he founded a great religious center, the monastery on Ganden hill
(TRC 139), {zhi ka rtser chos sde chen po bkra shis lhun po yod pa
yin/} in Shigatse is the great religious center, Tashilhunpo (DPD).

     4) #{tshogs/}$  [lit. meeting] ^Bib: synagogue:
(metaphorical): {bdud kyi tshogs/} a synagogue of Satan (Rev. 2:9).
     ^Sec. {tshogs/} an arranged meeting (AMD).

!TABERNACLE@

     1) #{gur mchog}$  [lit. tent + perfect] ^Bib: tabernacle; the
portable sanctuary in which God met with the Israelites: {gur mchog
sgreng bar dgos/} set up the tabernacle (Ex. 40:2), {dpang po'i gur
mchog} the tabernacle of the Testimony (Acts 7:44), {gur mchog
dngos ma/} the true tabernacle (Heb. 8:2).

     2) #{spyil bu'i dus chen/}$ [lit. hut + festival] ^Bib: the
week-long harvest festival of the Jews; during which the people
dwelt in huts or "tabernacles": {ya hu da pa'i spyil bu'i dus chen
nye bas/} the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles was near (Jn. 7:2).

!TEACH@  see also PREACH, TEACHER

     1) #{ston/}$ p. {bstan/} imp. {ston/} ^Bib: to teach: {chos
ston pa dang 'chad pa/} to teach and preach (Mt. 11:1), {'du khang
nang chos bstan pas/} teaching in the synagogue (Mk. 6:2), {lta ba
tha dad pa ma ston/} not to teach different doctrines (1 Tim.
1:3,4).
     ^Bst. The historical Buddha was originally regarded as a
teacher (see TEACHER) and this function is now thought to have
passed to other Buddhas as well: {chos nyid bden pa bstan pas grol
bar 'gyur/} [the Buddhas] deliver by teaching this very dharma (TRC
77).  A teaching function is ascribed to the doctrine: {legs nyes
kyi gnas tshul gsal bar ston pa'i chos/} the doctrine which teaches
clearly the way of good and evil (TRC 166); and to the Bst.
scriptures: {don dam pa'i chos dkon mchog de dag phyin ci ma log
par ston pa'i sangs rgyas kyi bka'/} the conventional dharma jewel
is the scriptures of the Buddha which teach without error (TRC 75).

     2) #{slob/}$ p. {bslabs/} f. {bslab/}$ imp. {slobs/} teach,
instruct: {dam pa'i thugs nyid kyis khyed la bslab 'ong /} the Holy
Spirit will teach you (Lk. 12:12), {yo ha nan gyis rang gi slob ma
la bslabs pa ltar/,,nga tsho la'ang smon lam 'debs tshul slob/} as
John taught his disciples to pray, teach us also how to pray (Lk.
11:1), {gzhan la slob kyang rang la mi slob bam/} you who teach
others, do you not teach yourself (Rom. 2:21), {bya 'os pa'i las
'di rnams slob cing skul cig} these are the things you are to teach
and urge on them (1 Tim. 6:2).
     ^Sec. {slob/} the ordinary term for teaching: {khong la bod
skad dang bod yig slab gyi yod/} I was teaching her Tibetan (DPD), 
{bod sman skor gyi slob khrid dang zhib 'jug gi las/} the work of
teaching and research on Tibetan medicine (TMB 25).

     Proverbs: {byed lugs med kyang kha la lugs slobs/} if you
don't teach your children how to do work, at least teach them how
to eat (KPU 30).

     3) #{'chad pa/}$  ^Bib: to preach or explain.  According to
the {bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo/} this verb has transitive (p.
{bshad pa/} imp. {shod/}) and intransitive (p. {chad pa/} f. {'chad
pa/}) forms.  These distinctions are not rigorously observed in the
NT text. {hel len pa tshor chos 'chad 'ong ngam/} will he teach the
Greeks? (Jn. 7:35), {ye shu'i ming rjod cing gtam dang chos 'chad
mi chog zer mod/} commanded them not to speak or teach at all in
the name of Jesus (Acts 4:18).
     ^Bst. see PREACH.

     Cognates: {bshad sgrub/} teaching and practice: {bshad sgrub
kyi sgo nas/} by means of teaching and practice (TRC 137).%

     Related Terms: 1) {chos gnang /} [lit. religion + give] teach:
{khong gdan chags nas gsung chos gnang ngo /} he sat down to teach
them (Jn. 8:2), {'dus tshogs la gsung chos gnang /} teaching
religion to an assembly of monks (TRC 53); 2) {gdams gnang /} [lit.
counsel + give] instruct, teach: {ye shus nye gnas bcu gnyis po la
zhal gdams gnang zin nas/} after Jesus had finished instructing his
twelve disciples (Mt. 11:1), {zhag gsum gyi 'og tu slar gson por
bzheng bar 'gyur zhes zhal gdams ston zhing /} teach that on the
third day [the Son of Man would] rise again (Mk. 8:31); 3) {dge
rgan byed/} to teach: {slob grwar dge rgan byed pa/} to teach in
school (SLR 10).%

!TEACHER@ (TEACHER OF THE LAW)

     1) #{slob dpon/}$  ^Bib: teacher: {slob dpon las slob ma mi
che/} a student is not above his teacher (Mt. 10:24), {slob dpon
byed nus pa/} able to teach (2 Tim. 2:24),  {slob dpon mang por ma
gyur cig} not many of you should presume to be teachers (Jas. 3:1).
     ^Bst. The Bst. scriptures encourage students to view their
teachers as the Buddha himself and to overlook any flaws he may
have (JPG 31). {slob dpon/} 1) a term of respect for an aged and
wise teacher (AMD); 2) a spiritual master [Skt. acarya]: {rgya gar
nas slob dpon ku mar dang /,,bal yul gyi slob dpon shi la man ju
zhu ba gdan drangs/} [he] invited the teacher Kumara from India and
the teacher Silamanju from Nepal (TRC 113); {slob dpon chen po pad
ma 'byung gnas/} the great teacher Padmasambhava (TRC 113).

     Cognates: 1) {slob mkhan/} teacher {slob mkhan rnams la khrims
lhag par dam po gcad par nges pas/} we who teach will be judged
more strictly (Jas. 3:1); 2) {slob 'khrid/} or {'khrid dpon/} lead
teacher (TRC 51); 3) {slob ma/} disciple.%

     2) #{ston pa/}$ ^Bst. teacher: {ston pa lags/} Teacher (Mt.
22:16).
     ^Bst. {ston pa/} 1) an honorific form used to refer to the
founder of a religion such as Jesus or the Buddha (AMD): {ston pa
chen po rnams kyis rang gi rjes 'brangs slob ma rnams ma rig pas
kun nas bslangs pa'i sdig spyod kyi lam las skyabs/} the great
teachers wanted to lead their followers away from the paths of
negative deeds caused by ignorance (DLP 18); 2) the Buddha (KTM):
{ston pa sangs rgyas/} or {ston pa sha kya mu ni/} Buddha the
teacher (TRC 76/112),  {ston pa phun sum tshogs pa/} an excellent
teacher, one of the five excellences or {phun sum tshogs pa lnga/}
(TRI 172), {ston pa yang dag pa/} the perfect teacher (TRC 73); 3)
teachers of other Bst. schools: {mu stegs pa'i ston pa drug} the
six teachers of the extremist school (TRC 27).

     Proverbs: 1) {bla ma spyan ras gzigs dang dbyer med du/}
[seeing] the teacher as not different from Chenresi (HTE 182); 2)
{dge rgan bzang po'i dge phrug} from a good teacher come good
children (TQP 64).

     Related Terms: 1) {dge rgan/} ordinary term for teacher:
{khyim pa zhig gsar du grwa pa byas pa yin na dang po 'gan 'khur
gyi dge rgan zhig rogs kyi yod pa red/} when a layman first becomes
a monk, he needs a teacher who bears responsibility for him (TRC
4); 2) {mkhan po/} the abbot or head of a monastery (TRI 27), used
in the NT for "teacher of the law": {mkhan po dang pha ru shi pa
rnams/} teachers of the law and Pharisees (Mt. 5:20), also
sometimes used for secular teachers as a term of respect (AMD); 3)
{bka' khrims kyi ston pa/} [lit. law's teacher] teacher of the law:
{pha ru shi pa ga ma li el bya ba bka' khrims kyi ston pa/}
Gamaliel, a teacher of the law (Acts 5:34); 4) {mkhas pa'i mi/}
teacher of the law: {mkhas pa'i mi dang pha ru shi pa rnams/}
teachers of the law and Pharisees (Mt. 5:20 SV); 5) {bla ma/} lama,
guru: {rtsa ba'i bla ma mgon po spyan ras gzigs/} my root teacher,
Chenresi (HTE 180), {sangs rgyas kun gyi ngo bo bla ma rje/} the
noble teacher has the nature of all Buddhas (HTE 182).%

!TEACHING@

     1) #{bstan pa/}$  ^Bib: doctrine, teaching: {khong gi bstan pa
la ngo mtshar du gyur/} amazed at his teaching (Mt. 7:28,29),
{bstan pa gsar pa 'di ci yin/} what is this new teaching (Mk.
1:27), {ngas ston pa 'di nga'i ma yin/} my teaching is not my own
(Jn. 7:16), {bstan pa 'di dkon mchog nas yin nam/} if this teaching
is from God (Jn. 7:17), {sku tshab rnams kyi bstan pa/} the
apostles' teaching (Acts 2:42). 
     ^Bst. {bstan pa/} is the teaching of the Buddha, which is
believed to be {yang dag pa/} or completely correct (KTM), and {dri
ma med pa/} unstained: {sangs rgyas kyi bstan pa dri ma med pa/}
the unstained teaching of the Buddha (TRC 153).  The term is also
applied to the scriptures: {mdo sngags kyi bstan pa/} teachings of
the sutras and tantras (TRC 113) and to the doctrines taught by
other religious teachers: {dge lugs pa'i bstan pa'i bdag po/}
master of the Gelugpa teachings (TRC 53), {bka' gdams kyi bstan
pa/} teachings of the Kadampa school (TRC 154).

     Cognates: 1) {bstan pa snga dar dang /,,phyi dar/} the earlier
and later periods of the spread of Bsm. in Tibet (TRI 117); 2)
{bstan srung /} protectors of the doctrine (TRI 117).%

     2) #{bslab bya/}$  ^Bib: teaching, instruction: {pha ru shi pa
dang sad du ki pa'i bslab bya/} the teaching of the Pharisees and
Saducees (Mt. 16:12), {bslab bya 'di rnams/} these teachings (1
Tim. 4:6).
     ^Bst. {bslab bya/} 1) advice or teaching about practical
matters (KTM); 2) religious or doctrinal teachings: {btsun mo grags
'dzin ma 'khor dang bcas par chos kyi bslab bya mang po gsungs so/}
[he] gave many teachings to Queen Grags 'Dzin ma and her court (SGN
15); 3) precepts: {bslab bya gsum/} the three types of precepts
(TRI 299).

     Related Terms: 1) {bka'/}  [lit. word, command] teaching,
instruction, command: {bka' 'di ci yin/} what is this teaching (Lk.
4:36), {nga la gces pa des nga'i bka' srung ngo /} if anyone loves
me, he will obey my teaching (Jn. 14:23); 2) {gsung /}  [lit.
saying] teaching: {gsung 'di mi sus nyan nus/} who can accept this
teaching (Jn. 6:60); 3) {bden tshig} [lit. true word] sound or true
teaching: {bden tshig rnams dpe ru/} as a pattern of sound teaching
(2 Tim. 1:13); 4) {gtam/} [lit. talk] teaching: {de tsho'i gtam
gyis gnyan nad ltar za bar 'gyur ro/} their teaching will spread
like gangrene [lit. an infectious disease] (2 Tim. 2:17); 5)
{chos/} teaching or doctrine: {'dre'i chos la rten/} to follow the
teaching of demons (1 Tim. 4:1-2), {spyan ras gzigs kyi chos/} the
teaching about Chenresi (TRC 113); 6) {bstan dgra/} a doctrinal
opponent, adversary: {ma shi ka'i bstan dgra/} [lit. enemy of the
teachings of Christ] the Antichrist (1 Jn. 2:18); 7) {sde snod
gsum/} the three sets of teachings or three baskets of the Bst.
scriptures (KBT 88); 8) {ldem por dgongs pa/} teachings which
require interpretation (KBT 91).%

!TEMPLE@  see also ALTAR, ARK, HOUSE OF GOD

     1) #{mchod khang /}$  [lit. worship + house] ^Bib: temple: 1)
the Jewish temple building: {ye shu mchod khang du phebs/} Jesus
entered the temple (Mt. 21:12), {dkon mchog gi mchod khang /} the
temple of God (Mt. 26:61), {mchod khang yang mi gtsang ba byed/}
desecrate the temple (Acts 24:6); 2) also used figuratively: {khong
gis sku lus yin pa'i mchod khang la dmigs te gsungs pa yin/} the
temple he had spoken of was his body (Jn. 2:21), {khyed dkon mchog
gi mchod khang yin te/} you yourselves are God's temple (1 Cor.
3:16), {dam pa'i thugs nyid kyi mchod khang /} a temple of the Holy
Spirit (1 Cor. 6:19), {dkon mchog gi nam mkha'i mchod khang /}
God's heavenly temple (Rev. 11:19); 3) used as a modern term for
church: {el sha skra'i mchod khang /} El Shaddai Church (DPD), {pha
ri si'i 'phags ma'i mchod khang /} the cathedral of Notre Dame in
Paris (SBC-1, 62).
     ^Bst. 1) a chapel, a place for worship: {byams chen mchod
khang /} the Chamba Buddha Hall (MHP 7); 2) a memorial hall: {mchod
rten dang mchod khang chen mo/} the chorten and Grand Memorial Hall
(MHP 7), {kun gzigs pan chen sku phreng bcu pa mchog gi sku gdung
mchod rten dang mchod khang /} a Great Stupa and Memorial Hall for
the Tenth Panchen Lama (MHP 7).

     2) #{gtsang khang /}$  [lit. pure + house] ^Bib: temple, holy
place: {gtsang khang dang mchod khri'i dkyil du/} between the
temple and the altar (Mt. 23:35), {gtso bo dkon mchog gi gtsang
khang du zhugs te/,,spos bdug pa kho la babs nas/} to go into the
temple of the Lord and burn incense (Lk. 1:9), {gtsang khang gi yol
ba khag gnyis su ral/} the curtain of the temple was torn in two
(Lk. 23:45).

     3) #{gzhal yas khang /}$  ^Bib: temple in a figurative sense:
{khyed rnams dkon mchog gi gzhal yas khang yin/} you yourselves are
God's temple (1 Cor. 3:16 SV), {khyed rnams kyi lus ni dam pa'i
thugs nyid kyi gzhal yas khang yin/} your body is a temple of the
Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 6:19 SV).
     ^Bst. {gzhal yas khang /} mansions, castles, or residences of
the gods in Bst. mythology (TDC 2416).

     4) #{lha khang /}$  [lit. god + house] ^Bib: pagan temple: {yu
pi ter gyi lha khang /} the temple of Jupiter [Zeus] (Acts 14:13),
{mi yis bzos pa'i lha khang /} temples built by hands (Acts 17:24).
     ^Bst. {lha khang mang po bzhengs/} [they] built many temples
(TRC 113), {dpal gsam yas sprul pa'i lha khang /} the Utse temple
at Samye Monastery (DPD), {rtse thang g.yu yi lha khang /}
Tsethang's Turquoise Temple (DPD).

     Related Terms: 1) {pho brang /} [lit. palace] used as hon.
term for "house": {dkon mchog gi pho brang nang song nas/} he
entered the house of God (Mt. 12:4); 2) {mgon khang /} a chapel or
temple where images of protector deities are kept (TDC 483); 3)
{dam pa'i dam pa/} the Holy of Holies or Most Holy Place in
Solomon's temple (1 Ki. 6:16).%

!TEMPT@ 

     1) #{nyams sad/}$ [hon. {thugs sad/}] [lit. soul + test] ^Bib:
1) temptation: {nyams sad nang du ma 'khrid par/} lead us not into
temptation (Mt. 6:13), {nyams sad nang mi ltung ba'i phyir/} so
that you will not fall into temptation (Mt. 26:41), {bdud kyis
thugs sad zin pa/} when the devil had finished tempting [Jesus]
(Lk. 4:13); 2) trail or test: {nyams sad pa theg pa'i mi/} the man
who perseveres under trial (Jas. 1:12).
     ^Bst. Demonic tempters are said to have enticed the Buddha on
the eve of his enlightenment (SGN 11) and temptation is still
attributed to demonic activity in popular stories: {bdud kyis dge
slong zhig la nyams sad btang nas/} the devil went to tempt a monk
(DPD).

     Cognates: 1) {sad pa po/} tempter: {sad pa po sku drung du
'ongs/} the tempter came to him (Mt. 4:3); 2) {nyams sad pa po/}
tempter: {nyams sad pa pos khyed tshor sad/} [that] the tempter
might have tempted you (1 Thes. 3:5); 3) {nyams sad mkhan/} tempter
(1 Thes. 3:5 SV); 4) {nyams tshod len pa/} [lit. mind + measure +
take] tested, tried: {mi re rang gi 'dod pas 'dren zhing 'khrid de
nyams tshod len/} each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire,
he is dragged away and enticed (Jas. 1:14 SV).%

     2) #{slu/}$ p. {bslus} f. {bslu/} imp. {slus/}  ^Bib: to lure,
entice, lead someone astray: {bdud kyis mi bslu phyir/} so the
devil will not tempt you (1 Cor. 7:5), {rang yang slu bar mi 'gyur
ba'i phyir zon byos shig} watch yourselves so that you won't be
tempted (Gal 6:1), {mi re re rang gi 'dod pas bslu/} each is
tempted by his own desire (Jas. 1:14).
     ^Bst. to mislead or deceive: {gzhan sems bslu la su yid gtod/}
they mislead others; who can trust them (HTE 172), {slu tshig}
deceptive words; misleading speech (HTE 176), {mi bslu gtan gyi
skyabs gcig dkon mchog gsum/} the only firm, non-misleading refuge
is the three jewels (HTE 180).

     Related Terms: 1) {bslu med/} honest, dependable, unwavering
(KTM); 2) {g.yo ba med pa/} unwavering (KTM); 3) {mgo skor gtong
ba/}  to trick, to deceive or fool (KTM).%

!THOUGHT@  see also HEART, KNOWLEDGE, MEDITATION, MIND, SOUL

     1) #{bsam pa/}$  ^Bib: thought: {ye shus de rnams gyi bsam pa
mkhyen nas/} Jesus knew their thoughts (Mt. 9:4), {snying mang po'i
bsam pa/} the thoughts of many hearts (Lk. 2:35), {mkhas pa'i bsam
pa/} the thoughts of the wise (1 Cor. 3:20), {snying gi bsam pa
dang 'dod pa rnams/} thoughts and attitudes of the heart (Heb.
4:12), {bsam pa ngan/} evil thoughts (Jas. 2:4).
     ^Bst. see MIND.

     2) #{bsam blo/}$  ^Bib: 1) thought: {de dag gi bsam blo rdzob
tu lhung /} their thoughts became futile (Rom. 1:21 SV); 2)
understanding: {dkon mchog gi zhi bde bsam blo kun las lhag pa yin
pa/} the peace of God, which transcends all understanding (Phil.
4:7 SV).
     ^Bst. 1) thought: {chos kyi bsam blo gtan nas med pa/} one who
never has any thought of religion (TRC 216), {rang nyid gcig pu zhi
bde'i bsam blo spangs/} to forsake the thought of one's own peace
and happiness (TRC 218), {drin gzo 'dod kyi bsam blo/} the thought
of repaying kindnesses (TRC 332), {bsam blo rnam dpyod kyi rang
dbang /} the right to [hold one's own] thoughts and opinions (RRT
282 n. 23); 2) sense, attitude: {'dzam gling yongs khyab 'gan khur
gyi bsam blo/} a sense of universal responsibility (DLP 10), {rang
dbang ring lugs kyi bsam blo/} the thought of civil liberties,
human rights (SBC 61).

     Proverbs: {bsam blo sngon la thongs na mkhas pa/} if you can
think ahead, [you are] an intelligent man (KPU 14).

     Cognates: {bsam blo gtong ba/} to think: {pe tros zhal gzigs
de'i skor la bsam blo btang ba/} Peter was still thinking about the
vision (Acts 10:19), {phran gyis gzhan dag nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i
chos lugs su rgyur rgyu'i bsam blo gtong gi med/} I do not think of
converting others to Buddhism (DLP 19).%

     3) #{thugs dgongs/}$ [hon.] ^Bib: will, thought, intention:
{dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs/} the thoughts of God (1 Cor. 2:11).

     Related Terms: 1) {rtog pa/} thought or awareness: a) {rnam
rtog} conceptual thought, which is an obstacle to religious
practice in Bsm: {gzhan las thos pa dang rang gis deb klog pa sogs
ga re yin yang /,,de tsho'i don la bsam blo btang tshad rnam rtog
red/} whatever one thinks about the meaning of that which is heard
from another or read in a book by oneself, is an idea-construction
(TRC 165), {rnam par rtog pa/} conceptualization (KBT 45), {mi rtog
pa/} non-conceptuality (KBT 112), {yang dag pa'i rtog pa/} right
thought, a point on the Eightfold Path {'phags pa'i lam yan lag
brgyad/} (KBT 60), b) gross conscious awareness; e.g. the ability
to identify a pot as a pot (KBT 26), {so sor rtog pa'i ye shes/}
the wisdom of discrimination (KBT 68); 2) {rtogs pa/} insight or
realization gained through meditation; hence {rtogs pas bsdus pa
drug} the six qualities of Buddha's insight (TRI 110), {rtogs par
shes pa/} cognition (KBT 99); 3) {'du shes/} perception, feeling,
discrimination: a) perception: {'du shes thams cad kyi nang nas mi
rtag pa'i 'du shes mchog yin/} of all perceptions, the perception
of impermanence is best (TRC 227), {mi rtag pa sgom pa'i 'du shes/}
the perception which meditates on impermanence (TRC 227), b)
feeling {yong khyab gcen gcung phu nu'i 'du shes/} an attitude of
universal brotherhood and sisterhood (DLP 10), {'gro ba mi tshang
mar dga' nye'i 'du shes/} a feeling of closeness for all human
beings (DLP 15), {gus bkur byed pa'i 'du shes ngo ma/} a real
feeling of respect for others (DLP 16), {lha sa'i mi dmangs kyi
'tsho ba'i goms srol dang chos dad kyi 'du shes/} the living habits
and religious sentiments of the people of Lhasa (SLR 15), c) to
select one from among others, to discriminate or single out: {nyon
mongs pa dang /,,kun slong /,,'du shes/} passions, motivation, and
singling out or discrimination are the three elements of non-virtue
(TRC 243); 4) {rnam par shes pa/} sense or consciousness: {rnam par
shes pa/} the consciousness aggregates: elements which make up the
senses in Bst. psychology (KBT 31): eye consciousness {mig gi rnam
par shes pa/} ear consciousness {rna ba'i rnam par shes pa/} (KBT
31), {rnam par shes pa 'gags pa/} cessation of consciousness is one
of the cessations of the 12 links of internal dependent-arising
(KBT 38); 5) {rnam shes/} consciousness, awareness: a) mind or
consciousness: {rnam shes 'pho ba'i bu ga dgu/} the nine passages
for consciousness transference (CNG 120), {rnam shes mtha' yas skye
mched/} the perception of infinite consciousness (KBT 106), {sngon
yang rang sems rnam shes gcig pu zhig/,,/'khyams shing las kyis
bdas nas 'dir skyes zin/} not long ago, your consciousness was
wandering alone; swept along by karma, it took this present birth
(HTE 172), b) sense, sensory power: {rnam shes brgyad/} eight
consciousnesses (5 senses plus mental, afflictive, and foundational
(TRI 161), c) {mar shes/} meditating on another being as having
been one's mother in a previous life: {mar shes zer ba de sgom
dus/} when doing the so-called "understanding as mother" (TRC 329),
d) {chog shes/} contentment: {chog shes ldan na phyug dang ma phyug
med/} if you are contented, wealth does not make a difference (KPU
17); 6) {nyams/} a secondary meaning of this term is thought, mind,
or spirit; frequently used in compounds: a) {nyams sad/}
temptation: {nyams sad nang du ma 'khrid par/} lead us not into
temptation (Mt. 6:13), b) {nyams len/} practice, application of a
theory, c) {nyams chung /} humility, weakness: {nga khyed tsho'i
rtsar shin tu nyams chung bas/} I came to you in weakness (1 Cor.
2:3), d) {nyams su myong ba/} to experience: {dad pa ni re ba byas
pa'i dngos po rnams la blo gdeng dang /,,mig gis mi mthong ba rnams
nyams su myong ba de yin no/} faith is being sure of what we hope
for and certain of what we do not see (Heb. 11:1), e) {nyams
tshod/} test or trial: {khyod kyi nyams tshod len phyir/} in order
to test you (Rev. 2:10), f) {nyams thag pa/} misery, suffering
(Rev. 3:17), g) {nyams mgur/} a spiritual song revealing
meditational insights (TRI 93), h) {nyams rtogs/} spiritual
realizations gained from experience and insight (TRI 93); 7) {blo/}
thought: {sems dang blo gcig tu 'dag par gyur/} united in mind and
thought (1 Cor. 1:10 SV); 8) {sems/} p. {bsams/} to think: {de'i
phyir nga'i bsam pa la/,,spun rnams sngar khyed rnams kyi rtsar
song nas/,,sngar khyed tshos khas blangs pa'i yon de bsgrub dgos
zhes zhu bar bsams so/} I thought it necessary to urge the brothers
to visit you in advance and finish the arrangements for the
generous gift you had promised (2 Cor. 9:5 SV).%

!TRUST@ (TRUSTWORTHY) see also BELIEVE, FAITH, HOPE, RELY

     1) #{'chol ba/}$ p. {bcol/}  ^Bib: to entrust or commit
something to someone: {dkon mchog gi bka' thams cad ya hu da par
bcol ba yin/} the Jews have been entrusted with the very words of
God (Rom. 3:2), {phrin bzang bcol ba/} entrusted with the gospel (1
Thes. 2:4), {khyod la btad pa'i bcol ma bzang po/} the good deposit
that was entrusted to you (2 Tim. 1:14), {mdzad pa po la bcol cig}
trust the Creator (1 Pet. 4:19).
     ^Bst. {'chol ba/} to trust others, or to entrust something to
their care: 1) {chos srung mo la 'chol ba/} to entrust the Bst.
doctrines to the protection of the guardian spirits {srung mo/}
(KTM); 2) {skyabs 'chol ba/} to entrust oneself to an object of
refuge [e.g. the Buddha] (KTM); 3) {ca lag 'chol ba/} to give
something into someone else's care (KTM).

     Proverbs: 1) {gser dngul mi la bcol dgos byung yang
chol/,,bcol po brlag kyang btsal nas rnyed pa red/,,snying gtam mi
la bcol bcol mang drags na/,,lag mgo kha la bcug nas sdod dgos yong
/} if necessary, you can entrust your gold and silver to others;
even if the keeper is gone, you may find your valuables. But if you
trust others too much with your secrets, you may regret it (KPU
18); 2) {spyang ki bzang yang lug rdzis nyan mdog med/} even if a
wolf is good, the shepherd is unlikely to listen (TQP 136).

     2) #{yid ches byed pa/}$  p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/} 
^Bib: 1) trust: {gtam bden zhing yid ches 'os pa'o/} a [true and]
trustworthy saying that deserves full acceptance (1 Tim. 4:9); 2)
faith: {de rnams kyi yid ches la gzigs nas/} when [Jesus] saw their
faith (Lk. 5:20); 3) to rely on: {nga tshor dkon mchog gis byams pa
shes shing yid ches so/} we know and rely on the love God has for
us (1 Jn. 4:16); 4) believe: {ngas zer na khyed kyis yid mi ches/}
if I tell you, you will not believe me (Lk. 22:67).
     ^Bst. see BELIEVE, FAITH.

     3) #{bslu med/}$ [lit. without deception] ^Bib: trustworthy:
{bka' 'di bslu med bden pa lags/} these words are trustworthy and
true (Rev. 21:5).
     ^Bst. Chenresi {spyan ras gzigs/} and objects of refuge {dkon
mchog gsum/} are described as {bslu ba med pa/} or trustworthy
(KTM).  See also TEMPT.

     4) #{blo gtod/}$ p. {blo btad/} [lit. mind + commit, bestow]
^Bib: to trust, rely on: {dkon mchog la blo btad/} he trusts in God
(Mt. 27:43).
     ^Bst. 1) to trust: {grogs po de la blo gtod par 'os/} it is
suitable to rely on a friend (KTM), {dam tshig gtsang ma'i mi la
blo gtad bcol/} trust those who follow their commitments (KPU 11),
{blo gtad bcol mi rnams tsho mtha' nas skyongs/} with those who
trust you, have lasting relationships (KPU 12); 2) also, to be
completely given over to an object of trust; to trust completely
and unreservedly (KTM).

     5) #{blo gdeng /}$ [lit. mind + confidence, assurance] ^Bib.
trust, confidence, assurance: {thugs rje'i sgo nas gtso bos blo
gdeng mdzad pa'i mi/} one who by the Lord's mercy is [made]
trustworthy (1 Cor. 7:25).
     ^Bst. {blo gdeng /} suggests a person who is confident and
unworried because of complete trust in another (KTM).

     6) #{dad pa byed/}$ p. {byas/} f. {bya/} imp. {byos/}  ^Bib:
to have faith in, believe, or trust: {'od la dad pa byos shig} put
your trust in the light (Jn. 12:36), {dkon mchog la dad/} trust in
God (Jn. 14:1), {khong la dad rnams skyengs par mi 'gyur/} the one
who trusts in him will never be put to shame (Rom. 9:33).
     ^Bst. see BELIEVE, FAITH. 

     Related Terms: 1) {g.yo ba med pa/} unwavering (KTM); 2) {slu
ba/} to deceive, entice, trick; 3) {mgo skor gtang ba/} to trick or
confuse (KTM); 4) {nyan 'os pa/} [lit. worthy to be heard]
trustworthy: {bden pa dang nyan 'os pa zhig yin/} a true and
trustworthy saying (1 Tim. 1:15); 5) {blo 'khel/} to trust: {mi 'di
sgyu ma mkhan 'dra e yin bsams nas blo 'khel ma byung /} because I
wondered if he was a magician, I didn't trust him (TDC 1919); 6)
{mos pa/} devotion; 7) {the mos/} to believe; 8) {the tshom/} to
doubt.%

!TRUTH@ 

     1) #{bden pa/}$  ^Bib: 1) truth; the correspondence of an idea
with an exterior God-created reality; hence in a Bib. sense the
ground or basis of truth is the God of truth: {khyed kyi bka' bden
pa'o/} your word is truth (Jn. 17:17), {yab la thugs nyid dang bden
pa'i sgo nas bsnyen bkur zhu ba/} worship the Father in spirit and
in truth (Jn. 4:23), {bden pa des khyed sgrol bar 'gyur/} the truth
will set you free (Jn. 8:32), {nga ni lam dang /,,bden pa nyid dang
/,,srog de yin/} I am the way and the truth and the life (Jn.
14:6), {bden pa'i thugs nyid/} the Spirit of truth (Jn. 14:17); 2)
truth may also be an attribute of persons: {dkon mchog bden pa
yin/} God is truthful (Jn. 3:33) see also {drang ba/}.
     ^Bst.  1) in daily life, speaking the truth {bden par smra
ba/} is one of the ten virtues (KTM); 2) doctrines believed to have
been taught by the Buddha are considered to be true: {chos nyid
bden pa bstan pas grol bar 'gyur/} [the Buddhas] deliver by
teaching this true doctrine (TRC 77); however, the Bst. scriptures
are thought to be true only as they apply to spiritual practice;
they make no claim to historical or scientific truth (BAL 62); 3)
in contrast to the Bib. view of truth above, Bsm. denies any
reality and hence meaningful truth to the observable world: {snang
tshad 'khrul pa lags te bden par med/} whatever appears is delusion
and has no true existence (HTE 188); {'khor ba 'di la rtag pa gcig
kyang med/,,rtag pa med pa bden pa su la yod/} there is no
certainty or permanence in this life; where there is no certainty,
who knows the truth? (KPU 6).  Such skepticism extends even to the
teachings of the Bst. scriptures, leading to the doctrine of two
truths {bden pa gnyis/} i.e. conventional truth {kun rdzob bden
pa/} that can be grasped by the ordinary mind (such as the {'phags
pa'i bden pa bzhi/} or four noble truths) and ultimate truth {don
dam bden pa/} which can only be realized by spiritual practice (TRI
141).

     Related Terms: 1) {rdzun zer ba/} to lie (Jn. 8:44)         ; 2) {drang
                                                                 ba/} truthfulness, honesty, righteousness, sincerity: {skyur rtsi
                                                                 med pa'i drang ba dang bden pa'i bag leb/} the bread of sincerity
                                                                 and truth (1 Cor. 5:8), {thams cad drang por zhus so/} told him the
                                                                 whole truth (Mk. 5:33), {re res khyim mtshes la drang po smros/}
                                                                 each should speak truthfully to his neighbor (Eph. 4:25).%

!VISION@  see also REVELATION

     #{zhal gzigs/}$  [hon.] ^Bib: a supernatural vision or 
revelation:  {pho nya'i zhal gzigs mthong /} saw a vision of angels
(Lk. 24:23), {gtso bos zhal gzigs nang a nan ya zhes gsungs pa/}
the Lord called to him in a vision, "Ananias" (Acts 9:10), {dran pa
mnyam bzhag gi ngang nas zhal gzigs nang /} in a trance I saw a
vision (Acts 11:5), {nam mkha'i zhal gzigs/} vision from heaven
(Acts 26:19), {zhal gzigs dang mngon du byung ba rnams/} visions
and revelations (2 Cor. 12:1).
     ^Bst. an apparition, a vision of a deity: {shing gi lhas rang
nyid la dngos su zhal gzigs gnang bar bsams/} [she] thought the
tree-god had actually given her a vision of himself (SGN 10), 
{rje btsun 'jam pa'i dbyangs ni rje tsong kha pa chen po la rtag tu
zhal gzigs pa yin/,,zhal gzigs tshul la'ang rmi lam du gzigs pa
dang /,,nyams la gzigs pa/,,dngos su gzigs pa gsum yod/} Manjushri
always appeared to Tsong Khapa in dreams, in his mind, and openly
or actually (NPP).

!WILL@  see also THOUGHT

     1) #{dgongs pa/}$ [hon. of {sems/}] ^Bib: will, intention:
{dkon mchog gi dgongs pa/} God's will, {khyed kyi dgongs pa nam
mkha' la/,,/sgrub ltar sa la'ang sgrub par shog} your will be done
on earth as it is in heaven (Mt. 6:10), {yab kyi dgongs pa/} the
will of the Father (Mt. 7:21), {ngas rang gi dgongs pa la mi
lta'i/} not according to my own will (Jn. 5:30).
     ^Bst. 1) will or intention: {dgongs pa can bzhi/} sutras which
stress the basic intention of the Buddha (TRI 48), {rgyal po'i bka'
dgongs ltar/} according to the wishes of the king (TRC 114); 2)
thought, idea, or viewpoint: {ma'o tse thung gi dgongs pa/} Mao Tse
Tung's thought (AMD), {de rnams kyi dgongs pa 'grel ba'i bstan
bcos/} the commentaries on their thought (TRC 25); 3) to think:
{dgongs nas rang drin rang la che bar mdzod/} think about it, and
do yourself a big favor (HTE 172).

     Cognates: 1) {dgongs don/} essential point: {bod kyi dmangs
gtso'i rtsa khrims rin po che'i dgongs don/} Essentials of the
Precious Tibetan Democratic Constitution (RRT 274); 2) {dgongs pa
gnang /} to give permission: {lo gsum phebs chog pa'i dgongs pa
gnang /} permission to go for three years (TRC 154); 3) {dgongs pa
shus pa/} to ask for permission: {pha ma gnyis la dgongs pa zhus
pa/} to ask [my] parents for permission to leave (DPD); 4) {dgongs
'grel/} commentary (TRC 75).%

     2) #{thugs dgongs/}$  [hon.] ^Bib: 1) will: {yab kyi thugs
dgongs/} the will of the Father (Mt. 12:50), {nga mngags mkhan gyi
thugs dgongs/} the will of him who sent me (Jn. 6:39; 2) intention
or purpose: {dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs rang gi phyir du ma blangs
so/} rejected God's purpose for themselves (Lk. 7:30), {dkon mchog
gi thugs dgongs dang sngon mkhyen bzhin du/} by God's set purpose
and foreknowledge (Acts 2:23), {dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs bzhin
bos/} called according to his purpose (Rom. 8:28); 3) thought,
intention, mind: {dkon mchog gi thugs dgongs/} the thoughts of God
(1 Cor. 2:11), {gtso bo'i thugs dgongs su yis shes/} who has known
the mind of the Lord (1 Cor. 2:16).

     3) #{bsam pa/}$  [lit. thought] ^Bib: will: {rang gi bsam pa
sgrub tu ma yin par/} not to do my will (Jn. 6:38), {lung bstan
gang yang mi'i bsam pa las ma byung /} prophecy never had its
origin in the will of man (2 Pet. 1:20,21).

!WISDOM@  see also IGNORANCE, KNOWLEDGE, THOUGHT

     1) #{shes rab/}$  [Skt. prajna] ^Bib: 1) wisdom is an
attribute of God: {khong mnyam shes rab dang blo gros yod/} to God
belong wisdom and understanding (Job 12:13), by which He creates
(Pr. 8:23ff) and governs (Is. 31:2) the world; 2) from a Biblical
standpoint, true human wisdom is grounded in the knowledge of God:
{ya we'r 'jigs pa shes rab kyi thog ma'o/} the fear of the Lord is
the beginning of wisdom (Ps. 111:10), in contrast to the worldly
wisdom {'jig rten 'di'i shes rab/} (1 Cor. 1:20) of pagan cultures. 
As with Solomon's wisdom {sha lo mo'i shes rab/} (Mt. 12:42), true
wisdom {steng nas 'byung ba'i shes rab/} is a gift of God (Jas.
1:5; 3:17).  In the NT, wisdom is often mentioned with other
spiritual gifts: {shes rab dang mthu stobs/} wisdom and miraculous
powers (Mt. 13:54), {dam pa'i thugs nyid dang shes rab kyis gang
ba/} full of the Spirit and wisdom (Acts 6:3), {shes rab dang rtogs
pa'i sems/} wisdom and revelation (Eph. 1:17), {shes rab dang rig
pa/} wisdom and knowledge (Col. 2:2,3).
     ^Bst. 1) {shes rab/} [= {mkhyen rab/}] wisdom or skill
attained by learning; 2) like the cultures of the ancient Near
East, Indian Bsm. produced wisdom literature similar in form to the
Book of Proverbs, the best known collection of which is the {chos
kyi tshigs su bcad pa/} or Dhammapada; 3) {shes rab/} moral wisdom;
the ability to distinguish virtue from non-virtue (JPG 486) or
knowledge of what practices to cultivate and which to abandon (TRI
275); counted as one of the {'phags nor bdun/} or seven riches of
a noble being [the others being {dad pa/} faith, {tshul khrims/}
moral discipline, {thos pa/} hearing, {gtong ba/} generosity, {ngo
tsha shes pa/} sense of shame, {khrel yod pa/} dread of blame]. 
There are three methods for acquiring wisdom: {thos pa las byung
ba'i shes rab/} through hearing or learning; {bsam pa las byung
ba'i shes rab/} through contemplation; and {bsgom pa las byung ba'i
shes rab/} though meditation (TRI 275).

     Cognates: 1) {shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa/} the
Perfection of Wisdom (KBT 65); 2) {shes rab kyi mig} the eye of
wisdom (TRC 331).%

     2) #{ye shes/}$  ^Bib: spiritual wisdom, God's wisdom: {dkon
mchog gi ye shes/} God's wisdom (Mt. 11:19), {dkon mchog gi dpal
'byor dang ye shes dang mkhyen rgya/} the riches of the wisdom and
knowledge of God (Rom. 11:33), {dkon mchog gi dbang dang ye shes/}
God's power and wisdom (1 Cor. 1:30,31), {ye shes dang rtogs pas/}
[God's] wisdom and understanding (Eph. 1:7,8).
     ^Bst. {ye shes/} omniscient, supernatural wisdom: {ye shes kyi
spyan/} the ability to see all that exists (TRI 251). The Buddhas
are said to have four types of such wisdom: 1) mirror-like wisdom
{me long lta bu'i ye shes/} , 2) wisdom of equality {mnyam pa nyid
kyi ye shes/} , 3) wisdom of discrimination {so sor rtog pa'i ye
shes/} , and 4) wisdom of accomplishment {bya ba nan tan gyi ye
shes/} (KBT p. 68); {yang dag pa'i ye shes/} perfect wisdom (KBT
45); {ye shes kyi pha rol tu phyin pa/} the perfection of
primordial wisdom (KBT 65).

     3) #{mkhyen rab/}$  [hon.] ^Bib: knowledge or wisdom: {mkhyen
rab kyis gang nas/} [Jesus was] filled with wisdom (Lk. 2:40),
{dkon mchog gi mkhyen rab bzhin/} according to God's wisdom (1 Cor.
1:21).

     Cognates: 1) {kun mkhyen/} omniscient: {dkon mchog kun mkhyen
'ba' zhig la/} to the only wise [lit. all-knowing] God (Rom.
16:27); 2) {mkhyen rgya/} knowledge, wisdom: {rgyal po khyed ni
dkon mchog gi pho nya dang mtshungs pa'i mkhyen rgya che bas/} my
lord has wisdom like that of an angel of God (2 Sa. 14:20 NTV).%

     4) #{rig pa/}$  [lit. intelligence] ^Bib: knowledge, wisdom,
intelligence: {ya hu da pas rtags 'dod/,,hel len pas rig pa 'dod/}
Jews demand miraculous signs, and Greeks look for wisdom (1 Cor.
1:22), {gcig la thugs nyid kyi rig pa'i ngag gnang /} to one there
is given the message of wisdom (1 Cor. 12:8).
     ^Bst. see KNOWLEDGE.

     Proverbs: 1) {ji ltar dum bu gcig pa'i brag/,,rlung gis g.yo
bar mi byed pa/,,de bzhin bstod dang smad pa la/,,mkhas pa rnams ni
g.yo ba med/} solid rock is not moved by wind; the wise are not
moved by praise or blame (DMP 42); 2) {bzod ldan khro med 'jigs med
ni/,,mkhas pa zhes byar brdzod pa yin/} the one who is patient,
free from anger, and fearless will be called wise (DMP 130).

     Related Terms: 1) {blo gros/} intelligence, knowledge or
wisdom: {khyed cag gi dad pa ni mi'i blo gros nas mi 'byung
gis/,,dkon mchog gi mthu stobs nas byung ba'i phyir yin/} so that
your faith might not rest on men's wisdom, but on God's power (1
Cor. 2:5 SV), {mkhas pa dang blo gros can/} wise and understanding
(Jas. 3:13), {blo gros dang ldan pa/} someone who is smart; 2)
{mkhas pa/} wise man (1 Cor. 1:20); 3) {mkhan po/} scholar (1 Cor.
1:20); 4) {rtsod gleng pa/} philosopher [lit. "debater"] (1 Cor.
1:20); 5) {shes pa/} learning, knowledge (KTM).%

!WORKS@  see also MERIT

     1) #{las/}$ [lit. work, deed, act] ^Bib: good works, virtuous
acts (more properly, {dge ba'i las/}): {las kyi sgo nas rnam dag tu
gyur pa/} justified by works (Rom. 4:2), {las la mi rten par bos pa
la rten pa/} not by works but by him who calls (Rom. 9:11,12),
{thugs rjes yin pas las kyis min/} if by grace, then it is no
longer by works (Rom. 11:6), {sus kyang ngom pa mi byed phyir las
kyi sgo nas kyang min no/} not by works, so that no one can boast
(Eph. 2:9), {dad pa'ang las dang bral na ro 'dra yin/} so too,
faith without works is dead (Jas. 2:17).
     ^Bst. works of virtue or {dge ba'i las/} are the means of
acquiring merit in Bsm: {bde ba'i rgyu dkar po dge ba'i las dang
/,,sdug bsngal gyi rgyu nag po mi dge ba'i las/} the white action
of virtue, the cause of happiness, and the black action of non-virtue, the cause of misery (TRC 242); see MERIT.

     2) #{bya ba/}$  ^Bib: actions, deeds: {dkon mchog gyi bya ba/}
the works God requires (Jn. 6:28). 

     Related Terms: 1) {bzo las/} workmanship: {nged rnams dkon
mchog gis mdzad pa'i bzo las yin/} for we are God's workmanship
(Eph. 2:10 SV); 2) {las tshan/} works of service: {dam pa rnams las
tshan gyi las byed cing ma shi ka'i sku lus 'god pa'i ched du phun
sum tshogs par mdzad pa'i phyir/} to prepare God's people for works
of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up (Eph. 4:12
SV); 3) {las byed pa/} to work, do work: {las byed pa'i mi la thugs
rje nas gla ster ba ltar mi brtsi/} when a man works, his wages are
not credited to him as a gift (Rom. 4:4 SV); 4) {tshul khrims srung
ba/} to observe the law: {de dag gis dad pa'i sgo nas ma btsal
gyis/,,tshul khrims srung ba'i sgo nas btsal bas/} they pursued it
not by faith but as if it were by works (Rom. 9:32 SV).%

!WORLD@  see also HEAVEN, HELL

     1) #{'jig rten/}$  ^Bib: 1) the heavens and the earth; the
universe or cosmos: {'jig rten bkod pa nas/} from the creation of
the world (Mt. 25:34); 2) the human world, the people of the world:
{'jig rten la byams par mdzad do/} [God so] loved the world (Jn.
3:16), {'jig rten gyi skyabs mgon/} the Savior of the world (Jn.
4:42), {'jig rten gyi rgyal khams/} the kingdoms of the world (Mt.
4:8), {'jig rten kun tu song /} go into all the world (Mk. 16:15),
{'jig rten gyi 'od/} the light of the world (Mt. 5:14); 3) human
life apart from God: {'jig rten pa yis ngo ma shes/} the world did
not recognize him (Jn. 1:10), {'jig rten gyi dbang po/} the prince
of this world (Jn. 14:30), {nga 'jig rten pa min pa ltar/,,de tsho
'jig rten pa min no/} they are not of the world, even as I am not
of it (Jn. 17:16), {'jig rten pa ma yin nam/} are you not worldly?
(1 Cor. 3:3). 
     ^Bst. 1) {'jig rten/} the Bst. cosmos or world system, which
is divided into three realms: 1) the purely spiritual Formless
Realm or {gzugs med khams/} the four heavens of which contain
beings with "mental bodies"; 2) the Form Realm or {gzugs khams/}
with seventeen separate heavens containing gods bound in meditative
absorptions; and 3) the Desire Realm or {'dod khams/} which include
the six possible rebirths of worldly god, demigod, man, animal,
preta, and hell-being.  The center of the Desire Realm is Mt. Meru
{ri rab lhun po/}, with the Jambudvipa continent {'dzam bu gling /}
or India to its south, and mythical northern {byang sgra mi
snyan/}, eastern {shar lus 'phags po/}, and western {nub ba lang
spyod/} continents, the so-called {gling bzhi/}.  Below the earth
lie the eight hot {dmyal ba/} and eight cold {grang dmyal/} hells. 
The entire world system was modeled in the architecture of temples
like Tibet's Samye complex. 2) {'jig rten bdun/} the seven worlds:
the six possible rebirths above plus the {bar do/} or intermediate
state (CNG 86); 3) worldly, mundane, belonging to the world system:
{'jig rten gyi lam/} worldly paths (KBT 103), {tshangs pa dang
/,,khyab 'jug la sogs pa'i 'jig rten pa'i lha/} worldly gods like
Brahma and Vishnu (TRC 96); 4) life in general: {'jig rten phyi
ma/} a future life (TRC 225).

     Cognates: 1) {'jig rten las 'das pa/} [lit. passed beyond the
world] supernatural, transcendental: {'jig rten las 'das pa'i shes
rab/} transcendental wisdom; wisdom beyond this world (TRC 362),
{'jig rten las 'das pa'i rnam gzhag} metaphysics (DLP 22), 
{'jig rten las 'das/} the one transcending the world [an epithet of
the Buddha] (LKT); 2) {'jig rten khams/} planet Earth, the physical
universe (DLP 8); 3) {'jig rten bkod pa po/} a Creator {nang pa'i
chos lugs su 'jig rten bkod pa po med/} in Tibetan Bsm. there is no
Creator (DLP 20).%

     Proverbs: {chos dang 'jig rten khag khag so so red/} religion
and ordinary life are separate (KPU 5).

     2) #{sa gzhi/}$  [lit. place, locality] ^Bib: the earth, the
physical world: {bden pa'i 'od gsal sa gzhir byon/} the true light
was coming into the world (Jn. 1:9), {sa gzhi thams cad/} the
entire Roman world (Acts 11:28), {sa gzhi'i bdag po/} heir [lit.
lord, owner] of the world (Rom. 4:13), {sa gzhi'i mtha' ma'i bar
du/} to the ends of the world (Rom. 10:18), {sa gzhi'i mi chen
rnams/} the world's great men (Rev. 18:23).
     ^Bst. {sa gzhi/} the earth, planet earth: {sa gzhi hril po/}
the whole earth (DLP 12).

     3) #{'dzam gling /}$  [var. {'dzam bu gling /} Skt. Jambudvipa
lit. world + island (CTL 145)] 1) the world, the earth: {'dzam
gling la ji yod pa dkon mchog gis mdzad pa yin/} God made all that
is in the world (DPD), {'dzam gling sa rgyus/} world geography;  2)
worldwide or universal: {'dzam gling yongs khyab 'gan khur gyi bsam
blo/} a sense of universal responsibility (DLP 10), {'dzam gling
yongs khyab tu/} worldwide (DLP 3), {jar man hi ti la'i lo rgyus
'dzam gling 'dir grags pa/} the world-famous story of the German,
Hitler (TRC 260), {'dzam gling mnyam sbrel rgyal tshogs/} the
United Nations (RRT 282, n. 17); 3) Jambudvipa, the ancient name
for the subcontinent of India: {dang po 'dzam gling 'di dbang du
bsgyur/} first he ruled over Jambudvipa (TRC 259); 4) present-day
human life: {'dzam gling zhi bde/} world peace (DLP), {deng rabs
'dzam gling /} the modern world (DLP 1), {'dzam gling chos lugs/}
world religions (DLP 3).

     Related Terms: 1) {srid pa/} dominion, things that exist in
this world: {srid pa'i lha rnams/} the basic principles [lit. gods]
of the world (Gal. 4:3); 2) {sa chen/} the world: {sa chen la gnas
pa'i ya hu da pa/} Jews all over the world (Acts 24:5); 3) {sha/}
[lit. flesh] human ("fleshly") as opposed to spiritual action:
{khyod cag da dung sha'i mi yin/} you are still worldly (1 Cor. 3:3
SV); 4) {mi'i snang tshul/}: man's viewpoint: {ma shi ka la yang
sngar mi'i snang tshul gyis bltas kyang /} though we once regarded
Christ from a human point of view (2 Cor. 5:16).%

!WORSHIP@  see also OFFERING

     1) #{bsnyen bkur byed/}$ [hon. {zhu/}] p. {byas/} f. {bya/}
imp. {byos/}  ^Bib: to worship, to show veneration or respect: 1)
worship of God: {de tsho gtso bo la bsnyen bkur byed cing smyung
bar gnas pa'i tshe/} while they were worshiping the Lord and
fasting (Acts 13:2), {ngas pha mes kyi dkon mchog la bsnyen bkur
byed/} I worship the God of our fathers (Acts 24:14); 2) worship of
angels: {pho nya la bsnyen bkur byed pa/} worship of angels (Col.
2:18); 3) worship of idols: {a si a dang 'jig rten gyi mi thams cad
kyis bsnyen bkur byed pa'i lha mo chen mo ar ti mi/} the great
goddess Artemis who is worshiped throughout the province of Asia
and the world (Acts 19:27), {khyed kyis rgyus med par bsnyen bkur
zhu ba'i dkon mchog} the god you worship unknowingly (Acts 17:23);
4) worship of demons: {'dre dang /,,gser dngul ra gan rdo shing la
bzos pa'i mthong thos 'grul mi thub pa'i sku 'dra la bsnyen bkur
byed/} worshiping demons, and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone
and wood--idols that cannot see or hear or walk (Rev. 9:20), {de
rnams kyis 'brug la bsnyen bkur byas so/} they worshiped the dragon
(Rev. 13:4).
     ^Bst.  {bsnyen bkur/} to offer respect or service to an object
of veneration, e.g the priesthood, or old persons (TDC 1017). 
Ideally {bsnyen bkur/} is done through the "three doors" of the
body [offering service]; speech [offering praise, thanksgiving, or
respect]; and mind [offering faith, belief, or trust] (KTM).

     Cognates: {bsnyen bkur zhu ba rnams/} worshipers (Jn. 4:24).%

     2) #{phyag 'tshal ba/}$  p. {btsal/}  ^Bib: to bow down in
reverence to someone or something that is physically present; or
more generally, to worship.  1) worship of Jesus: {yum mir yam
mnyam du yod pa'i khye'u chung mjal ba dang /,,lus sa la brdabs te
phyag 'tshal/} they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they
bowed down and worshiped him (Mt. 2:11), {rgyal khri'i mdun du dkon
mchog la brdab phyag 'tshal/} they fell down on their faces before
the throne and worshiped God (Rev. 7:11); 2) worship of Satan:
{khyed kyis nga la rkyang phyag 'tshal na/,,ngas 'di thams cad
khyed la 'bul bar bya'o/} if you bow down and worship me, I will
give you all this (Mt. 4:9), {gcan zan de dang de'i 'dra sku la
phyag ma btsal/} they had not worshiped the beast or his image
(Rev. 20:4); 3) worship in general: {dkon mchog gtso bo la phyag
'tshal zhing /,,khong gcig pu la bsnyen bkur zhus shig} worship the
Lord your God, and serve him only (Mt. 4:10), {'khar ba'i thog la
brten te phyag btsal/} worshiped as he leaned on the top of his
staff (Heb. 11:21).
     ^Bst. 1) {phyag 'tshal ba/} or prostrations are an important
part of initial refuge-taking in Bsm: {lus kyis phyag 'tshal ba
de/,,lus kyi skyabs 'gro byed tshul yin/} to do prostrations is the
way of going for refuge with the body (REF 115), {dang po mkhan por
phyag gsum 'tshal dus rkang lag brkyangs te phyag 'tshal dgos red/}
at the time when one first salutes the preceptor, one must bow down
three times extending the limbs (TRC 5). In a general sense,
prostrations should be offered with the body (through outward signs
of respect), speech (by praising and thanking the buddhas), and the
mind (by developing faith in the Bst. teachings) (JPG 69).  Hence:
{lus ngag yid gsum phyag 'tshal smon lam thobs/} to pray and offer
worship with body, speech, and mind (KPU 16); 2) to offer homage to
a deity or teacher, especially at the beginning of a literary work:
{'jig rten 'das khyod phyag 'tshal 'dud/} [I] bow down to you who
have transcended the world [i.e. the Buddha] (LKT 2), {sangs rgyas
bcom ldan 'das la phyag 'tshal lo/} homage to the victorious Buddha
(SGN 1), {thugs rje chen po la phyag 'tshal lo/} homage to great
compassion (UCO 148).

     Cognates: {phyag phul/} worship: {dkon mchog gi pho nya thams
cad khong la phyag phul zhig} let all God's angels worship him
(Heb. 1:6), {dkon mchog la phyag phul zhig} worship God (Rev.
22:9).%

     Related Terms: 1) {mchod pa/} [lit. those who make offerings]
worshipers: {mchod pa 'bul mkhan rnams/} (SV); 2) {mos pa/} or {mos
gus/} veneration, adoration: {mos gus byar 'os pa gang yod pa/}
everything that is worshiped (2 Thes. 2:4 SV); 3) {na mo/} praise,
adoration: {ye shu ma shi ka la na mo/} praise Jesus.%